scholarly journals BOREAS TF-11 SSA FEN 1996 WATER SURFACE FILM CAPPING DATA

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. BILLESBACH ◽  
S. B. VERMA
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Film

On the Use of Monolayers to Reduce Evaporation From Stationary Water Pools

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Tang ◽  
M. T. Pauken ◽  
S. M. Jeter ◽  
S. I. Abdel-Khalik
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Vapor Concentration ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Stearyl Alcohol ◽  
Water Pool ◽  
Evaporation Suppression

An experimental investigation has been conducted to quantify the extent by which monolayers of fatty alcohols can reduce evaporation from a deep stationary water pool within a controlled environment. Octadecanol (stearyl alcohol), C17H35–CH2–OH, was chosen as the surface film and ethanol was selected to be the spreading agent. Evaporation suppression of 60 percent was achieved at a water temperature of 25°C with an air temperature of 20°C and a relative humidity of 70 percent. The experimental techniques and data have been validated by comparing the measured evaporation rates for film-free water with earlier data published by other investigators. Data for the evaporation rates of water covered by octadecanol films were correlated as a function of vapor concentration differences between the water surface and air.

Confinement And Control Of Oil Pollution On Water With Monomolecular Surface Films

1969 ◽  
Vol 1969 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Film Material ◽  
Chemical Character ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Reduced Surface

Abstract Under favorable conditions monomolecular surface films can be used to guide, confine and condense petroleum spills on water. Composed of water-insoluable, non-toxic organic material, these films spread rapidly and spontaneously into a one-molecule-thick layer. Consequently, small quantities of piston-film material will clear thin oil layers from large areas of a water surface. The effects of wind, the chemical character of the pollution and its thickness upon the usefulness of the piston film will be discussed. In addition to clearing water surfaces of oil, one of the most useful applications may be the ability of the surface film to confine and condense a small oil spill into layers as thick as one centimeter. Since the petroleum is thickened and compressed into a much reduced surface area, the efficiency of oil retrieval techniques would be enhanced.

scholarly journals Snowpack-stored atmospheric surface-active contaminants traced with snowmelt water surface film rheology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanisław J. Pogorzelski ◽  
Paweł Rochowski ◽  
Maciej Grzegorczyk ◽  
Katarzyna Boniewicz-Szmyt
Keyword(s):  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Virial Equation ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Film Material ◽  
Structure Characteristics ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Surface Active

Abstract The aim of the study was to quantify the adsorptive and thermo-elastic properties of snowmelt water surface films and their spatial-temporal evolution with snowpack structure characteristics and the entrapped surface-active organic composition. Surface pressure–area (π-A)T isotherms, surface pressure-temperature (π-T)A isochors, and stress–relaxation (π-t) measurements were performed using a Langmuir trough system on snowmelt water samples collected in a large-scale field studies performed at several industrialized and rural Tricity (Gdansk, Poland) areas at various environmental conditions and subsequent stages of the snowpack melting progress. Since the snow-melted water composition and concentrations of surface active organic matter fractions therein are largely undetermined, the force-area isotherm scaling formalisms (2D virial equation and 2D film scaling theory of polymeric films) were adapted to the complex mixture of surfactants. The surface film parameters and their spatial and temporal evolution turned out to be unequivocally related to principal signatures of the film-forming materials: surfactant concentrations (π, Alim), surface activity (Eisoth, |E|), film material solubility (R), surface material miscibility and 2D architecture complexity (y, βs), molecular thermal mobility (πk), and a timescale of the relaxation processes within the film (τi, |E|). Moreover, the parameters appeared to be correlated with snowpack structure characteristics (snow density ρ, specific snow area SSA, snow cover thickness), sample age time, and anthropogenic atmospheric contamination pressure source locations. In particular, Eisoth was found to be related to ρ and SSA, while R correlated with the solubility of film-forming organics which turned out to be long-chain fatty acids; similarly, spatial profiles of Eisoth revealed the peak values next to the areas being under a severe anthropogenic air pollution pressure. Snowmelt water films stand for a structurally heterogeneous (y > 10) interfacial system where several transition processes of differentiated time-scales (relaxation times from 7 to 63 s) took place leading to the apparent surface viscoelasticity. To sum up, the established surface rheological parameters could serve as novel indicators, based solely on physical attributes, allowing to follow the snowpack evolution, and its melting polymorphism in order to test or improve the existing snow-entrapped organics release models based on chemical analyses. The cross-correlation functional dependences of practical value remain to be established on the larger data set.

