scholarly journals In-Migrants and Exclusion in East African Rangelands: Access, Tenure and Conflict

Africa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Homewood ◽  
Ernestina Coast ◽  
Michael Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
East African ◽  
Political Class ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Key Resources ◽  
And Control ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods

AbstractEast African rangelands have a long history of population mobility linked to competition over key resources, negotiated access, and outright conflict. Both in the literature and in local discourse, in‐migration is presented as leading to increased competition, driving poverty and social exclusion on the one hand, and conflict and violence on the other. Current analyses in developing countries identify economic differences, ethnic fault lines, ecological stresses and a breakdown in state provision of human and constitutional rights as factors in driving conflict. The present paper explores this interaction of in‐migration and conflict with respect to Kenyan and Tanzanian pastoralist areas and populations. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, patterns of resource access and control in Kenya and Tanzania Maasailand are explored in terms of the ways land and livestock are associated with migration status, ethnicity and wealth or political class. Contrasts and similarities between the two national contexts are used to develop a better understanding of the ways these factors operate under different systems of tenure and access. The conclusion briefly considers implications of these patterns, their potential for exacerbating poverty, and policies for minimising social exclusion and conflict in East African rangelands.

scholarly journals ‘In This Interregnum’

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-734
Author(s):  
Henrique Carvalho ◽  
Alan Norrie
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Transitional Justice ◽  
World Order ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Response ◽  
And Control

In this article, we offer a critical examination of the long and rich history of criminal justice scholarship in the pages of Social and Legal Studies. We do so by identifying and exploring a dialectical tension in such scholarship, between the recognition of the role of criminal justice as an instrument of violence, exclusion and control on the one hand and the effort to seek, through or perhaps beyond the critique of criminal justice, an emancipatory project. We explore this tension by examining four areas in scholarship: popular justice, social control and governmentality, gender and sexuality and transitional justice. Relating forms of critique to the historical development of a unipolar political world order from the time of the journal’s inception, we argue that the criminal justice scholarship in Social and Legal Studies positions it, like the world it describes, in a sort of ‘interregnum’. This is a place where the tension between the two poles of emancipation and control is evident but shows few signs of resolution. Each of the four themes displays a different critical perspective, one that reflects a different response to living in a world where legal, social and political emancipation struggles against the weight and direction of history. Critique nonetheless reflects on criminal justice to reaffirm the need for emancipatory change and consider how it may be achieved.

Legacies of Slavery in North-West Uganda: The Story of the ‘one-Elevens’

Africa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Leopold
Keyword(s):  
Northern Uganda ◽  
East African ◽  
Southern Sudan ◽  
North West ◽  
The Core ◽  
The North ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

AbstractThis article outlines the history of a people known as ‘Nubi’ or ‘Nubians’, northern Ugandan Muslims who were closely associated with Idi Amin's rule, and a group to which he himself belonged. They were supposed to be the descendants of former slave soldiers from southern Sudan, who in the late 1880s at the time of the Mahdi's Islamic uprising came into what is now Uganda under the command of a German officer named Emin Pasha. In reality, the identity became an elective one, open to Muslim males from the northern Uganda/southern Sudan borderlands, as well as descendants of the original soldiers. These soldiers, taken on by Frederick Lugard of the Imperial British East Africa Company, formed the core of the forces used to carve out much of Britain's East African Empire. From the days of Emin Pasha to those of Idi Amin, some Nubi men were identified by a marking of three vertical lines on the face – the ‘One-Elevens’. Although since Amin's overthrow many Muslims from the north of the country prefer to identify themselves as members of local Ugandan ethnic groups rather than as ‘Nubis’, aspects of Nubi identity live on among Ugandan rebel groups, as well as in cyberspace.

scholarly journals Diversification of African Rainforest Restricted Clades: Piptostigmateae and Annickieae (Annonaceae)

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baptiste Brée ◽  
Andrew J. Helmstetter ◽  
Kévin Bethune ◽  
Jean-Paul Ghogue ◽  
Bonaventure Sonké ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
East African ◽  
African Species ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
West Central ◽  
History Of ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
The One ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
The Impact

