Confinement And Control Of Oil Pollution On Water With Monomolecular Surface Films

1969 ◽  
Vol 1969 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Film Material ◽  
Chemical Character ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Reduced Surface

Abstract Under favorable conditions monomolecular surface films can be used to guide, confine and condense petroleum spills on water. Composed of water-insoluable, non-toxic organic material, these films spread rapidly and spontaneously into a one-molecule-thick layer. Consequently, small quantities of piston-film material will clear thin oil layers from large areas of a water surface. The effects of wind, the chemical character of the pollution and its thickness upon the usefulness of the piston film will be discussed. In addition to clearing water surfaces of oil, one of the most useful applications may be the ability of the surface film to confine and condense a small oil spill into layers as thick as one centimeter. Since the petroleum is thickened and compressed into a much reduced surface area, the efficiency of oil retrieval techniques would be enhanced.

Role of surface films in the germination of rust uredospores

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Woodbury ◽  
Mark A. Stahmann
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Film Material ◽  
Humid Atmosphere ◽  
Infection Structures ◽  
Film Area

An association of rust uredospores with materials which form films on water surfaces was demonstrated. One milligram of spores of Puccinia graminis tritici and 3.5 mg of Uromyces phaseoli spores released about 100 cm2 of film within 1 min of coming into contact with a large water surface. Oxidative reactions within these films, which were accelerated by light, formed products which inhibited spore germination. When spores were germinated on a large volume of water, germination varied with the surface area, which indicated that inhibitor was formed and retained at the water surface.Hydration of spores resulted in an increased germination, a decreased film area and a delay or prevention of film reactions. Storage of spores at lower humidities resulted in decreased germination, decreased film area, and film reactions which began as soon as the spores came into contact with the water surface. These results suggest that the effects of light and of storage conditions on germination may be mediated by surface film materials.The amount of surface film material released by wheat and bean rust spores may be correlated with the wetability of the host cuticle and also with the ability of rusts to differentiate infection structures in vitro on artificial membranes. On plastics which supported the formation of infection structures, spores acquired spherical infection droplets when exposed to a humid atmosphere. The surface area of these droplets was correlated with the area of surface film. It is suggested that surface film material may interact with the appropriate host cuticle to determine the size and configuration of infection droplets. This would provide a water surface of defined area upon which film reactions occur resulting in a sequence of products which control germination, directed growth of the germ tube and differentiation of infection structures.

scholarly journals Snowpack-stored atmospheric surface-active contaminants traced with snowmelt water surface film rheology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanisław J. Pogorzelski ◽  
Paweł Rochowski ◽  
Maciej Grzegorczyk ◽  
Katarzyna Boniewicz-Szmyt
Keyword(s):  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Virial Equation ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Film Material ◽  
Structure Characteristics ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Surface Active

Abstract The aim of the study was to quantify the adsorptive and thermo-elastic properties of snowmelt water surface films and their spatial-temporal evolution with snowpack structure characteristics and the entrapped surface-active organic composition. Surface pressure–area (π-A)T isotherms, surface pressure-temperature (π-T)A isochors, and stress–relaxation (π-t) measurements were performed using a Langmuir trough system on snowmelt water samples collected in a large-scale field studies performed at several industrialized and rural Tricity (Gdansk, Poland) areas at various environmental conditions and subsequent stages of the snowpack melting progress. Since the snow-melted water composition and concentrations of surface active organic matter fractions therein are largely undetermined, the force-area isotherm scaling formalisms (2D virial equation and 2D film scaling theory of polymeric films) were adapted to the complex mixture of surfactants. The surface film parameters and their spatial and temporal evolution turned out to be unequivocally related to principal signatures of the film-forming materials: surfactant concentrations (π, Alim), surface activity (Eisoth, |E|), film material solubility (R), surface material miscibility and 2D architecture complexity (y, βs), molecular thermal mobility (πk), and a timescale of the relaxation processes within the film (τi, |E|). Moreover, the parameters appeared to be correlated with snowpack structure characteristics (snow density ρ, specific snow area SSA, snow cover thickness), sample age time, and anthropogenic atmospheric contamination pressure source locations. In particular, Eisoth was found to be related to ρ and SSA, while R correlated with the solubility of film-forming organics which turned out to be long-chain fatty acids; similarly, spatial profiles of Eisoth revealed the peak values next to the areas being under a severe anthropogenic air pollution pressure. Snowmelt water films stand for a structurally heterogeneous (y > 10) interfacial system where several transition processes of differentiated time-scales (relaxation times from 7 to 63 s) took place leading to the apparent surface viscoelasticity. To sum up, the established surface rheological parameters could serve as novel indicators, based solely on physical attributes, allowing to follow the snowpack evolution, and its melting polymorphism in order to test or improve the existing snow-entrapped organics release models based on chemical analyses. The cross-correlation functional dependences of practical value remain to be established on the larger data set.

