scholarly journals Methodological Isomorphism as Ivan Franko’s Style of Scholarly Thinking

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Oleksiy Sinchenko
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
Subject Knowledge ◽  
The People ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Reflection ◽  
Ukrainian Society ◽  
Empirical Material

The present paper tries to reconstruct Ivan Franko’s methodological thinking on the basis of his works and aims at synchronizing criteria, procedures and principles of proving and producing scholarly knowledge. The main purpose here is building isomorphic models of thinking and methodological instruction based on some Franko’s constants of the world view and understanding reality. Franko as a scholar was interested in various fields: literary studies, ethnography, linguistics, philosophy, social economics, law, political science, history, statistics etc. He intended to create the ground for institutionalization of research work in Ukrainian society. His scholarly universalism allowed using the knowledge from different fields simultaneously in order to study the same subject from different perspectives. This subject was a society which he understood as the people, class, and individual in his activities. At every stage of his methodological reflection, Franko adhered to clear determinism both in defining the subject field of research and in constructing his assertions. But the attempt to single out the subject knowledge in its pure form was complicated by the fact that he didn’t think of it separately from the sphere of application, and therefore he was focused on the methods related to the practical use and giving the opportunity of transferring the gained knowledge into the sphere of education. In the definitions of scholarly work he used such characteristics as “thoroughness and precision”, “good care and logic of scholarly analysis”, facts, observations, descriptions, comparisons, criticism, analysis (more simple and versatile). These markers form a framework that makes it possible to reconstruct the style of his thinking as a methodologist. In general, Franko’s style of scholarly thinking tended to inductivism. This style was determined by detailed description and study of empirical material with accurate statistical method; analogy and comparison through applying different kinds of scholarly languages; conceptual systems, often borrowed from the related spheres of knowledge, in particular notions of general methodology (evolution); interest in general research problems; search for transitional joints of sectorial methods, their conceptualization and approbation.

scholarly journals Considerations on General Methodological Assumptions of the Sciences of Sport

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Kosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
General Methodology ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Abstract The considerations included in the article are the result of several years of teaching general methodology for doctoral studies at Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw.The presented text consists of two basic parts. The first includes reminiscences and associated methodological resentment. The second presents a wide panorama of standpoints concerning functions and kinds of hypotheses, their role and significance in contemporary research programs of formal, empirical (connected with natural sciences and biology), and humanities nature. Sketchy and encyclopaedic interpretations, presented in the context of commentaries by the author of this paper, thereby dominate.The aim of the first part is to draw attention to some methodological mistakes which often appear and which have become common in some academic milieus to such a degree that some intervention and postulatory correction, referring to Polish and Western methodological literature, is advisable. These shortcomings are connected, among other things, with the structure of the scientific work, with the formulation and application of hypotheses, with relations taking place between the general methodology and specialized methodologies, kinds and types of research work, with reliability of information on sources of creative information, as well with the category of verification in its relation, on the one hand, to confirmation and corroboration, and on the other hand, to testing, checking, falsification, and terms close in meaning to the last one.The abovementioned resentment results, first of all, from the fact that the authors discussed in the first part usually insist on erroneous solutions, negating a priori, without becoming acquainted with the literature on the subject or making attempts to explain or initiate a methodological argument referring to sources and studies.That resentment is significant, among other things, in the causal sense - that is, because of the fact that, firstly, it justifies and substantiates the need for a statement presenting controversial questions in a content-related and formal way. Secondly, because thanks to such (that is, cognitive-emotional) introduction, the whole argument - not only in the first, but also in the second part - is much more interesting. It is saturated with authenticity. Many readers know the figures mentioned and are familiar with their - sometimes too insouciant (sometimes not very reliable) - attitudes to important issues from the field of research methods. It is also interesting why the people cited make mistakes. Hence, it is also advisable to look at a wider methodological context of justification (included in the much longer second part) dedicated to perhaps the most thorough characteristics of the hypothesis in the literature on the subject, which is available to the author. Without presentation of the controversial issues in the first part, the second part, more important from the methodological viewpoint, might be omitted by a considerable proportion of readers. In that part attention is paid mainly to issues concerning working, initial, zero, primary, introductory, directing, gradual, auxiliary, ad hoc auxiliary, bridge, futile and true, dangerous and safe, quite natural and neutral, individual and general, complete and incomplete, deep, strong, probabilistic and non-probabilistic (that is, deterministic), related, falsifying, basic, psychological, metaphysical and materialist hypotheses, as well as those concluding ones - that is, those constituting the final effect of definite (concluded here and now) research; hence, those which have undergone verification, confirmation, corroboration or modification as those which predict and explain a given research problem in the best possible way.

