scholarly journals Serotonin Receptors – From Molecular Biology to Clinical Applications

2011 ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. PYTLIAK ◽  
V. VARGOVÁ ◽  
V. MECHÍROVÁ ◽  
M. FELŠÖCI
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Serotonin Receptors ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Panic Disorders ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Selective Agents ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is an ubiquitary monoamine acting as one of the neurotransmitters at synapses of nerve cells. Serotonin acts through several receptor types and subtypes. The profusion of 5-HT receptors should eventually allow a better understanding of the different and complex processes in which serotonin is involved. Its role is expected in the etiology of several diseases, including depression, schizophrenia, anxiety and panic disorders, migraine, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, eating disorders, vomiting and irritable bowel syndromes. In the past 20 years, seven distinct families of 5-HT receptors have been identified and various subpopulations have been described for several of them. Increasing number of 5-HT receptors has made it difficult to unravel the role of 5-HT receptor subpopulations due to the lack of suitable selective agents. The present review describes the different populations and nomenclature of recently discovered 5-HT receptors and their pharmacological relevance.

scholarly journals Beyond Thrombosis: the Role of Platelets in Pulmonary Hypertension

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-271
Author(s):  
Salina Nicoleau ◽  
Beata Wojciak-Stothard
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Pressure ◽  
Right Heart Failure ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a multifactorial and lethal disease, characterised by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and progressive right heart failure. PH pathobiology rests on four pillars: vascular remodelling, vasoconstriction, inflammation and thrombosis. While vascular and inflammatory cells have been the focus of PH research over the past decades, platelets have received relatively less attention, despite their associations with key pathophysiological processes of the disease. Platelets contain a wide range of vasoactive, inflammatory and pro-thrombotic mediators, likely to promote PH development and progression. There is currently no cure for PH, and platelet-associated pathways may help identify new therapeutic strategies. This review summarises available evidence on the role of platelets in different forms of PH, and comments on the current state of platelet-targeting therapies. It also describes the latest advances in the in vitro technologies that enable exploration of platelet function under dynamic and physiologically relevant conditions. Doi: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2020-0204-7 Full Text: PDF

The role of proprioception and neuromuscular stability in carpal instabilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Hagert ◽  
A. Lluch ◽  
S. Rein
Keyword(s):  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Spinal Reflexes ◽  
Sensory Innervation ◽  
Joint Control ◽  
Joint Stability ◽  
The Past ◽  
Joint Surfaces

Carpal stability has traditionally been defined as dependent on the articular congruity of joint surfaces, the static stability maintained by intact ligaments, and the dynamic stability caused by muscle contractions resulting in a compression of joint surfaces. In the past decade, a fourth factor in carpal stability has been proposed, involving the neuromuscular and proprioceptive control of joints. The proprioception of the wrist originates from afferent signals elicited by sensory end organs (mechanoreceptors) in ligaments and joint capsules that elicit spinal reflexes for immediate joint stability, as well as higher order neuromuscular influx to the cerebellum and sensorimotor cortices for planning and executing joint control. The aim of this review is to provide an understanding of the role of proprioception and neuromuscular control in carpal instabilities by delineating the sensory innervation and the neuromuscular control of the carpus, as well as descriptions of clinical applications of proprioception in carpal instabilities.

scholarly journals Over Fifty Years of Life, Death, and Cannibalism: A Historical Recollection of Apoptosis and Autophagy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12466
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Izadi ◽  
Tayyiba Akbar Ali ◽  
Ehsan Pourkarimi
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Apoptosis Pathways ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light

Research in biomedical sciences has changed dramatically over the past fifty years. There is no doubt that the discovery of apoptosis and autophagy as two highly synchronized and regulated mechanisms in cellular homeostasis are among the most important discoveries in these decades. Along with the advancement in molecular biology, identifying the genetic players in apoptosis and autophagy has shed light on our understanding of their function in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we first describe the history of key discoveries in apoptosis with a molecular insight and continue with apoptosis pathways and their regulation. We touch upon the role of apoptosis in human health and its malfunction in several diseases. We discuss the path to the morphological and molecular discovery of autophagy. Moreover, we dive deep into the precise regulation of autophagy and recent findings from basic research to clinical applications of autophagy modulation in human health and illnesses and the available therapies for many diseases caused by impaired autophagy. We conclude with the exciting crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, from the early discoveries to recent findings.