Formation of Dynamic Duolayer Systems at the Air/Water Interface by using Non-ionic Hydrophilic Polymers

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma L. Prime ◽  
Diana N.H. Tran ◽  
Andy H.M Leung ◽  
Devi Sunartio ◽  
Greg G. Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Vinyl Pyrrolidone ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Brewster Angle Microscopy ◽  
Water Soluble Polymer ◽  
Spreading Pressure ◽  
Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone

The inclusion of a water-soluble polymer, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), into a surface active film composition before application to the water surface leads to the formation of a dynamic duolayer; a novel surface film system. This duolayer shows improved surface viscosity over the monolayer compound alone, while the addition of polymer maintains other film properties such as evaporation control and equilibrium spreading pressure. Brewster Angle Microscopy shows that the duolayer film undergoes a different formation mechanism upon film compression, and the resultant surface pressure/area isotherm is different at lower surface pressures indicating the PVP is present on the water surface at these pressures and squeezed out to the water subphase at higher pressures. The addition of water-soluble polymers to form a dynamic duolayer provides a unique way to produce defect-free and tightly packed films while polymer is associated with the film. This finding provides new knowledge for the design of surface films with improved properties with potential applications in many areas.

Surface Films on Zircaloy-2 Samples Cracked in Neutral Aqueous NaCl by Stress Corrosion

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 46-47
Author(s):  
R.A. Ploc
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Zirconium Dioxide ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Continuous Layer ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Product Film

Samples of low-nickel Zircaloy-2 (material MLI-788-see(1)), when anodically polarized in neutral 5 wt% NaCl solutions, were found to be susceptible to pitting and stress corrosion cracking. The SEM revealed that pitting of stressed samples was occurring below a 2000Å thick surface film which behaved differently from normal zirconium dioxide in that it did not display interference colours. Since the initial film thickness was approximately 65Å, attempts were made to examine the product film by transmission electron microscopy to deduce composition and how the corrosion environment could penetrate the continuous layer.

Changes in the Population Density of Pathogenic Microorganisms in Response to the Allelopathic Effect of Thypha Latifolia

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Zhukorskiy ◽  
O. Gulay ◽  
V. Gulay ◽  
N. Tkachuk
Keyword(s):  
Cell Density ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Samples

Aim. To determine the response of the populations of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Leptospira interrogans pathogenic microorganisms to the impact of broadleaf cattail (Thypha latifolia) root diffusates. Methods. Aqueous solutions of T. latifolia root diffusates were sterilized by vacuum fi ltration through the fi lters with 0.2-micron pore diameter. The experimental samples contained cattail secretions, sterile water, and cultures of E. rhusiopathiae or L. interrogans. The same amount of sterile water, as in the experimental samples, was used for the purpose of control, and the same quantity of microbial cultures was added in it. After exposure, the density of cells in the experimental and control samples was determined. Results. Root diffusates of T. latifolia caused an increase in cell density in the populations of E. rhusiopathiae throughout the whole range of the studied dilutions (1:10–1:10000). In the populations of the 6 studied serological variants of L. interrogans spirochetes (pomona, grippotyphosa, copenhageni, kabura, tarassovi, canicola), the action of broadleaf cattail root diffusates caused the decrease in cell density. A stimulatory effect was marked in the experimental samples of the pollonica serological variant of leptospira. Conclusions. The populations of E. rhusiopathiae and L. interrogans pathogenic microorganisms respond to the allelopathic effect of Thypha latifolia by changing the cell density. The obtained results provide the background to assume that broadleaf cattail thickets create favorable conditions for the existence of E. rhusiopathiae pathogen bacteria. The reduced cell density of L. interrogans in the experimental samples compared to the control samples observed under the infl uence of T. latifolia root diffusates suggests that reservoirs with broadleaf cattail thickets are marked by the unfavorable conditions for the existence of pathogenic leptospira (except L. pollonica).