scholarly journals Dialectal vocabulary of labour activities of the people residing on the banks of the Nepryadva River

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
N. A. Krasovskaya ◽  
L. V. Kilmamatova
Keyword(s):  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Professional Discourse ◽  
The People ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Professional Occupation ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Empirical Material ◽  
Poultry Farming

The main goal of this article is to draw readers' attention to the dialectal vocabulary, which belongs to the thematic group of labour. Dialectal vocabulary is most often associated with historical facts, it reflects the traditional worldview of a person, his/her system of values. The article considers lexical units that were recorded on a territory rich in its historical and cultural past. This article is devoted to the analysis of dialectal vocabulary, reflecting labour activity and professional occupation of people living in the basin of the upper reaches of the Nepryadva River. Since ancient times, the population of this region was engaged in various activities and crafts. The thematic group “Labour activity” comprises a whole complex of subgroups that have repeatedly become the subject of consideration by linguists. In the framework of the article, the authors focus on the lexical empirical material that exists in the Tula group of dialects. They analyze a particular part of lexis that reflects important areas of human activity, such as field cultivation, gardening, horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry farming. As a result of the study, it is concluded that the dialectal vocabulary of the specified thematic group is a system, and the selected empirical material makes it possible to see the identity in the dialects of the studied settlements and certain differences. It should be emphasized that, despite the persistent tendency to leveling, dialectal lexical units related to the thematic group of labour continue to exist in modern dialects of the Russian language. The considered lexical units and samples of dialectal professional discourse require further scientific consideration.

scholarly journals The Parallaxes of the Fox: Towards Definition of the Subject and Status of Social Philosophy

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-172
Author(s):  
Alexander Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Sociology ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Normative Dimension ◽  
The Times ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Empirical Material

The author of this article tries to reconsider the subject field of social-philosophical knowledge. He considers the principal difference of social philosophy from theoretical sociology, historical sociology, and political philosophy. On the basis of this differentiation, it is stated that social philosophy is a separate and coherent discipline. The author then considers several possible approaches to the study of society that could be characterized as “weak programs” of social philosophy. On such a basis, it is claimed that a “strong program” of social philosophy could be formed. This program must organically combine the following assumptions: the methodology of neo-Marxism, including the orientation towards the traditional for these current intellectual objects of analysis, and accurate and thorough studies, as well as a firmness and conceptual coherence, i.e., a level of analysis beyond the immediate empirical material. The author then considers one of the main challenges that social philosophy faces or must face in the nearest future. Social philosophy has to fulfill an important task: to say something sensible about the times we are living in, to determine changes in culture and economy, as well as to give an answer to the question of what comes instead of postmodernity, if such a thing ever existed. On the basis of the above-mentioned points, the following working definition of social philosophy is given: multiple (although not always) philosophical conceptualizations of social problems, phenomena, and complex notions, as well as theoretical attempts at interpreting our or/and another epoch, which, in the interpretation, first of all assumes a normative dimension, and secondly, is based on rich empirical material. This approach can also be explained through the notion of “the parallax of the fox”, which assumes that social philosophy deals with many things, but at the same time, tries to give a new look at existing problems and to determine its heuristic potential.

scholarly journals “DO YOU KNOW THE UKRAINIAN NIGHT?” (PUSHKIN’S AND GOGOL’S UKRAINЕ)

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-187
Author(s):  
L. A. Kozlova ◽  
◽  
M. M. Shlyakhova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Margaret Atwood ◽  
World View ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Individual Style ◽  
Empirical Material ◽  
Universal Culture

The object of the article is simile, and the subject matter is its role in the representation of the author’s worldview. The empirical material is represented by a corpus of examples, found in the works of Margaret Atwood, in which simile appears to be one of the main means of the author’s individual style and, consequently, a key to the reconstruction of the author’s world view. The complex analysis of the corpus enables us to illustrate the role of simile in the representation of the author’s conceptual system. The totality of these concepts forms the basis of the author’s worldview, that has a heterogeneous character, combining the universal, culture-specific and individual components which serve as the source sphere of similes.

