scholarly journals Comparison of the Change in the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Between High and Low Prevalence Areas of White Nile State, Sudan

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungman Cha ◽  
Sung-Tae Hong ◽  
Jin-Su Lee ◽  
Hoo Gn Jeong ◽  
In-Sun Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
White Nile

This study aimed to investigate whether mass drug administration (MDA) intervention has an equivalent effect on reducing the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection regardless of the baseline values. A repeated cross-sectional survey was performed targeting students of 12 primary schools in Al Jabalain and El Salam districts of White Nile State, Sudan, at both 1 week before and 8 months after the MDA. Prior to the baseline survey, school-aged children in Al Jabalain had received MDA interventions twice in 4 years, while those in El Salam had not. The baseline prevalence was 9.1% in Al Jabalain and 35.2% in El Salam, which were reduced to 1.8% and 5.5% at 8 months after the MDA, respectively. The corresponding reduction rates were 80.3% and 84.4%, not significant difference between both districts. However, changes in the geometric mean intensity (GMI) of egg counts were significantly different between both districts. The baseline GMIs were 14.5 eggs per 10 ml of urine (EP10) in Al Jabalain and 18.5 EP10 in El Salam, which were reduced to 7.1 and 11.2 EP10 after treatment, respectively. The corresponding reduction rates were 51.0% and 39.5%. In conclusion, MDA interventions were found to bring about similar relative reduction in prevalence regardless of the baseline value; however, the relative reduction in infection intensity was more salient in the district with a low baseline value for both prevalence and intensity. This clearly points to the importance of repeated MDA interventions in endemic areas, which will eventually contribute to schistosomiasis elimination.

Reduction patterns of prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection after MDA with praziquantel between regions with and without previous intervention in Sudan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungman Cha ◽  
Sung-Tae Hong ◽  
Jin-Su Lee ◽  
Hoo-Gn Jeong ◽  
In-Sun Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Urogenital Schistosomiasis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
White Nile

Abstract Background: Mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel has been the mainstay for schistosomiasis control in endemic countries. To evaluate the effects of repeated MDA, we compared urogenital schistosomiasis prevalence at two localities in White Nile State, Sudan: Al Jabalain with previous MDA and El Salam without previous MDA. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out to examined the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection using urine samples from 10,644 primary school-aged children (SAC) of two localities at the baseline survey, and then a single dose of 40 mg/kg praziquantel was mass administered to whole SAC of both localities. Of the total, 3,197 SAC of sentinel schools were examined urine samples at 8 months after the MDA. Results: The overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection was 5.5% in Al Jabalain and 27.5% in El Salam at the baseline survey. In sentinel schools, the prevalences in Al Jabalain and El Salam were significantly reduced after MDA, 80.3% and 84.4% respectively, not significant between two localities. The geometric mean intensity (GMI) of egg counts from the infected children at the baseline survey was 14.5 eggs per 10 mL of urine (EP10) in Al Jabalain and 18.5 EP10 in El Salam. At the follow-up survey, the GMI reduction rate was significantly reduced, 51.0% in Al Jabalain and 39.5% in El Salam, however the infection intensity after MDA was reduced significantly less in SAC who had higher baseline prevalence and infection intensity. The overall intensity of infection was significantly reduced after MDA in girls, but not in boys. Conclusions: Single MDA produces a similar prevalence reduction regardless of endemicity but less reduction of infection intensity in highly endemic populations. It is necessary to implement repeated MDAs to eliminate urogenital schistosomiasis in endemic regions..

scholarly journals Prevalence, intensity and spatial co-distribution of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths infections in Ogun state, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinola S. Oluwole ◽  
Adebiyi A. Adeniran ◽  
Hammed O. Mogaji ◽  
Dorcas B. Olabinke ◽  
Eniola M. Abe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Spatial Risk ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractA cross-sectional survey was carried out in primary schools to determine prevalence, intensity and spatial co-distribution of Schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths (STH) infections in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 2148 pupils from 42 schools were examined forSchistosomaand STH infections from urine and fresh fecal samples respectively. Ethyl ether concentration method prepared in sodium acetate – acetic acid – formalin ether was used to concentrate parasites’ ova before microscopic examination. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis and STH infections were 4.0% (95% CI = 3.21–4.92) and 34.64% (95% CI = 32.62–36.69) respectively.Schistosoma haematobiumandAscaris lumbricoideswere the most prevalent across the study area among theSchistosomaand STH species respectively. Overall, intensity of infection was higher in males than in females for allSchistosomaand STH infections, but with no significant difference (P > 0.05), except forTrichuris trichiura(χ2 = 6.490,P < 0.05). Infection intensity was significantly inversely correlated (χ2 = 12.953,P < 0.05) with an increase in age group. Co-distribution ofSchistosomaand STH infections occurred in 15 (35.7%) out of 42 schools, and only 30 children (1.4%) had co-infection ofSchistosomaand STH. This study provides information on the prevalence and spatial risk of schistosomiasis and STH in Ogun State. This will serve as decision-support tool for Ogun State programme managers to help facilitate integration of schistosomiasis and STH control.

