scholarly journals Acute effect of cola and caffeine on locomotor activity in drosophila and rat

2021 ◽  
pp. 287-292
Author(s):  
K Kmeťová ◽  
M Marônek ◽  
V Borbélyová ◽  
J Hodosy ◽  
P Celec
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Activity Effect ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
And Control

Caffeine is well known for reducing fatigue and its effect on behavior is widely studied. Usually, caffeine is not ingested in its pure form but rather in sugar-sweetened beverages such as cola. Our aim was to compare the acute effect of cola and caffeine on locomotor activity. Rats and flies ingested cola or caffeine solution for 24 hours. The open field test revealed higher locomotor activity in cola groups for both flies and rats. Surprisingly, no differences have been observed between caffeine and control group. We conclude that caffeine itself does not explain the effect of cola on locomotor activity. Effect of cola cannot be generalized and interpreted for any caffeinated drink with other contents. Rather, the observed effect on locomotor activity may be caused by interaction of caffeine with other substances present in cola.

scholarly journals Toxicity and Neuropharmacological Effects of Elenine

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Navarro ◽  
S. J. Alonso ◽  
R. Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
General Behaviour ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Sedative Effects ◽  
Traction Test ◽  
Central Depressant

Elenine is the aglycone of elenoside, a cytotoxic arylnaphthalene lignan (NSC 644013-W/1) derived fromJusticia hyssopifolia. (Family: Acanthaceae). Elenoside is a β-D-glucoside, with a similar chemical structure to etoposide, exhibiting central depressant activity. In the present study, elenine was given to mice and rats at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg. Acute toxicity (24 h) and general behaviour in mice was studied as well as its effects on muscular relaxant activity, locomotor activity (Varimex test), and the open-field test and were compared with 10 mg/kg of chlorpromazine. Elenine produced a reduction in the permanence time in muscular relaxant activity (traction test). Spontaneous activity was lower in the Varimex test. The ambulation and rearing were lower compared with the control group, and an increase in boluses was observed in the open-field test. Thus, it can be concluded that elenine has central sedative effects at lower doses than those used with elenoside and has a possible application in conditions of anxiety.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of anxiolytic activity of Arnica montana and alprazolam in rats using open field test

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 718
Author(s):  
Puja Jha ◽  
Seema Bhalerao ◽  
Mrunal Dhole
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Anxiolytic Activity ◽  
Combination Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Arnica Montana ◽  
Group I

Background: Anxiety affects around 7.3% of the total population worldwide. Benzodiazepines are preferred anxiolytic agents and are still frequently used in spite of the side effect profile including muscle relaxation, memory disturbances, sedation, physical dependence. Arnica montana, a traditional herb is known to possess significant anxiolytic effect at the dose of 100mg/kg. In this study, Arnica montana has been compared for the first time with alprazolam, a most commonly used anxiolytic drug.Methods: Forced swim test was used to induce anxiety. Anxiolytic action of study drugs which were given orally, was evaluated using Open field test (OFT) in healthy wistar rats of either sex. Behavior of rats, locomotion and number of squares crossed was recorded. Rats were divided into four groups with eight rats in each group. Study groups were Group I Control; Group II Alprazolam 0.08mg/kg; Group III Arnica montana extract (AME) 100mg/kg; Group IV AME + Alprazolam group 100mg/kg+0.08mg/kg. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (p<0.05).Results: Increase in frequency of rearing was significant (p<0.05) in AME group and highly significant (p<0.001) in Alprazolam and combination group in comparison to control. Decrease in frequency of grooming was highly significant (p<0.001) in Alprazolam and combination group. AME also showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in grooming activity.Conclusions: Arnica montana extract showed anxiolytic activity and can be used as an add on drug after further studies and validation in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals Pharmacological activity of new imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid derivatives in dopaminergic transmission suppression ttests in mice and rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Ekaterina E. Yakovleva ◽  
Eugeny R. Bychkov ◽  
Maria M. Brusina ◽  
Levon B. Piotrovsky ◽  
Petr D. Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Experimental Improvement