DISCIPLINE OF PSYCHOLOGY AS THE BASE OF PSYCHO-PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 106-118
Author(s):  
VERA FILIPPOVA ◽  
ANDREY TARASOV
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Scientific Content ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
Subject Knowledge ◽  
Usage Frequency ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Psychological Knowledge ◽  
The Moment

Defining the discipline of psychology is still an important issue. Scientific analysis of psychological literature on the problem of determining the subject matter of psychology has shown the ambiguity of the term which is typical for psychological knowledge. Understanding the term “subject matter of psychology” is different depending on the numerous options of explicit and implicit context used by different authors as they adjoin “existing”, “objective reality”, “object”,“subject”, “knowledge”, “method”, and other terms. The article includes the review of the term “the subject of psychology” defined in the works of Russian and foreign scholars. It is stated that the development of views on the subject of psychology has not stopped at the moment. It is concluded that the predecessors have contributed greatly to understanding the subject field of psychology. The morphological analysis of scientific definitions “the object of psychology” hasbeen carried out. The usage frequency of the words defining the scientific content of the subject matter of psychology has been analyzed.

scholarly journals INTERROGATIVE SPEECH ACTS AS RELICT MANIFESTATION OF SHAMANIC PRACTICE IN MONUMENTS OF PRIESTLY CULT (ON DATA OF THE RIGVEDA AND SIBERIAN SHAMANISM)

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
Маргарита Алексеевна Воронкина
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Communication Studies ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
European Unity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Times ◽  
Descriptive Method

В работе текст памятника развитого жреческого политеистического культа рассматривается как манифестация ритуальной вербальной практики, сохранившей проявления архаической шаманской сакральной деятельности. Исследование осуществлялось на языковом материале «Ригведы» — корпуса древнейших текстов, генетически восходящих ко времени праиндоевропейского единства и в ряде черт типологически близких евразийскому шаманизму. В фокусе внимания оказывается коммуникативный характер речевой деятельности шамана — наделенного особыми способностями представителя сообщества, который вступает в вербальное взаимодействие с миром духов. Предмет исследования составляют вопросительные речевые акты, которые предстают одним из важных элементов шаманской обрядности. Актуальность исследования обусловлена существенным влиянием шаманизма на становление современной культуры. Достижению цели способствовало решение таких исследовательских задач, как описание и анализ разных типов вопросительных речевых актов «Ригведы», а также выявление их коммуникативных интенций в контексте гимна и связанной с ним ритуальной практики. В работе функциональный анализ вопросительных речевых актов продуктивно дополняется привлечением методов и данных таких дисциплин, как коммуникативистика, прагмалингвистика, история, этнография, религиоведение. Методы лингвистического наблюдения и описания, контекстуального и статистического анализа, фонематические, синтаксические и семантические наблюдения дополнены компаративистским анализом изданного обрядового материала сибирского шаманизма. В работе находит применение и историко-генетический анализ текста «Ригведы». Выявление разных по времени напластований памятника позволяет точнее установить прагматику принадлежащих им вопросов. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что как в шаманской практике, так и в ведийских гимнах вопросы выполняют основные функции коммуникации: сообщение, общение и воздействие. Исследование демонстрирует, что помимо неспецифической прагматики вопросы в ритуальной практике реализуют магико-заклинательную функцию речи. Устанавливаются происхождение и функции вопросов космогонических гимнов. Доказывается их поздний характер и переходное положение от магических вербальных действий к функциям компонента в структуре спекулятивных построений. The subject of the study is interrogative speech acts which appear to be one of the markers of the shamanic ritualism. The research work was carried out on the linguistic data of the Rigveda genetically traced to the times of Proto-Indo-European unity and in the range of traits typologically relevant to the Eurasian shamanism. The author raises the issue if the questions presented in the monuments of developed priestly cult refer to the shamanic verbal practice. The achievement of the outlined objective was provided by solving such research problems as description and analysis of different types of interrogative speech acts of the Rigveda, revealing their communicative intentions in the context of hymns and ritual practice. In the paper the functional analysis of interrogative speech acts is productively complemented with appealing to approaches and data of such scientific disciplines as communication studies, pragmalinguistics, history, ethnography, folklore and religion studies. In addition to the descriptive method as well as the contextual analysis and the statistical technology the author makes use of comparative analysis of the published ceremonial material of shamanism. Historical and genetic analysis of the text of the Rigveda also finds its application in the study. The author elicits that both in shamanic activity and in the Vedic hymns questions fulfil general functions of communication: message, interaction and impact. The paper demonstrates that apart from nonspecific pragmatic the questions in ceremonial practice objectivate the magical and invocatory speech function. Light is thrown upon the genesis and functions of questions of the cosmogonic hymns.

scholarly journals MEMBANGUN KESADARAN SODAQOH SAMPAH SEBAGAI MODEL PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Suyanto Suyanto
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Participatory Action Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Participatory Action ◽  
Neighborhood Association ◽  
The People ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
The Subject