African rainforests (ARFs) are species rich and occur in two main rainforest blocks: West/Central and East Africa. This diversity is suggested to be the result of recent diversification, high extinction rates and multiple vicariance events between west/central and East African forests. We reconstructed the diversification history of two subtribes (Annickieae and Piptostigmateae) from the ecologically dominant and diverse tropical rainforest plant family Annonaceae. Both tribes contain endemic taxa in the rainforests of West/Central and East Africa. Using a dated molecular phylogeny based on 32 nuclear markers, we estimated the timing of the origin of East African species. We then undertook several diversification analyses focusing on Piptostigmateae to infer variation in speciation and extinction rates, and test the impact of extinction events. Speciation in both tribes dated to the Pliocene and Pleistocene. In particular, Piptostigma (13 species) diversified mainly during the Pleistocene, representing one of the few examples of Pleistocene speciation in an African tree genus. Our results also provide evidence of an ARF fragmentation at the mid-Miocene linked to climatic changes across the region. Overall, our results suggest that continental-wide forest fragmentation during the Neogene (23.03–2.58 Myr), and potentially during the Pliocene, led to one or possibly two vicariance events within the ARF clade Piptostigmateae, in line with other studies. Among those tested, the best fitting diversification model was the one with an exponential speciation rate and no extinction. We did not detect any evidence of mass extinction events. This study gives weight to the idea that the ARF might not have been so negatively impacted by extinction during the Neogene, and that speciation mainly took place during the Pliocene and Pleistocene.

scholarly journals Emergence of a novel chikungunya virus strain bearing the E1:V80A substitution, out of the Mombasa, Kenya 2017-2018 outbreak

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241754
Author(s):  
Fredrick Eyase ◽  
Solomon Langat ◽  
Irina Maljkovic Berry ◽  
Francis Mulwa ◽  
Albert Nyunja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
East African ◽  
African Region ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Targeted Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Between late 2017 and mid-2018, a chikungunya fever outbreak occurred in Mombasa, Kenya that followed an earlier outbreak in mid-2016 in Mandera County on the border with Somalia. Using targeted Next Generation Sequencing, we obtained genomes from clinical samples collected during the 2017/2018 Mombasa outbreak. We compared data from the 2016 Mandera outbreak with the 2017/2018 Mombasa outbreak, and found that both had the Aedes aegypti adapting mutations, E1:K211E and E2:V264A. Further to the above two mutations, 11 of 15 CHIKV genomes from the Mombasa outbreak showed a novel triple mutation signature of E1:V80A, E1:T82I and E1:V84D. These novel mutations are estimated to have arisen in Mombasa by mid-2017 (2017.58, 95% HPD: 2017.23, 2017.84). The MRCA for the Mombasa outbreak genomes is estimated to have been present in early 2017 (2017.22, 95% HPD: 2016.68, 2017.63). Interestingly some of the earliest genomes from the Mombasa outbreak lacked the E1:V80A, E1:T82I and E1:V84D substitutions. Previous laboratory experiments have indicated that a substitution at position E1:80 in the CHIKV genome may lead to increased CHIKV transmissibility by Ae. albopictus. Genbank investigation of all available CHIKV genomes revealed that E1:V80A was not present; therefore, our data constitutes the first report of the E1:V80A mutation occurring in nature. To date, chikungunya outbreaks in the Northern and Western Hemispheres have occurred in Ae. aegypti inhabited tropical regions. Notwithstanding, it has been suggested that an Ae. albopictus adaptable ECSA or IOL strain could easily be introduced in these regions leading to a new wave of outbreaks. Our data on the recent Mombasa CHIKV outbreak has shown that a potential Ae. albopictus adapting mutation may be evolving within the East African region. It is even more worrisome that there exists potential for emergence of a CHIKV strain more adapted to efficient transmission by both Ae. albopictus and Ae.aegypti simultaneously. In view of the present data and history of chikungunya outbreaks, pandemic potential for such a strain is now a likely possibility in the future. Thus, continued surveillance of chikungunya backed by molecular epidemiologic capacity should be sustained to understand the evolving public health threat and inform prevention and control measures including the ongoing vaccine development efforts.