Comparison between Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sodium Nitrate Flotation Microscopy in Diagnosing Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam W. Bartlett ◽  
Rebecca Traub ◽  
Salvador Amaral ◽  
Sze Fui Hii ◽  
Naomi E. Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polymerase Chain

There is evolving interest in alternate microscopy techniques and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to evaluate soil-transmitted helminth (STH) burden. Using data from a cross-sectional survey of 540 schoolchildren across six primary schools in three municipalities of Timor-Leste, we compared the performance of microscopy using sodium nitrate flotation (SNF) and qPCR in determining STH prevalence and infection intensity. Prevalence by qPCR was higher than SNF for Ascaris lumbricoides (17.5% versus 11.2%), hookworm (8.3% versus 1.2%), and Trichuris trichiura (4.7% versus 1.6%). Agreement between SNF and qPCR was fair for hookworm (κ = 0.21) and moderate for A. lumbricoides (κ = 0.59) and T. trichiura (κ = 0.44). Nearly all infections were light intensity by SNF, whereas qPCR identified 36.1% as moderate or heavy infections using cycle threshold to eggs per gram conversion formulas. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction is a promising diagnostic technique, though further studies validating infection intensity correlates are required.

Status of Schistosoma haematobium Infection among Pupils around the Kainji Dam, Niger State: A Paradigm Shift In Infection Rate

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Adewale ◽  
O Rahman ◽  
M Sulyman ◽  
C Uwalaka ◽  
M Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Schistosomiasis is the second most prevalent tropical disease after malaria, and a major public health problem among schoolagedchildren. This study was carried out to assess the current status of Schistosoma haematobium infection among pupils around Kainji Dam. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 5 communities around Kainji dam. Urine samples were collected and processed using the standard filtration technique. Filter papers were examined with compound microscope and eggs of S. haematobium were identified with their terminal spines. Data were analyzed with SPSS 23. The overall prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection among the 410 pupils examined was 5.1% and a geometric mean egg count of 5.97 eggs/10ml urine. There was statistically significant association between infection and age with peak infection in age group 12-14 (11.8%, x2 = 14.185, p < 0.005). The males (6.8%) were more infected than the females (2.9%) and there was no significant difference (Χ² =3.1, P>0.05) in infection among sexes. The occupation of Pupils' Parent was found to have a statistically significant association with the risk of being infected (x2 = 38.7, P<0.05), prevalence of infection was shared between the fishermen (47.6%) and farmers (52.4%). Compared to other studied communities, a pupil stands over 400times [OR 412.2 (95% CI: 52.4 – 3245.1)] risk of being infected with Schistosoma haematobium in Yuna community. The lack of infection in 3 of the studied communities could be attributed to the impact of current efforts at controlling Schistosoma haematobium infection around the Kainji dam which is a paradigm shift from what used to be experienced from previous studies. This current experience advocates for intensified efforts at total elimination. Keywords: Schistosoma haematobium, Prevalence, Pupils, Kainji dam

