scholarly journals Additions of Tropospheric Ozone (O3) in Regional Climates (A case study: Saudi Arabia)

2019 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Shehzad Hassan ◽  
Maham Mukhtar ◽  
Ehsan ul Haq ◽  
Muneeb Aamir ◽  
Hafiz M Rafique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Anthropogenic activities are responsible for enhancing the concentration of various toxic gases that produces bad Ozone in the troposphere which is harmful to human health. The specific objective of this research was to analyze the spatio-temporal variations in a vertical column of Ozone (O3) over Saudi Arabia during 2006-2016 using Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard AQUA platform and AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) data. The results show that the optical depth of Ozone column varied from 252 Dobson Units (DU) to 264 DU. The main reason of this variation corresponds to the increase in O3 precursors including Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). The concentration of CO2 varied between (379-401) Parts Per Million (PPM), SO2 varied (3.5x10-6 - 4x10-6kg m-2) kg m-2 and NO2 varies (2.25x1015 - 2.5x1015)1/cm2 during the investigated timeframe. The results confirm that NO2 and SO2 have contributed directly in O3 formation while CO2 just increased regional temperatures that enhanced the optical depth of O3. Keywords: AIRS, AERONET, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Sulfur dioxide, Aerosol optical depth and Dopson Unit.

scholarly journals An Intercomparison of Ground-Based Solar FTIR Measurements of Atmospheric Gases at Eureka, Canada

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2028-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Paton-Walsh ◽  
R. L. Mittermeier ◽  
W. Bell ◽  
H. Fast ◽  
N. B. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Composition Change ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Error Bars ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Level Of Agreement

Abstract The authors report the results of an intercomparison of vertical column amounts of hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric acid (HNO3), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2) derived from the spectra recorded by two ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers operated side-by-side using the sun as a source. The procedure used to record spectra and derive vertical column amounts follows the format of previous instrument intercomparisons organized by the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), formerly known as the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC). For most gases the differences were typically around 3%, and in about half of the results the error bars given by the standard deviation of the measurements from each instrument did not overlap. The worst level of agreement was for HF where differences of over 5% were typical. The level of agreement achieved during this intercomparison is a little worse than that achieved in previous intercomparisons between ground-based FTIR spectrometers.

scholarly journals Environmental Variables of the Seti Gandaki River Basin Pokhara, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishor Kumar Pokharel ◽  
Khadga Bahadur Basnet ◽  
Trilok Chandra Majupuria ◽  
Chitra Bahadur Baniya
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Water Conductivity ◽  
Free Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Present paper focuses on the spatio-temporal variations and correlations among the environmental variables of the Seti Gandaki River basin, Pokhara, Nepal. A total of five sites, three along the river and two in tributaries were selected for this study. Water sampling was done fortnightly for environmental variables following standard methods during July 2011 to June 2012. Mean and standard deviation of the environmental variables revealed that the depth (0.9 ± 0.3), pH (8 ± 0.4), total phosphates (PO4) (0.10 ± 0.03) and nitrates (NO3) (0.13 ± 0.04) were normally variable among the sites. But the discharge (40.00 ± 37.00), width (32.30 ± 13.00), turbidity (81.40 ± 51.00), transparency (29.10 ± 15.00), conductivity (166.00 ± 80.00), water temperature (18.00 ±4.00), dissolved oxygen (DO) (8.00 ± 2.00), free carbon dioxide (CO2) (7.00 ± 2.00) and total alkalinity (98.00 ± 22.00) varied among sites equally. Correlation coefficient between the sites and environmental variables revealed that sites were found significantly correlated with water conductivity (r2 = 0.6), DO (r2 = -0.52), and free CO2 (r2 = 0.6); depth of water with width (r2 = 0.94), discharge (r2 = 0.96), turbidity (r2 = 0.71), transparency (r2 = -0.62), water temperature (r2 = 0.60), pH (r2 = -0.52) and DO (r2 = -0.48); water temperature with pH (r2 = -0.54), DO (r2 = -0.79), free CO2 (r2 = 0.69), total alkalinity (r2 = -0.58), total PO4 (r2 = 0.54) and NO3 (r2 = 0.62), etc. The enhancement of turbidity, conductivity, free CO2, phosphates and nitrates, while, suppression of transparency, pH and DO at the urban site indicated the urban influence. Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 22, Issue 2, January 2018, page: 129-139

Spatio-temporal variations in larval digenean assemblages of Heleobia parchappii (Mollusca: Cochliopidae) inhabiting four human-impacted streams

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Parietti ◽  
M.J. Merlo ◽  
J.A. Etchegoin
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Urban Periphery ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The City

Abstract In the last years, a growing number of studies have focused on the search for biological indicators of human impact in freshwater environments. Given their susceptibility to different types of impact, larval digeneans have been considered as useful tools for the study of temporal variations in parasite communities. However, few studies have been carried out in lotic environments. For that reason, the spatio-temporal variations of the larval digenean assemblages parasitizing the gastropod Heleobia parchappii were analysed in four human-impacted streams, located on the coast of Argentina. In total, 4800 specimens of H. parchappii were collected seasonally, and 12 digenean species belonging to eight families were registered. Three of the streams showed similar species presence but, during spring and summer, the streams located within the city presented lower species presence than the streams located in the urban periphery. By contrast, the spatial prevalence values evidenced a higher variation between the environments. Streams located in the urban periphery showed higher prevalence values throughout the year, compared to those calculated for streams located within the city. The spatio-temporal variations of larval digenean assemblages parasitizing H. parchappii seem to be mainly influenced by the diversity and vagility of definitive hosts, the types of digenean life cycles and habitat characteristics. However, environmental disturbances derived from anthropogenic activities are highlighted as the probable main factors that may affect the composition and dynamic of these parasite assemblages.