Objective: To study the antiparkinsonian activity of new 1,2-substituted imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acids in dopaminergic transmission suppression tests in mice and rats. Materials and methods: On a model of reserpine extrapyramidal disorders, the derivatives of imidazole-dicarboxylic acids (IEM2258, IEM2248, IEM2247) were injected into the lateral brain ventricles of the mice 30 minutes after injecting reserpine at the doses of 0.1–0.5 mmol. Locomotor activity was analyzed in the Open-field test 2 hours later. In the catalepsy model, the studied agents were injected, using a pre-implanted cannula, with a simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of haloperidol. The severity of catalepsy was assessed with the Morpurgo method. Amantadine was used as a comparator drug in all the tests. Results: It was shown that IEM2258 significantly increased the main indicators of locomotor activity in the Open-field test at all the studied doses. The value of the antiparkinsonian effect of IEM2258 at doses of 0.4–0.5 mmol significantly exceeded that of amantadine. The antiparkinsonian effect of IEM2247 was maximally expressed and was significantly different from those in the control and comparator group at doses of 0.2 and 0.3 mmol. For all the experimental groups, a significant decrease in the manifestations of catalepsy in comparison with control indexes was determined. Discussion: The results made it possible to suggest the involvement of imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acids derivatives in the process of experimental improvement of dopaminergic neuromodulation and efficiency in animals. Conclusion: The data showed a significant dose-dependent antiparkinsonian activity of new imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid derivatives, which makes it promising to develop these agents and to further search for effective and safe antiparkinsonian drugs in this pharmacological class. Graphical abstract

Neurological behaviour of albino rats treated separately and in combination with Cannabis sativa L. and Cannabis indica L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Ashidi ◽  
Irene. E. Emeya ◽  
Folarin O. Owagboriaye ◽  
Roseline T. Feyisola ◽  
Olubukola I. Lawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Dopamine Level ◽  
Cannabis Indica ◽  
The Brain

There has been an increasing rate of cannabis consumption globally, especially among the youths. This study therefore evaluated the neurological behaviours and some brain marker hormones and enzymes of cannabis administered rats. Twenty six albino rats were divided into four groups based on oral cannabis administration (control, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica and the combination of the two). At the end of seven days, open field test was conducted on the rats. Also, brain neuro-chemicals, activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were evaluated using spectrophotometry. The results of the Open-Field Test showed an appreciable increase in the level of ambulation (line crossing), grooming, urination and stretched attend posture in the rats administered with Cannabis indica, Cannabis sativa and the combination when compared with the control. Norepinephrine was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the rat groups administered with the combination of Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa. The control group however had the lowest dopamine level. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the rats administered the combination of both Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa. The brain level of reduced glutathione (GSH) was significantly higher in the rats administered with Cannabis indica. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly higher in the rats administered with Cannabis sativa than the other rat groups. Histopathological evaluation of the brain also revealed various damages in the brain cells of rats administered with cannabis compared to the normal brain structure of the control rats. It is thus said that consumption of C. sativa or C. indica alone produced mild effect on the brain cells and physiology in rats. However, combination of C. sativa and C. indica produced a severe synergistic effect on the neurological function of the exposed rat.

scholarly journals Effects of Paeonia lactiflora Extract on Estrogen Receptor β, TPH2, and SERT in Rats with PMS Anxiety

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jieqiong Wang ◽  
Chunhong Song ◽  
Dongmei Gao ◽  
Sheng Wei ◽  
Wenjun Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Estrus Cycle ◽  
Paeonia Lactiflora ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Significant Difference