scholarly journals Prevalence of urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis among school children in South-west Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. e0009628
Author(s):  
Johnson A. Ojo ◽  
Samuel A. Adedokun ◽  
Akeem A. Akindele ◽  
Adedolapo B. Olorunfemi ◽  
Olawumi A. Otutu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
South West ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Background The risk of co-infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni and the potential harmful effect on morbidity and control is enhanced by the overlapping distribution of both species in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the reported high endemicity of both species in Nigeria, studies on the spread and effect of their mixed infection are limited. Therefore, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among school children in two communities in South-west Nigeria to investigate the prevalence of mixed human schistosome infection, intensity, and possible ectopic egg elimination. Methods Urine and stool samples were collected from consenting school children in Ilie and Ore communities of Osun State, Nigeria. Schistosoma haematobium eggs were detected in urine using the urine filtration technique, while S. mansoni eggs were detected in stool using the Kato–Katz thick smear technique. Results The study enrolled 466 primary and secondary school children (211; 45.3% males vs. 255; 54.7% females; mean age 11.6 ± 3.16 years). The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 40% (185/466), with 19% (89/466) recording single S. haematobium infection while 9% (41/465) had a single S. mansoni infection. The geometric mean egg count for S. haematobium was 189.4 egg/10ml urine; 95% CI: range 115.9–262.9, while for S. mansoni, it was 115.7 epg; 95% CI: range 78.4–152.9. The prevalence of ectopic S mansoni (S. mansoni eggs in urine) was 4.7%, while no ectopic S. haematobium (S. haematobium eggs in stool) was recorded. Mixed infection of S. haematobium/S. mansoni had a prevalence of 9.5% (44/466). More females (54.5%) presented with S. haematobium/S. mansoni co-infection. For both parasites, males had higher infection intensity, with a significant difference observed with S. haematobium (p = 0.0004). Hematuria was significant in individuals with single S. haematobium infection (p = 0.002), mixed ectopic S. haematobium/S. mansoni (p = 0.009) and mixed S. haematobium/S. mansoni/ectopic S. mansoni (p = 0.0003). Conclusions These findings suggest the probability of interspecific interactions between S. haematobium and S. mansoni. Scaling up of mass administration of praziquantel and control measures in the study areas is highly desirable.

scholarly journals Association between experience of specific side-effects and contraceptive switching and discontinuation in Uganda: results from a longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linnea A. Zimmerman ◽  
Dana O. Sarnak ◽  
Celia Karp ◽  
Shannon N. Wood ◽  
Saifuddin Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptive ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Individualized Care ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background There is substantial evidence that contraceptive side-effects are a major deterrent to consistent use of contraception but few studies in low- or middle-income countries explore the role of specific side-effects on contraceptive use dynamics. This study used population-based, longitudinal data to explore the effect of specific side-effects on contraceptive continuation, discontinuation, and switching in Uganda. Methods Data for this study come from two rounds of survey data collection in Uganda: PMA2020’s sixth cross-sectional survey and a follow-up survey conducted 1 year later. The main outcomes of interest were discontinuation and switching among users of hormonal contraceptive methods (implants, injectables and oral pill) and the IUD at baseline (n = 560). Multivariable logistic regressions assessed the association of experiencing specific side-effects (more bleeding, less bleeding, irregular bleeding, increased dryness/reduced libido, and physical discomfort) with discontinuation and switching 1 year later, adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, type of method, and length of use. We also examined the differential effects of side-effects between discontinuation and switching risks. Results About 23% of hormonal and IUD contraceptive users reported experiencing side-effects at baseline survey. Overall, discontinuation and switching were higher among injectables and pill users, compared to IUD and implants users. Reporting more bleeding or less bleeding increased the odds of discontinuation and switching by 2.74 (95% CI 1.00–7.51) and 1.86 (1.04–3.34), respectively. There was no significant difference in discontinuation and switching by side-effects. Conclusions Greater attention should be paid to understanding the unique contributions of side-effects to contraceptive behavior using population-based data. While about a quarter of women reported experiencing side effects, those who experienced bleeding specific side effects were at higher risk of contraceptive discontinuation and switching. Providing greater individualized care that includes information and counseling about common side-effects, how they may impact daily life, and how tolerable these effects may be is necessary.

scholarly journals Transmission Dynamics of Schistosoma haematobium among School-Aged Children: A Cohort Study on Prevalence, Reinfection and Incidence after Mass Drug Administration in the White Nile State of Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11537
Author(s):  
Yan Jin ◽  
Young-Ha Lee ◽  
Seungman Cha ◽  
In-Uk Choi ◽  
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Reinfection Rate ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
High Infection ◽  
White Nile

The reinfection rate of schistosomiasis after mass drug administration (MDA) has not been documented in Sudan. We aimed to explore the transmission dynamics of urogenital schistosomiasis after MDA, targeting school-aged children in the White Nile State of Sudan, assessing the prevalence, reinfection rate, and incidence. A single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) was administered to 1951 students in five primary schools from January to February 2018 immediately after a baseline survey, and follow-up surveys were performed at 2 weeks and 6 months after treatment. We examined Schistosoma haematobium eggs by centrifugation methods. The overall reinfection rate at 6 months after treatment was 9.8% (95% confidence interval: 0.5–17.4%). By school, the reinfection rate was highest in the Al Hidaib school, whose prevalence was highest at baseline. The reinfection rate was significantly higher in high-infection areas than low-infection areas (p = 0.02). Of the prevalence at 6 months in high-infection areas, 41% of cases were due to reinfection. MDA interventions are decided upon and undertaken at the district level. A more targeted treatment strategy should be developed with a particular focus on tracking high-risk groups, even within a school or a community.