Perfecting the Union

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max M. Edling
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Constitutions ◽  
American States ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

Habitually interpreted as the fundamental law of the American republic, the US Constitution was in fact designed as an instrument of union between thirteen American republics and as a form of government for their common central government. It offered an organizational solution to the security concerns of the newly independent American states. Confederation was an established means for weak states to maintain their independence by joining in union to manage relations with the outside world from a position of strength. Confederation also transformed the immediate international environment by turning neighboring states from potential enemies into sister states in a common union or peace pact. The US Constitution profoundly altered the structure of the American union and made the federal government more effective than under the defunct Articles of Confederation. But it did not transform the fundamental purpose of the federal union, which remained the management of relations between the American states, on the one hand, and between the American states and foreign powers, on the other. As had been the case under the articles, the states regulated the social, economic, and civic life of their citizens and inhabitants with only limited supervision and control from the federal government. This book demonstrates that interpreting the Constitution as an instrument of union has important implications for the understanding of the American founding. The Constitution mattered much more to the international than to the domestic history of the United States. Its importance to the latter was dwarfed by that of state constitutions and legislation.

A Pragmatist View of Scientific Realism

PARADIGMI ◽  
2010 ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Michele Marsonet
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Convergence Theory ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prediction And Control ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

Scientific realism is a theme in which the originality of pragmatist positions clearly emerges. Nicholas Rescher argues that natural science can indeed validate a plausible commitment to the actual existence of its theoretical entities. Scientific conceptions aim at what really exists in the world but only hits it imperfectly and "well off the mark". Rescher's aim is to replace Charles S. Peirce's "long-run convergence" theory of scientific progress with a more modest position geared to increasing success in scientific applications, especially in matters of prediction and control. We can never assume that a particular scientific theory gives us the true picture of reality, since we know perfectly well from the history of science that, in a future we cannot actually foresee, it will be replaced by a better theory. There is indeed no reason to think that our particular scientific outlook on reality is absolute from the cognitive viewpoint. It must be relativized because of the interaction between the world on the one hand and human beings who investigate it on the other. Both our input and Nature's play a fundamental role in the outcome of our investigation.

scholarly journals Objective Analysis of Movement in Subjects with ADHD. Multidisciplinary Control Tool for Students in the Classroom

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5620
Author(s):  
Mireia Sempere-Tortosa ◽  
Francisco Fernández-Carrasco ◽  
Francisco Mora-Lizán ◽  
Carlos Rizo-Maestre
Keyword(s):  
Objective Measures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Control Tool

The term Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has a long history of problems behind it. The origin of all these problems lies in the lack of agreement in the assessment procedures and evaluation instruments. The diagnosis is clinical and is determined by the observation and information provided by parents and teachers. So, this is highly subjective and leads to disparate results. Therefore, on the one hand the inaccuracy of the diagnosis of ADHD, which has been based on subjective criteria, together with the fact that hyperactivity is one of the main symptoms of this disorder, implies that several studies (with limitations) have been carried out to record objective measures of movement in subjects in at least the last ten years. In order to solve some of this derived problems and limitations of previous studies, a computer program has been developed to objectively record the amount of movement of subjects. The main objective of this study is threefold: first to register the amount of movement of both experimental group and control group, then to compare them with the movement registered by observers and finally to determine the validity of the software developed as a tool to support the diagnosis of ADHD. Results show that there are significant differences in the amount of objective movement between a clinical group of subjects with ADHD and a control group, obtaining a higher average of movement the experimental group. In addition, results also demonstrate that the developed software is a valid tool for the evaluation of movement that solves the limitations of previous studies. The proposed tool is developed from different aspects to give it a multidisciplinary character.