scholarly journals Influence of sampling method on the chemical composition of water surface film

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raoul A. Daumas ◽  
Tierre L. Laborde ◽  
Jean Claude Marty ◽  
Alain Saliot
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Chemical Composition Of Water

Observations on the biology and taxonomy of the eggs of Anopheles mosquitos

1968 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Excess Pressure ◽  
Protective Coloration ◽  
Taxonomic Importance ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Trapping Device

A study of the egg shells of 11 species of Anopheles was made with the stereoscan electron microscope. A number of structures have been found that are useful in distinguishing between eggs of different species; all of them can also be seen with the light microscope. A list is given of these structures, together with others already known to be of taxonomic importance.The functional significance of the network of the outer layer of the chorion of Anopheles eggs is discussed. It is suggested that the film of gas held by the network is of selective advantage in that it contributes to the buoyancy of the egg, provides it with a part of its protective coloration, and functions as a plastron when the egg is submerged. The plastron of A. labranchiae atroparvus Van Thiel resisted wetting at an excess pressure of more than half an atmosphere.The relation of Anopheles eggs to the surface film is discussed. A highly stable line of contact with the water is formed, such that the water surface is depressed along the sides of the egg and raised at each end. Because like menisci are attracted and unlike ones repelled, eggs make contact with each other end to end or side to side, never end to side. Water spreads on most natural objects, forming menisci like those at the ends of the egg, which is thus provided with anautomatic trapping device that tends to attach the egg endwise to an object projecting from the water. The selective advantage of endwise over sideways attachment is not known, but it may facilitate hatching.The structure of the egg of A. pseudopunctipennis Theobald has been disputed, and it is therefore described in some detail.

Role of surface films in the germination of rust uredospores

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Woodbury ◽  
Mark A. Stahmann
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Film Material ◽  
Humid Atmosphere ◽  
Infection Structures ◽  
Film Area

An association of rust uredospores with materials which form films on water surfaces was demonstrated. One milligram of spores of Puccinia graminis tritici and 3.5 mg of Uromyces phaseoli spores released about 100 cm2 of film within 1 min of coming into contact with a large water surface. Oxidative reactions within these films, which were accelerated by light, formed products which inhibited spore germination. When spores were germinated on a large volume of water, germination varied with the surface area, which indicated that inhibitor was formed and retained at the water surface.Hydration of spores resulted in an increased germination, a decreased film area and a delay or prevention of film reactions. Storage of spores at lower humidities resulted in decreased germination, decreased film area, and film reactions which began as soon as the spores came into contact with the water surface. These results suggest that the effects of light and of storage conditions on germination may be mediated by surface film materials.The amount of surface film material released by wheat and bean rust spores may be correlated with the wetability of the host cuticle and also with the ability of rusts to differentiate infection structures in vitro on artificial membranes. On plastics which supported the formation of infection structures, spores acquired spherical infection droplets when exposed to a humid atmosphere. The surface area of these droplets was correlated with the area of surface film. It is suggested that surface film material may interact with the appropriate host cuticle to determine the size and configuration of infection droplets. This would provide a water surface of defined area upon which film reactions occur resulting in a sequence of products which control germination, directed growth of the germ tube and differentiation of infection structures.

Formation of Dynamic Duolayer Systems at the Air/Water Interface by using Non-ionic Hydrophilic Polymers

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma L. Prime ◽  
Diana N.H. Tran ◽  
Andy H.M Leung ◽  
Devi Sunartio ◽  
Greg G. Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Vinyl Pyrrolidone ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Brewster Angle Microscopy ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
Spreading Pressure ◽  
Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone

The inclusion of a water-soluble polymer, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), into a surface active film composition before application to the water surface leads to the formation of a dynamic duolayer; a novel surface film system. This duolayer shows improved surface viscosity over the monolayer compound alone, while the addition of polymer maintains other film properties such as evaporation control and equilibrium spreading pressure. Brewster Angle Microscopy shows that the duolayer film undergoes a different formation mechanism upon film compression, and the resultant surface pressure/area isotherm is different at lower surface pressures indicating the PVP is present on the water surface at these pressures and squeezed out to the water subphase at higher pressures. The addition of water-soluble polymers to form a dynamic duolayer provides a unique way to produce defect-free and tightly packed films while polymer is associated with the film. This finding provides new knowledge for the design of surface films with improved properties with potential applications in many areas.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

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