Analysis Criteria for Choosing Energy Efficient High-Quality Light Sources and Luminaires

2018 ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Gennady Ya. Vagin ◽  
Eugene B. Solntsev ◽  
Oleg Yu. Malafeev
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
The World ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Energy Labelling

The article analyses critera applying to the choice of energy efficient high quality light sources and luminaires, which are used in Russian domestic and international practice. It is found that national standards GOST P 54993–2012 and GOST P 54992– 2012 contain outdated criteria for determining indices and classes of energy efficiency of light sources and luminaires. They are taken from the 1998 EU Directive #98/11/EU “Electric lamps”, in which LED light sources and discharge lamps of high intensity were not included. A new Regulation of the European Union #874/2012/EU on energy labelling of electric lamps and luminaires, in which these light sources are taken into consideration, contains a new technique of determining classes of energy efficiency and new, higher classes are added. The article has carried out a comparison of calculations of the energy efficiency classes in accordance with GOST P 54993 and with Regulation #874/2012/EU, and it is found out that a calculation using GOST P 54993 gives underrated energy efficiency classes. This can lead to interdiction of export for certain light sources and luminaires, can discredit Russian domestic manufacturer light sources and does not correspond to the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

scholarly journals Rescaling the energy label for washing machines: an opportunity to bring technology development and consumer behaviour closer together

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Boyano ◽  
Nieves Espinosa ◽  
Alejandro Villanueva
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Washing Machines ◽  
Energy Label ◽  
Energy Labelling

Abstract Washing machines have in recent years incorporated programmes that are very energy- and water-efficient, but this entails a long programme duration, often beyond 4 h. These are also the programmes that the manufactures use to define, test and declare the overall water and energy efficiency of the machines. In response to these developments, there is evidence that consumers are reluctant to use excessively lengthy programmes, even if they are aware that the programmes are more energy-efficient. This paper analyses this divergence of programme offer and programme use, which jeopardises the energy efficiency policy objectives for these appliances in the European Union (EU). The paper explores several policy measures to address this divergence, discussed in the context of the revision of the Ecodesign and Energy Labelling regulations that apply to washing machines in the EU. Three different measures are studied: the provision of information about the programme duration on the energy label, the inclusion of time as an intrinsic parameter of the energy efficiency index calculations and the setting of a programme duration cap. The paper concludes that introducing programme duration as an additional parameter of the energy efficiency index would result in the highest energy savings. However, this scenario is associated with significant uncertainties since competition among the manufacturers for a better energy label classification will not solely focus on energy efficiency aspects, and the outcome of such competition is unclear. The other two measures investigated are less effective but would also deliver savings. A programme duration cap would bring energy savings if consumers are aware of their existence and select the now shorter yet energy-efficient programmes more often. The provision of programme duration information on the energy label would also be effective but requires that consumers are able to correctly understand it.

scholarly journals Blackberry cult ivation in the world

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Clark ◽  
Chad E. Finn
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
World Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Production ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Improved Cultivars ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
New Cultivars

Blackberries have now become a common fruit in marketing outlets, particularly in North America and the European Union. Blackberries have enjoyed expansion due to a combination of factors including improved cultivars, expanded marketing efforts and fruit availability, and an overall increase in berry consumption, especially as fresh fruit, in many areas of the world. It is estimated that cultivated blackberries are grown in excess of 25,000 ha worldwide. World production, and cultivation are commented.The rapid expansion of the blackberry industry has been remarkable. New, higher quality, cultivars, modified production practices and new production regions have all combined to make this crop one that consumers expect to be available fresh year-round in their grocery stores. As new cultivars are developed that combine the industry's need for high quality arrivals with increased flavors and expanded dates of harvest, the blackberry industry should expand further.

scholarly journals Review of the existing energy labelling systems and a proposal for rail vehicles

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440972092636
Author(s):  
Zhendong Liu ◽  
Mats Berg ◽  
Tohmmy Bustad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Rail Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Energy Labelling ◽  
Efficiency Indicators ◽  
Labelling System