This study is to investigate the effect of Paeonia lactiflora extract on PMS anxiety and on expression of estrogen receptor β (ERβ), tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2), and serotonin transporter (SERT) in the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) anxiety model rats. The vaginal smear and open field test were used to screen rats in nonreception phase of estrus cycle with similar macroscopic behaviors and regular estrus cycle. PMS anxiety model rats were prepared by electrical stimulation. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to measure the expression of ERβ, TPH2, and SERT. Compared with normal rats, the total distance in the open field test of the model rats was significantly increased (P<0.05). The model rats showed nervous alertness, irritability, and sensitivity to external stimuli. After treatment with the Paeonia lactiflora extract, the total distance of rats was significantly reduced (P<0.05). In reception stage, there was no significant difference in the mRNA and protein expression of ERβ, TPH2, and SERT. In nonreception stage, the expression of ERβ and TPH2 in the model group was significantly decreased (P<0.05) as compared with the control group, but not SERT. Abnormal changes of the above indicators were reversed after the administration of the Paeonia lactiflora extract. In conclusion, Paeonia lactiflora extract can increase the expression of ERβ and TPH2 and decrease SERT in PMS model rats, which may be one of the mechanisms underlying the effect of Paeonia lactiflora extract on PMS.

scholarly journals Monoaminergic Involvement in Decreased Locomotor Activity of Mice Treated with α and β-amyrin from Protium heptaphyllum

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801300
Author(s):  
Gislei F. Aragão ◽  
Manoel O. de Moraes Filho ◽  
Paulo N. Bandeira ◽  
Antônio P. Frota Junior ◽  
Yasmin Ingrid S. Oliveira de ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Tissue Homogenates ◽  
The Central Nervous System

A triterpenic mixture of α and β-amyrin (AMY) extracted from Protium heptaphyllum has demonstrated several pharmacological effects, including activity in the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AMY administration on locomotor activity of mice by the open field test using some monoaminergic agonists and antagonists and the cerebral cortex levels of monoamines and their major metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mice were treated acutely with AMY at doses of 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg given intraperitoneally and with the pharmacological agents and placed in open field test, then the animals were sacrificed and the cerebral cortex extracted, and monoamines were assayed in tissue homogenates. AMY at 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg decreased locomotor activity of animals by 25, 31 and 39%, respectively in the open field test. Ondasentron, doxazosin, oxymetazoline and clonidine did not reverse the inhibitory effect of 5 mg/kg AMY. Venlafaxine and yohimbine reversed the inhibitory effect of 5 mg AMY. In the cortex, the 5-HT and 5-HIAA were significantly reduced by the administration of AMY. NE and HVA were also reduced with 2.5 and 5 mg/kg AMY, while Dopamine and DOPAC were not increased with AMY. In conclusion, AMY decreased locomotor activity of animals accompanied by a decrease in 5-HT and NE levels in the cerebral cortex, this locomotor effect is reversed by drug that blocker the α-2-adrenoreceptor.

scholarly journals Broiler Response to Open Field Test in Early Ontogeny

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Balážová ◽  
Eva Baranyiová
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Visual Orientation ◽  
Novel Environment ◽  
Post Hoc

The aim of this study was to observe the development of exploratory behaviour in growing broilers, i.e. their reaction to a novel environment (habituation) during the post-incubation period. Twelve males and twelve females of ROSS 308 line were kept from hatching until 42 days of age in separate pens, under identical husbandry conditions. To study their behaviour, we used the open-field test (OFT). Individual 10-min tests were initiated at the age of 3 days, and were repeated at weekly intervals, i.e. a total of 6 tests were carried out. The results were evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures and Tukey post-hoc test. Broilers of both sexes were most active during the first OFT on day 3 after hatching. In male broilers, we found a significant decrease in all exploratory activities between the first and 2nd OFT; duration of their horizontal locomotor activity was reduced from 104 ± 51.86 s to 3.50 ± 3.50 s (p < 0.05), duration of visual orientation decreased from 327.50 ± 55.94 s to 125.00 ± 31.94 s (p < 0.001), and duration of vocalizations decreased from 412.50 ± 63.12 s to 90.00 ± 34.25 s (p < 0.001). In females, a significant decrease was observed betwen the first and 2nd OFT only in duration of horizontal locomotor activity that decreased from 234.25 ± 52.07 s to 14.25 ± 8.36 s (p < 0.001) and between the first and 3rd OFT in duration of vocalization (decreasing from 430.00 ± 66.30 s in 1st OFT to 60.00 ± 23.35 s; p < 0.001). On the other hand, a significant increase in duration of comfort behaviour was noted between the first and second OFT in both sexes (in males from 95.00 ± 40.76 s to 462.50 ± 38.81 s; p < 0.001; in females from 85.00 ± 31.73 s to 437.50 ± 67.74 s; p < 0.001). Changes in defecation numbers were not significant in either sex. Our findings show that the most profound changes in behaviour of broiler chickens occurred between the first and second OFT, that male broilers used visual orientation in the open field arena more than females in the first test, they vocalized less in the second test, and they seem to have habituated to the novel environment earlier than females.