This article will discuss the importance of awareness to manage household-based trash. In quantity, the volume of waste every year is always increasing, while the Final Dump (Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Akhir—TPSA) is inadequate. Seeing this condition requires awareness the waste management of importance. After being able to collect type-based waste, it will be encouraged to be given away or redeemed with primary needs that have been managed by the board of Neighborhood Association (Rukun Warga—RW). Thus the people of Barongan Jetis Bantul are helped to fulfill the basic needs by way of making the garbage. This research uses Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, a participatory action research method, which aims to identify the formulation of research problems based on the needs of the subjects studied. The end result of this study is the change for the subject itself, the action is performed as a form of research recommendation PAR. This study is interesting, considering that other studies do not focus on the subject of research, but on the wishes of the researchers themselves.[Tulisan ini hendak membicarakan pentingnya kesadaran mengelola sampah berbasis rumah tangga. Secara kuantitas, volume sampah setiap tahun selalu meningkat, sementara Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Akhir (TPSA) kurang memadai. Melihat kondisi ini diperlukan kesadaran akan pentingnya pengelolaan sampah. Setelah mampu menghimpun sampah berbasis jenisnya, maka akan di dorong untuk bisa disodaqohkan atau ditukarkan dengan sembako yang sudah dikelola oleh pengurus Rukun Warga (RW). Dengan demikian masyarakat Barongan Jetis Bantul terbantu untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pokok dengan cara mensodaqohkan sampah tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Participatory Action Research (PAR), yaitu metode penelitian aksi partisipatoris, yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi rumusan masalah penelitian berdasarkan kebutuhan dari subyek yang diteliti. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini adalah adanya perubahan bagi subyek sendiri, adanya aksi yang dilakukan sebagai bentuk rekomendasi penelitian PAR. Penelitian ini menarik, mengingat penelitian lainnya tidak berfokus pada subyek penelitian, melainkan pada keinginan dari peneliti sendiri.]

scholarly journals Ostap Vyshnia in Ukrainian Culture of Remembrance: ‘King of Sales’, ‘People’s Satirist’, a Public Institution, a Propaganda Tool, a National Martyr

2019 ◽  
pp. 136-163
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Grytsenko
Keyword(s):  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Cultural Representations ◽  
Book Sales ◽  
The People ◽  
Public Persona ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ukrainian Society ◽  
Public Personae

The article offers a study of the evolution of cultural representations, ways of reception and critical interpretations of the work and personality of the prominent Ukrainian satirist Ostap Vyshnia (1889‒1956) in Ukraine’s culture of remembrance and in Ukrainian society in general. Despite the existence of dozens of books and hundreds of articles about Vyshnia, both academic and popular, published in Ukraine and elsewhere since the late 1920s, the subject is still waiting for a comprehensive, unbiased, systemic and interdisciplinary scholarly study. The article is an attempt at such a study, focused on cultural representations of the personality of Ostap Vyshnia and on the reception of some of his important works. Also, it deals with social and political uses and abuses of Vyshnia’s enormous popularity and of the symbolic capital of his public persona as ‘the people’s satirist’. The article argues that, apart from the mentioned one, there has been a variety of public personae of the popular satirist. They have been shaping and functioning in Ukrainian culture and society since the 1920s, and include, among others, the personae of Ostap Vyshnia as a ‘king of Ukrainian book sales’, as peasants’ trickster hero, as ‘enemy of the people’, as ‘nation’s master of laughter’, and, since the 1990s, as a national martyr and a key figure of Ukrainian ‘Executed Renaissance’ of the 1920s.

scholarly journals Inteligência emocional: Uma reflexão oportuna para as organizações educacionais

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Weber Pires ◽  
Daniella Andressa Borges ◽  
Nelcy Rita Domingues Charris ◽  
Ronny Anderson de Oliveira Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
Electronic Library ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
The People ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Current Context ◽  
The Subject