Improving energy efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions are becoming very essential worldwide. To encourage the development and application of energy-efficient and low-emission technologies and to increase people's awareness of energy-saving, many energy labelling systems are developed and utilized in most countries. Since energy labelling systems have a significant impact, more and more sectors are developing their energy labelling systems to have their products included. Globally, the transport sector consumes a great proportion of energy and is responsible for considerable CO2 emissions. Although rail vehicles have relatively high energy efficiency, a labelling system has not been developed in the railway sector, whereas other modes of transport have developed energy efficiency indicators or energy labelling systems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an energy labelling system for rail vehicles to promote rail transport and develop the technology of rail vehicles. First, this paper gives a review of the existing energy labelling systems. Second, it summarizes the rail needs and rail stakeholders’ interests regarding energy efficiency and corresponding labelling. Last but not least, a proposal for an energy labelling system for rail vehicles is given.

«GREEN» STANDARDS AND «GREEN» BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A LEKAREVA
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Green Building ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Technological Approach ◽  
Maximum Comfort ◽  
Contemporary Architecture

The article is devoted to burning theme for contemporary architecture and city-building, concerned the high-technological approach to architectural projecting, taking into account the requirements of ecology, energy-efficiency and the increase of building quality with minimum expenses and maximum comfort. The national standards of green building are meant to adapt international requirements for development of energy-efficient, ecological and comfortable building or complex to local conditions. The examples of ecological and high-technological approach in russian and foreign projecting practice are presented.

A tale of two commodities: how EU mycotoxin regulations have affected u.s. tree nut industries

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impacts ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
The World ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
High Quality Product ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) has some of the strictest standards for mycotoxins in food and feed in the world. This paper explores the economic impacts of these standards on other nations that attempt to export foods that are susceptible to one mycotoxin, aflatoxin, to the EU. The current EU standard for total aflatoxins in food is 4 ng/g in food other than peanuts, and 15 ng/g in peanuts. Under certain conditions, export markets may actually benefit from the strict EU standard. These conditions include a consistently high-quality product, and a global scene that allows market shifts. Even lower-quality export markets can benefit from the strict EU standard, primarily by technology forcing. However, if the above conditions are not met, export markets suffer from the strict EU standard. Two case studies are presented to illustrate these two different scenarios: the U.S. pistachio and almond industries. Importantly, within the EU, food processors may suffer as well from the strict aflatoxin standard. EU policymakers should consider these more nuanced economic impacts when developing mycotoxin standards for food and feed.

The Field Office Survey for Lighting Environment in Taiwan

2014 ◽  
Vol 496-500 ◽  
pp. 2569-2574
Author(s):  
Yu Sen Lin ◽  
Takaaki Koga ◽  
Kotaroh Hirate ◽  
Yi Chun Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Field Office ◽  
The World ◽  
Lighting Environment ◽  
Lighting Loads ◽  
Working Plan ◽  
Better Than

Lighting consumes approximately 24.8% of the electrical energy supplied to office buildings in Taiwan. Even if those estimations are difficult to verify and might not be completely consistent, these figures lead to one important finding: around the world, the scientific community seems to agree that discussing the article lighting loads of buildings is extremely important and that energy-efficient lighting solutions have to be adopted. In order to guarantee an appropriate visual comfort in office, the horizontal illumination (especially on the working plan) must be sufficiently enough. According to CIE, it is suggested in 200 lux to 500 lux in offices, and CNS (Chinese National Standards, Taiwan) is 500 lux in Taiwans offices. According to survey and questionnaire, 500lux maybe is too high for employee in Taiwan. When the illuminance is below 500lux, brightness and satisfaction is not bad, and when the illuminance is over 500lux, brightness and satisfaction is not better than low illuminance. Even if office is in high horizontal illuminance environment, employees brightness, satisfaction and productivity are not guaranteed.

scholarly journals Standardization of state financial control on the basis of system approach

Ekonomika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
Andriy Lyubenko
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
System Approach ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
High Quality ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic

The Ukrainian integration into the world economic community means the unification of NATIONAL standards, the financial reporting, auditing and state financial control, its closest approach to the international requirements. It is difficult to overestimate the value of standardization for the economic environment and state administration. The advantages of standardization consist not only in the simplification of processes and procedures, but also in their strengthening due to reliability, which is based on the identity of understanding the rules and norms, and the high quality based on the approach regarding the questions of responsibility and introducing penalties for the possible violations. The author analyzes the development of the state financial control in Ukraine according to the INTOSAI standards. The article presents the necessity to develop and implement the national standards of financial control in accordance with the INTOSAI standards.

The Upper Limits of Pain and Suffering in Animal Research

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOM L. BEAUCHAMP ◽  
DAVID B. MORTON
Keyword(s):  
Animal Research ◽  
Substantial Influence ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Quality ◽  
European Directive ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Research Protocols ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Abstract:The control of risk and harm in human research often calls for the establishment of upper limits of risk of pain, suffering, and distress that investigators must not exceed. Such upper limits are uncommon in animal research, in which limits of acceptability are usually left to the discretion of individual investigators, institutions, national inspectors, or ethics review committees. We here assess the merits of the European Directive 2010/63/EU on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes and its accompanying instruments, such as guides and examples. These documents present a body of legislation governing animal research in the European Union. We argue that the directive supplies a promising approach, but one in need of revision. We interpret the directive’s general conception of upper limits and show its promise for the establishment of high-quality policies. We provide a moral rationale for such policies, address the problem of justified exceptions to established upper limits, and show when causing harm is and is not wrongful. We conclude that if the standards we propose for improving the directive are not realized in the review of research protocols, loose and prejudicial risk-benefit assessments may continue to be deemed sufficient to justify morally questionable research. However, a revised EU directive and accompanying instruments could have a substantial influence on the ethics of animal research worldwide, especially in the development of morally sound legal frameworks.

scholarly journals Priorities of Sustainable Building Concept and Evaluation of Possibilities for Energy Efficiency Management of Buildings (As in the Case of Ukraine)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Alina Bohoslovska ◽  
Anna Komelina ◽  
Svitlana Shcherbinina
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Sustainable Building ◽  
Energy Saving Potential ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
The World ◽  
Integrated Estimation

Ensuring the energy efficiency functioning of housing and communal services and increasing the energy efficiency of Ukraine's housing stock, which is one of the largest consumers of heat energy, requires the search for potential opportunities for managing energy efficiency of buildings. Integration into the world economy obliges Ukraine to adhere to international economic principles, one of which is the growth of energy efficiency.The article examines the experience of the world countries in the field of energy efficiency of buildings on the basis of sustainable building concept.  The methodology of calculating the integral rating point of the regions of the country based on their energy saving potential is developed. It can be used to evaluate the potential of energy efficiency management of buildings in Ukraine. As a result of the calculations of the integrated estimation of the energy saving potential, an appropriate ranking and grouping of the regions of Ukraine has been carried out.Improvement of the organizational and technical potential of providing energy-efficient functioning of the housing and communal services of Ukraine and the introduction of effective mechanisms for its modernization on the basis of the sustainable building concept should ensure an increase in the efficiency of energy efficiency management of buildings. 

Leds, toward the Best Energy Efficiency in Lighting

2010 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
José M. Portela ◽  
Andrés Pastor ◽  
Milagros M. Huerta ◽  
Manuel Otero ◽  
Rafael E. González
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Eu

Climate change and increasing energy prices threaten the planet and the economy. The European Union has promised to take the lead, through a reduction in greenhouse gases by 20 to 30% and a 20% energy savings by 2020. In this context, the EU is about to ban some of the most inefficient lightbulbs for everyday. Lighting would set the limit at the level of CFLs/LEDs (most energy efficient existing lamps). The energy savings would be maximized, the target is 86 TWh of electricity saved per year in the EU by 2020. To discover how to use different materials in this technology is a high-priority as it shows the advance; maybe this is the future of lighting.

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