Study on Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Sulfur Dioxide, Temperature, Ozone and Rainfall Variations in Hawaiian Island (190 34’ Latitude, 1550 30’ Longitude)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. M. V. Subramanian ◽  
Dr. B. Jayasudha ◽  
Aruna K.
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Hawaiian Island ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Trade Winds ◽  
Mauna Loa ◽  
Shield Volcanoes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Rainfall Variations ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The Hawaii observatory is located at 190 34’ latitude, 1550 30’ longitude and 4207 sq m area. The island of Hawaii is built from fine separate shield volcanoes that erupted somewhat sequentially one overlapping the other. Moderate to strong trade winds carry as and vog from Kilauea volcano around the southern tip of the island. Ninety-nine percent of the gas molecules emitted during a volcanic eruptions are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (Co2), and sulfur dioxide (So2). The remaining one percent is comprised of small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and other minor gas species. The most critical factors that determine how much vog impacts any area are wind direction and speed. Where and how bad the vog is ultimately depends on several additional factors including air temperature, humidity, and rainfall emitted from Kīlauea Volcano. The Co2 atmosphere concentration measured at Mauna Lao observatory (MLO). Hawaii have been used by advocates of anthropological global warming (AGW) as a bell weather of climate. Carbon dioxide concentrations in units of parts per million (PPM) have been measured daily and monthly have been averages reported since 1958. We have analyzed Co2 data from 1958 to 2014, So2 data from 1979 to 1997, CH4 data from 1992 to 2001, rainfall data from 1920 to 2012, temperature data from 1955 to 2015 and ozone data from 1958 to 2014. Here We have analyzed and interpret to draw the line graphs and bar graphs in the following parameters ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, temperature and rainfall. We find the following parameters i) Co2 gradually increased from 1958 to 2014 ii) CH4 gradually increased from 1992 to 2001 iii) The So2 gradually increased and decreased from 1979 to 1997 iv) Mauna loa Temperature increased from 1955 to 2015 and Opihihale Temperature increased from 1965 to 2010 v) Rainfall increased and decreased from 1920 to 2012 vi) Ozone increased and decreased from 1958 to 2014.

Impact of gaseous air pollutants on lipid and protein content of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plant growing at urban, sub‐urban, and rural sites of the Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 268-273
Author(s):  
Mohammed AbdulRahman Almuwayhi
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Suburban Area ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia

The current study was conducted at three locations varying in pollution with ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in the Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Phaseouls vulgaris was sown in the pots and irrigated with different concentrations of ascorbic acid solution and it was grown in polluted areas. The results showed that the concentrations of polluting gases in the air in the Riyadh increased during the study period, reaching the concentration of ozone gas to 77 ppb in urban area, and sulfur dioxide to 21 ppb in the suburban area, and nitrogen dioxide to 22 ppb in the urban area. There was a significant effect of those pollutants on the protein and fat content of the test plant, where the content of protein in the leaves was 4.09% at the rural area, 3.87% in the suburban area and 3.81% at the urban area. At the same time the lipid content of the leaves was 2.7% at rural area, 2.9% in the sub‐urban area and 2.3% in the urban area. The treatment of ascorbic acid increased the level of protein and lipid contents of these plants. Protein content in the leaves was 4.73% at rural area, 4 % in the sub‐urban area and 3.97% in the urban area. The lipid content of the leaves was 3 % at rural area, 2.7% in the sub‐urban area and 2.6% at the urban area. This study proved the role of ascorbic acid (ASA) in the plant as it increased the resistance against the ozone gas oxidizer, and thereby helping in the removal of toxic reactive oxygen species.

Adding Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
White Wine ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Quality Grade ◽  
Grape Skins ◽  
Gaseous Sulfur ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Liquefied Gas

The judicious use of sulfur dioxide (SO2) will inhibit the growth of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) present on the grape skins as the berries come from the vineyard. Its early use presumes the vintner has decided that the adventitious wild yeasts which might be destroyed or inhibited by sulfur dioxide will not contribute to the vintage. It appears that Saccharomyces cerevisiae might be less susceptible to the action of sulfur dioxide than other yeasts that may be present. So, if the particular strain of S. cerevisiae used can cope, it may be able to function unimpeded. Regardless, sulfur dioxide might still be used because, in addition to suppression of deleterious microorganisms, it appears to reduce oxidation of particularly fragile white wine components. In industrial settings, both gaseous sulfur dioxide and sulfur dioxide as a liquefied gas (boiling point – 10 °C [14 °F]) are used. In either form it is a dangerous tool. It is dangerous first because it is toxic and second because an excess of it will ruin the wine. In many cases, because its value is recognized as beneficial, sulfur dioxide is replaced by addition of either sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) or potassium metabisulfite (K2S2O5) with the latter generally preferred. Indeed, while it is best to look at the MSDS. (Manufacturer’s Safety Data Sheet) before use, the solubility of the two salts is the same and given as 450 grams/ liter (g/ L) at 68 °F (20 °C) and the pH on dissolution as between 3.5 and 4.5. The potassium (K) salt appears, at this writing, to be more readily available in food quality (as opposed to chemical quality) grade. So, with regard to sulfur dioxide (SO2), and as shown in Figure 17.1, its structure is much more similar to water and to ozone than it is to carbon dioxide (CO2); sulfur lies beneath oxygen (O2) in the periodic table (silicon, Si, lies beneath carbon). Nonetheless, sulfur dioxide (SO2) reacts with water much the same way that carbon dioxide (CO2) does.

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