ON THE MECHANISM OF THE DISSOLUTION OF MAGNESIUM IN ACIDIC SALT SOLUTIONS: I. PHYSICAL CONTROL BY SURFACE FILMS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 849-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Casey ◽  
R. E. Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Corrosion Potential ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Acidic Solutions ◽  
Activity Temperature ◽  
Acidic Salt ◽  
High Concentrations

A kinetic study and analysis has been made of the effects of ionic strength, acid activity, temperature, and salt type on the dissolution of magnesium in acidic salt solutions. This is an example of the simplest type of corrosion involving hydrogen evolution. The results are interpreted in terms of the effects of the various factors on the structure of a surface film which must be magnesium oxide and/or hydroxide even in acidic solutions. The importance of internal dissolutions in the film at high concentrations of attacking reagent, for this and other cases, is shown. Owing to complex formation, under certain conditions an odd case of "chemical control" of the dissolution rate in this simplest case becomes evident. Corrosion potential measurements aid in the interpretation.

On the Use of Monolayers to Reduce Evaporation From Stationary Water Pools

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Tang ◽  
M. T. Pauken ◽  
S. M. Jeter ◽  
S. I. Abdel-Khalik
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Vapor Concentration ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Stearyl Alcohol ◽  
Water Pool ◽  
Evaporation Suppression

An experimental investigation has been conducted to quantify the extent by which monolayers of fatty alcohols can reduce evaporation from a deep stationary water pool within a controlled environment. Octadecanol (stearyl alcohol), C17H35–CH2–OH, was chosen as the surface film and ethanol was selected to be the spreading agent. Evaporation suppression of 60 percent was achieved at a water temperature of 25°C with an air temperature of 20°C and a relative humidity of 70 percent. The experimental techniques and data have been validated by comparing the measured evaporation rates for film-free water with earlier data published by other investigators. Data for the evaporation rates of water covered by octadecanol films were correlated as a function of vapor concentration differences between the water surface and air.

scholarly journals Elastic Properties of Natural Sea Surface Films Incorporated with Solid Dust Particles: Model Baltic Sea Studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Z. Mazurek ◽  
Stanisław J. Pogorzelski
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Particle Removal ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Composite Surface

Floating dust-originated solid particles at air-water interfaces will interact with one another and disturb the smoothness of such a composite surface affecting its dilational elasticity. To quantify the effect, surface pressure (Π) versus film area (A) isotherm, and stress-relaxation (Π-time) measurements were performed for monoparticulate layers of the model hydrophobic material (of μm-diameter and differentiated hydrophobicity corresponding to the water contact angles (CA) ranging from 60 to 140°) deposited at surfaces of surfactant-containing original seawater and were studied with a Langmuir trough system. The composite surface dilational modulus predicted from the theoretical approach, in which natural dust load signatures (particle number flux, daily deposition rate, and diameter spectra) originated from in situ field studies performed along Baltic Sea near-shore line stations, agreed well with the direct experimentally derived data. The presence of seawater surfactants affected wettability of the solid material which was evaluated with different CA techniques applicable to powdered samples. Surface energetics of the particle-subphase interactions was expressed in terms of the particle removal energy, contact cross-sectional areas, collapse energies, and so forth. The hydrophobic particles incorporation at a sea surface film structure increased the elasticity modulus by a factor K (1.29–1.58). The particle-covered seawater revealed a viscoelastic behavior with the characteristic relaxation times ranging from 2.6 to 68.5 sec.

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