Archeology and Reconstructing History in the Kenya Highlands: the Intellectual Legacies of G.W.B. Huntingford and Louis S.B. Leakey

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 297-320
Author(s):  
J.E.G. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
African History ◽  
East African ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neolithic Cultures ◽  
Intellectual Climate

A preceding article examined the ethnographic, linguistic and archeological enquiries of G.W.B. Huntingford (1901-1978) and L.S.B. Leakey (1903-1972) in the Kenya highlands in the “high colonial” era of the 1920s and 1930s—the one, a young settler, researching independently in the Kalenjin region west of the Rift Valley, the other brought up on an Anglican mission station in Kikuyu country to the east and then, as an ambitious prehistorian, concentrating his activities in the Rift itself. That article pointed to their contrasting approaches to these disciplines, observing how each in his own way separately compartmentalized his anthropology from his archeology, with the result that any sense of the history of the existing peoples whom they studied-Nandi and Kikuyu-was effectively denied. This sequel examines their archeology more critically, beginning with their basic approaches and methods, and then tracing the impact of their work on subsequent scholarship and research endeavors, and especially on those anxious to reconstruct East African history in the changing intellectual climate leading to Independence.The article concerns itself therefore with what Leakey in the late 1920s designated “Neolithic cultures” in the Nakuru-Elmenteita basin within the elevated stretch of the Rift Valley, to which subject Mary Leakey subsequently contributed, leading to Sonia Cole's essays at synthesis in the 1950s/1960s; and also with the Azanian hypothesis of Huntingford, which was rediscovered by Basil Davidson in the late 1950s and, with some deft transformation, catapulted centerstage for an emerging picture of East African history of a positive and enlightened sort.

Education, Entertainment, and Indoctrination

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-42
Author(s):  
Kaiyi Li
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Film ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Chinese Tradition ◽  
Control Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Educational Films ◽  
And Control

This article demonstrates how educational film in interwar China served the dual purpose of mass recreation and political indoctrination. It places educational film in China in the context of Chinese tradition and the predominance of utilitarian scholarship. On the one hand, China has a long history of using mass-recreational tools in order to influence and control society. On the other hand, foreign educational films available in the early twentieth century were not attractive to Chinese audiences. Hence, the boundary between recreational and educational film at the time was ambivalent and the combination of recreation, education, and propaganda was reflected both in the phenomenon of showing educational films and in the contents of the films themselves.

scholarly journals Participation of the Regional Control Commissions of the AUCP (B) and Bodies of Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspections of the Rabkrin in the Repressions of the Early 1930s: Archival Materials of the Kuban and Don

2021 ◽  
pp. 904-915
Author(s):  
Igor G. Ivantsov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Control ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
State Control ◽  
Krasnodar Krai ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Closed Door ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

The article has been written on the basis of archival materials of the early 1930s from the Documentation Center for the Contemporary History of the Krasnodar Krai. The article discusses the policies of the party bodies of the USSR, when conducting the policy of collectivization of agriculture and liquidation of kulaks as class. There has been no detailed study of the role of the regional party and state control in collectivization, dekulakization, and grain collections (khlebozagotovki), hence the novelty of the article. Direction of the repressions and control over them was largely carried out by the bodies of party-state control: Control Commissions of the AUCP (B) and Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspections of the Rabkrin. Their activities were mostly closed-door. Collectivization management was mostly carried out by officials: communists, representatives of various party bodies and non-party organizations with prerequisite party cells and organizations. Their activity was directed and controlled by the local Control Commissions and Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspection in interaction with the OGPU, police, prosecutors, courts. They ordered to conduct collectivization and to destroy the kulaks (by means of arrest, confiscation, and deportation), while adhering to the appearance of legality, which engendered resistance and numerous violations of existing legislation. The duality of the party requirements resulted, on the one hand, in a drawn out period of repression. On the other hand, abuse that came to light was punished by means investigations, purges and checks, initiation of cases against the responsible parties, sometimes with their transfer to the prosecutor's office or court. Thus the most “zealous” were publicly punished or even repressed for their mismanagement of the party policy. Many local top men, feeling the duality and danger of their position, left their work and housing to hide away. At the same time, it turns out that the local Control Commissions and Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspection understood their role in carrying out of the activities entrusted to them and believed that they had a right to facilitate them with most severe support of the state power and without any regard to legislation. Identification, study, and introduction to the scientific use of new documentary evidence of the era allows a deeper understanding of the dramatic essence of the mass repression processes occurring in the country.

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