Objetivou-se apresentar as implicações da inteligência emocional no contexto atual das organizações educacionais, construído com base na leitura crítica de publicações científicas acerca da temática inteligência emocional e sua relação com as organizações prestadoras de serviços educacionais. A inteligência emocional caracteriza a maneira como as pessoas lidam com suas emoções e com as das pessoas ao seu redor. Inteligência e emoção são temas que tem instigado pesquisadores e gerado polêmica por mais de um século de estudos e pesquisas e apesar de ser um campo de investigação considerado novo, este estudo corrobora para uma proposta de ampliar o conceito que é aceito tradicionalmente. O percurso metodológico compreendeu a leitura de estudos sobre a Inteligência Emocional primeiramente em livros dos teóricos com maior relevância acerca da temática, seguido da busca de artigos nas bases de dados Scientific Eletronic Library Online e Portal de Periódicos da CAPES. A inteligência emocional possibilita que o ser humano esteja preparado para enfrentar os problemas pessoais e sociais de forma mais flexível, empática e ética. Assim, em um mundo tão exigente, pessoas educadas racionalmente e emocionalmente serão capazes de ter mentes abertas e dispostas a assimilar novas idéias transformando-as em possibilidades para alcançar uma vida melhor e mais feliz.Emotional intelligence: a reflection timely for educational organizationsAbstract: The objective was to present the implications of emotional intelligence in the current context of educational organizations, built on the critical reading of scientific publications on the theme of emotional intelligence and its relation to the organizations providing educational services. Emotional intelligence characterizes the way people deal with their emotions and with the people around you. Intelligence and emotion are topics that have instigated researchers and generated controversy for more than a century of studies and research and in despite of being considered new field of research, this study corroborates to a proposal to expand the concept that is accepted traditionally. The methodological approach consisted of reading studies on IE first books of the theoretical with greater relevance in the subject field, followed by the search for articles in the databases Scientific Electronic Library Online and CAPES Journal Portal. Emotional intelligence enables the human being is prepared to face the personal and social problems more flexible, empathetic and ethics. Thus, in a world so demanding, educated people rationally and emotionally will be able to have open minds and willing to assimilate new ideas turning them into opportunities to achieve a better life and happier.

Perpindahan dan Perubahan : Transportasi dalam Struktur Naratif Riwayat Perjalanan ke Amerika di Era Viktorian

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ari J. Adipurwawijdana
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Henry James ◽  
World View ◽  
Democratic Society ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Travel Narrative ◽  
Infrastructure System ◽  
The Subject

ABSTRAKRiwayat yang disajikan penulis Britania era Viktorian tentang perjalannnya ke Amerikamengasumsikan adanya sebuah jaringan prasarana transportasi. Sistem transportasiterkait dengan riwayat perjalanan (travel narrative) dalam tiga hal, yaitu (1) sebagaibasis material bagi perjalanan, (2) sebagai substruktur riwayat, dan (3) sebagai pokokpembicaraan dalam riwayat itu sendiri. Buku Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832)merupakan model bagi cara infrastruktur transportasi menentukan aspek naratologis,yaitu urutan dan perspektif dalam struktur naratif riwayat perjalanan. Karya tersebut jugamenyajikan transportasi sebagai pokok pembicaraan dalam teksnya itu sendiri walaupun tidaksejauh sebagaimana yang tampak pada The Amateur Emigrant (1895) karya Robert LouisStevenson. Dalam hal ini, The American Scene (1907) karya Henry James juga relevankarena, walaupun tidak secara gamblang membicarakan transportasi sebagai topik dantidak pula menampakkan ciri-ciri riwayat perjalanan, karya tersebut merepresentasicara wawasan Britania-Amerika trans-Atlantik dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang lumrah.Wawasan ini juga memandang menganggap perjalanan trans-Atlantik sebagai semacamperjalanan menembus waktu, yang menunjukkan ketidaknyaman para penulis Britaniaabad kesembilanbelas terhadap transformasi sosial ke masyrakat demokratis yangdirepresentasi secara metaforis oleh pemahaman mereka tentang Amerika.Kata kunci: catatan perjalanan Viktorian, transportasi, wisataABSTRACTNarratives presented by Victorian British writers about their travels to America assume theavailability of a transprtation infrastructure system. Such a system is related to the travelnarrative in three things, namely, (1) as a material base for travel, (2) as a narrative substructurehistory, and (3) as the subject-matter of the narratives. Fanny Trollope’s Domestic Mannerof the Americans (1832) is a model for the way transportation infrastructure determinesnarratological aspects, namely order and perspective in the structure of the travel narrative.The piece also presents transportation as a subject-matter in its text although it does notgo so far as do Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Amateur Emigrant (1895). In discussingtransportation Henry James’ The American Scene is also relevant because, despite it’s notexplicitly speaking of transportation as a topic nor does it show the convential characteristicsof the travel narrative, the work represents a British-American trans-Atlantic world viewas a given. This world view also considers trans-Atlantic travels as a kind of voyage acrosstime, implying the discomfort of nineteenth-century British writers concerning the socialtransition into a democratic society represented by America as a metaphor.Keywords: Victorian travel narrative, transportation, tourism

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