AWARENESS ABOUT INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN GENERAL POPULATION OF RAWALPINDI AND ISLAMABAD

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Nadia Tariq ◽  
Tamkeen Jaffry ◽  
Rahma Fiaz ◽  
Abdul Majid Rajput ◽  
Sadaf Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
General Population ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Indoor air pollutants are increasingly being associated with respiratory illnesses leading to high degree of morbidity and mortality. There are not sufficient epidemiological studies from Pakistan which assess level of awareness of indoor air pollution resulting in respiratory diseases in population. Methods: This cross sectional survey was carried out on general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Sample size was 223 study subjects selected by non-probability convenient sampling. Knowledge of the study subjects was determined with regard to indoor air pollution, its effects on health and different sources of indoor air pollution with the help of a questionnaire. The influence of age, gender, educational status and socio economic status on the level of awareness was also analyzed. Results: Out of total 223 participants, 115 were males and108 females. Participants aware of indoor air pollution were 91.5% and adequate awareness about its sources was 80.7%. Those who knew indoor air pollution is detrimental to health were 95.1%. Awareness about building construction dust as source of indoor air pollution was maximum (84.8%). There was significant difference in awareness among participants with different monthly incomes and educational status and also between males and females. Conclusion: This study concludes that general population of Rawalpindi/Islamabad has fairly good awareness about sources of indoor air pollution. Use of harmful material causing indoor air pollution should be limited or substituted with better ones where possible.

scholarly journals What's in the lunchbox? Dietary behaviour of learners from disadvantaged schools in the Western Cape, South Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1752-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulfa Abrahams ◽  
Anniza de Villiers ◽  
Nelia P Steyn ◽  
Jean Fourie ◽  
Lucinda Dalais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Dietary Behaviour ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractObjectiveTo identify and describe factors associated with food shop (known as tuck shop in South Africa) and lunchbox behaviours of primary-school learners in South Africa.DesignAnalysis of data collected in 2008 from a cross-sectional survey.SettingSixteen primary schools in the Western Cape, South Africa.SubjectsA total of 717 grade 4 learners aged 10–12 years.ResultsA 24 h recall established that 69 % of learners carried a lunchbox to school and 49 % had consumed at least one item purchased from the school food shop/vendor. Most lunchboxes contained white bread with processed meat, whereas the most frequent food shop/vendor purchase comprised chips/crisps. Learners who carried a lunchbox to school had significantly lower BMI percentiles (P = 0·002) and BMI-for-age (P = 0·034), compared with their counterparts. Moreover, they were younger, had higher standard-of-living and dietary diversity scores, consumed more meals per day, had greater self-efficacy and came from predominantly urban schools, compared with those who did not carry a lunchbox to school. Learners who ate food shop/vendor purchases had a lower standard-of-living score and higher dietary diversity and meal scores. Only 2 % of learners were underweight, whereas 19 % were stunted and 21 % were overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2).ConclusionsChildren who carried a lunchbox to school appeared to have greater dietary diversity, consumed more regular meals, had a higher standard of living and greater nutritional self-efficacy compared with those who did not carry a lunchbox to school.

scholarly journals Prevalence of thinness, overweight and obesity among Tibetan adolescents aged 12-17 years

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Yunfei Zhang ◽  
Jiahong Sun ◽  
Min Zhao ◽  
Costan G. Magnussen ◽  
Xi Bo
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of thinness, overweight and obesity among Tibetan adolescents aged 12-17 years. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Shigatse city of Tibet municipality, with an average altitude of more than 4000 m. Subjects: Study participants included 2,642 adolescents aged 12-17 years selected from 6 schools using a convenient cluster sampling method. Results: The prevalence of thinness/overweight/obesity among Tibetan adolescents was 9.4%/5.4%/1.4% (China definition), 14.7%/4.4%/0.7% (IOTF definition), and 2.8%/5.7%/0.9% (WHO definition). The prevalence of thinness and overweight was significantly different between both sexes based on each of three BMI classification criteria (P <0.001). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of obesity between both sexes according to each of three BMI criteria. There was no clear trend in the prevalence of thinness across ages according to the China or IOTF definition (both P >0.05), whereas an upward trend was observed for thinness in boys according to the IOTF definition (P for trend <0.05). In contrast, the prevalence of thinness tended to decrease with increasing age in girls according to the IOTF definition, and in total sample according to the WHO definition (P for trend <0.05). Conclusions: Among Tibetan adolescents, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is relatively low, while the prevalence of thinness is high, especially in boys. These data suggest urgent attention is needed to control adolescent thinness in Tibet.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document