scholarly journals Therapeutic effects of an alpha-casozepine and L-tryptophan supplemented diet on fear and anxiety in the cat

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 594-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Landsberg ◽  
Bill Milgram ◽  
Isabelle Mougeot ◽  
Stephanie Kelly ◽  
Christina de Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Test Diet ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Interaction Test

Objectives This study assessed the anxiolytic effectiveness of a test diet (Royal Canin Feline Calm diet) supplemented with L-tryptophan and alpha-casozepine. Methods Subjects were 24 cats that were classified as mildly or markedly fearful based on the presence of a person in their home room. Three different protocols were used to assess anxiety: (1) evaluation of the response to a human in the cat’s home room (home room test); (2) analysis of the response to placement in an empty test room (open-field test); and (3) analysis of the response to an unfamiliar human (human interaction test). All three protocols were first run at baseline, and the results were used to assign the animals to control and test diet groups that showed equivalent fear and anxiety. Both groups were retested on the three protocols after 2 weeks (test 1) and again after 4 weeks (test 2). Results The diet groups differed for two behavioral measures in the open-field test: inactivity duration and inactivity frequency. The control group showed statistically significant increases in inactivity duration between baseline and test 1 and baseline and test 2, while the group fed the test diet showed a marginally not significant decrease in inactivity duration between baseline and test 1 and a not significant decrease for test 2. There was also a significant increase in inactivity frequency between baseline and test 1 in the test diet group and marginally not significant decrease in the control group. There were no differences between groups in the approach of the cats toward people for the home room test and the human interaction test. Conclusions and relevance These results suggest that the test diet reduced the anxiety response to placement in an unfamiliar location, but that fear in the presence of an unfamiliar person was not counteracted by the diet.

scholarly journals Analgesic Effects and Impairment in Locomotor Activity Induced by Cannabinoid/Opioid Combinations in Rat Models of Chronic Pain

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 523
Author(s):  
Mohammad Alsalem ◽  
Ahmad Altarifi ◽  
Mansour Haddad ◽  
Belal Azab ◽  
Heba Kalbouneh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Inflammatory Pain ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Antinociceptive Effect ◽  
Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽  
Antinociceptive Effects

Both opioids and cannabinoids have well-known antinociceptive effects in different animal models of chronic pain. However, unwanted side effects limit their use. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of combining synthetic cannabinoids with subtherapeutic doses of opioids, and to evaluate the effects of these drugs/combinations on rat’s locomotor activity. Intra-plantar injection of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) into the left hindpaw and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) were used to induce inflammatory and diabetic neuropathic pain in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively. Von Frey filaments were used to assess the antinociceptive effects of opioids (morphine and tramadol) and the synthetic cannabinoids (HU210 and WIN55212) or their combinations on CFA and STZ-induced mechanical allodynia. Open field test was used to evaluate the effect of these drugs or their combinations on locomotion. HU210 and WIN55212 did not produce significant antinociceptive effect on inflammatory pain while only the maximal dose of HU210 (1 mg/kg) was effective in neuropathic pain. Only the maximal doses of morphine (3.2 mg/kg) and tramadol (10 mg/kg) had significant anti-allodynic effects in both models. Tramadol (1 mg/kg) enhanced the antinociceptive effects of WIN55212 but not HU210 in neuropathic pain with no effect on inflammatory pain. However, in open field test, the aforementioned combination did not change tramadol-induced depression of locomotion. Tramadol and WIN55212 combination produces antinociceptive effects in neuropathic but not inflammatory pain at low doses with no additional risk of locomotor impairment, which may be useful in clinical practice.

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