64 Role of Acetylcholine and Serotonin Receptors in the Maintenance of Muscle Hypercontractility in a Murine Model of Post-Inflammatory Irritable Bowel Syndrome

2008 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. A-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotada Akiho ◽  
Hiroyuki Murao ◽  
Haruei Ogino ◽  
Kenji Kanayama ◽  
Yorinobu Sumida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
Serotonin Receptors ◽  
Irritable Bowel

scholarly journals MicroRNA Nanotherapeutics for Lung Targeting. Insights into Pulmonary Hypertension

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Carregal-Romero ◽  
Lucía Fadón ◽  
Edurne Berra ◽  
Jesús Ruíz-Cabello
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Future Role ◽  
Lung Targeting ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Enhanced Stability

In this review, the potential future role of microRNA-based therapies and their specific application in lung diseases is reported with special attention to pulmonary hypertension. Current limitations of these therapies will be pointed out in order to address the challenges that they need to face to reach clinical applications. In this context, the encapsulation of microRNA-based therapies in nanovectors has shown improvements as compared to chemically modified microRNAs toward enhanced stability, efficacy, reduced side effects, and local administration. All these concepts will contextualize in this review the recent achievements and expectations reported for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Methods, Mechanisms, and Pathophysiology. The confluence of increased permeability, inflammation, and pain in irritable bowel syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (7) ◽  
pp. G775-G785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Camilleri ◽  
Karen Lasch ◽  
Wen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Mucosal Permeability ◽  
The Past ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal ailments among those seeking health care for gastrointestinal disorders. Despite its prevalence, IBS pathophysiology is still not completely understood. Continued elucidation of IBS etiological mechanisms will lead to a greater appreciation of possible therapeutic targets. In the past decade, there has been increasing focus on the possible connection between increased intestinal mucosal permeability, inflammation, and visceral hypersensitivity. Increased permeability in subsets of IBS patients has been observed and the possible mechanisms underlying this defect are just beginning to be understood. The objectives of this review are to summarize the role of the healthy intestinal epithelium as a barrier between the lumen and the rest of the body with a focus on tight junctions; to examine the lines of evidence that suggest that different triggers lead to increased intestinal mucosal permeability and disruption of tight junctions in IBS patients; and to explore how this increased permeability may elicit immune responses that affect afferent nerves, resulting in the pain associated with IBS.

scholarly journals High-frequency oscillations detected by electroencephalography as biomarkers to evaluate treatment outcome, mirror pathological severity and predict susceptibility to epilepsy

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yueqian Sun ◽  
Guoping Ren ◽  
Jiechuan Ren ◽  
Qun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scalp Eeg ◽  
High Frequency Oscillations ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Epileptic Patients

AbstractHigh-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in the electroencephalography (EEG) have been extensively investigated as a potential biomarker of epileptogenic zones. The understanding of the role of HFOs in epilepsy has been advanced considerably over the past decade, and the use of scalp EEG facilitates recordings of HFOs. HFOs were initially applied in large scale in epilepsy surgery and are now being utilized in other applications. In this review, we summarize applications of HFOs in 3 subtopics: (1) HFOs as biomarkers to evaluate epilepsy treatment outcome; (2) HFOs as biomarkers to measure seizure propensity; (3) HFOs as biomarkers to reflect the pathological severity of epilepsy. Nevertheless, knowledge regarding the above clinical applications of HFOs remains limited at present. Further validation through prospective studies is required for its reliable application in the clinical management of individual epileptic patients.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

A literature review on firms' internationalisation through e-commerce

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-143
Author(s):  
Riccardo Resciniti ◽  
Federica De Vanna
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
International Business ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
New Markets ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship

The rise of e-commerce has brought considerable changes to the relationship between firms and consumers, especially within international business. Hence, understanding the use of such means for entering foreign markets has become critical for companies. However, the research on this issue is new and so it is important to evaluate what has been studied in the past. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of e-commerce and internationalisation studies to explicate how firms use e-commerce to enter new markets and to export. The studies are classified by theories and methods used in the literature. Moreover, we draw upon the internationalisation decision process (antecedents-modalities-consequences) to propose an integrative framework for understanding the role of e-commerce in internationalisation

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