scholarly journals Emergence of a novel chikungunya virus strain bearing the E1:V80A substitution, out of the Mombasa, Kenya 2017-2018 outbreak

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241754
Author(s):  
Fredrick Eyase ◽  
Solomon Langat ◽  
Irina Maljkovic Berry ◽  
Francis Mulwa ◽  
Albert Nyunja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
East African ◽  
African Region ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Targeted Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Between late 2017 and mid-2018, a chikungunya fever outbreak occurred in Mombasa, Kenya that followed an earlier outbreak in mid-2016 in Mandera County on the border with Somalia. Using targeted Next Generation Sequencing, we obtained genomes from clinical samples collected during the 2017/2018 Mombasa outbreak. We compared data from the 2016 Mandera outbreak with the 2017/2018 Mombasa outbreak, and found that both had the Aedes aegypti adapting mutations, E1:K211E and E2:V264A. Further to the above two mutations, 11 of 15 CHIKV genomes from the Mombasa outbreak showed a novel triple mutation signature of E1:V80A, E1:T82I and E1:V84D. These novel mutations are estimated to have arisen in Mombasa by mid-2017 (2017.58, 95% HPD: 2017.23, 2017.84). The MRCA for the Mombasa outbreak genomes is estimated to have been present in early 2017 (2017.22, 95% HPD: 2016.68, 2017.63). Interestingly some of the earliest genomes from the Mombasa outbreak lacked the E1:V80A, E1:T82I and E1:V84D substitutions. Previous laboratory experiments have indicated that a substitution at position E1:80 in the CHIKV genome may lead to increased CHIKV transmissibility by Ae. albopictus. Genbank investigation of all available CHIKV genomes revealed that E1:V80A was not present; therefore, our data constitutes the first report of the E1:V80A mutation occurring in nature. To date, chikungunya outbreaks in the Northern and Western Hemispheres have occurred in Ae. aegypti inhabited tropical regions. Notwithstanding, it has been suggested that an Ae. albopictus adaptable ECSA or IOL strain could easily be introduced in these regions leading to a new wave of outbreaks. Our data on the recent Mombasa CHIKV outbreak has shown that a potential Ae. albopictus adapting mutation may be evolving within the East African region. It is even more worrisome that there exists potential for emergence of a CHIKV strain more adapted to efficient transmission by both Ae. albopictus and Ae.aegypti simultaneously. In view of the present data and history of chikungunya outbreaks, pandemic potential for such a strain is now a likely possibility in the future. Thus, continued surveillance of chikungunya backed by molecular epidemiologic capacity should be sustained to understand the evolving public health threat and inform prevention and control measures including the ongoing vaccine development efforts.

scholarly journals Using evidence to inform response to the 2017 plague outbreak in Madagascar: a view from the WHO African Regional Office

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Heitzinger ◽  
B. Impouma ◽  
B. L. Farham ◽  
E. L. Hamblion ◽  
C. Lukoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
African Region ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
Effective Dissemination ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dissemination Of Results ◽  
And Control ◽  
Country Office

Abstract The 2017 plague outbreak in Madagascar was unprecedented in the African region, resulting in 2417 cases (498 confirmed, 793 probable and 1126 suspected) and 209 deaths by the end of the acute urban pneumonic phase of the outbreak. The Health Emergencies Programme of the WHO Regional Office for Africa together with the WHO Country Office and WHO Headquarters assisted the Ministry of Public Health of Madagascar in the rapid implementation of plague prevention and control measures while collecting and analysing quantitative and qualitative data to inform immediate interventions. We document the key findings of the evidence available to date and actions taken as a result. Based on the four goals of operational research – effective dissemination of results, peer-reviewed publication, changes to policy and practice and improvements in programme performance and health – we evaluate the use of evidence to inform response to the outbreak and describe lessons learned for future outbreak responses in the WHO African region. This article may not be reprinted or reused in any way in order to promote any commercial products or services.

scholarly journals COVID-19 related deaths in Juba, South Sudan: Post mortem Audit January - July 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
Kenneth LL Sube ◽  
Akram G Nyok ◽  
Oromo F Seriano ◽  
Joseph DW Lako ◽  
Justin B Tongun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Age Range ◽  
And Control

Background: With global spread of COVID-19, countries began to develop scientific activities ranging from detection, prevention and control measures to vaccine development. In order to develop sound strategies to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to conduct postmortem audit. Objectives: The study is to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 related death in both Juba Military Referral Hospital and Juba Teaching Hospital. Methods and materials: This is a retrospective post mortem audit study. Data related to corpses were collected from registers of both JMRH and JTH from January to July 2020. Data was cleaned and entered in SPSS version 21 for statistical analysis and variables with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 201 corpses recorded between Jan-July, 72.6% were from JMRH, and 27.4% from JTH. Male were 76.6% and 23.4% female, Age range 21-100 years with mean of 61 years (SD+/- 17.73). Respiratory failure was the leading cause of death (26.9%) p=0.036. More than half of the corpses (52.7%) reported, died at hospital while 19.9% community death, 27.4% had no place of death indicated p=001. Furthermore 39% of the corpses were of age group (61-80 years), while 38.7% of age group (41-60 Years) died due to respiratory failure p=0.001 Conclusion: This study revealed that higher COVID-19 related death more in males with respiratory failures.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of a Tool for the Prediction of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Colonization Persistence—the PREVENT Score

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Boeing ◽  
Carlos L. Correa-Martinez ◽  
Franziska Schuler ◽  
Alexander Mellmann ◽  
André Karch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
And Control

Given the increasing relevance of VRE as nosocomial pathogens worldwide, infection prevention and control measures, including patient isolation and contact precautions, are indispensable to avoid their spread in the hospital setting. In this study, we developed and validated the PREVENT score, a tool for rapid risk assessment of VRE persistence in patients with a history of previous VRE colonization.

scholarly journals Clinical characteristics of non-pneuminia COVID-19 infection adults in Shanghai, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Linjing Gong ◽  
Lijuan Hu ◽  
Haiying Ji ◽  
Zhilong Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Ct Imaging ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clinical Center ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family Aggregation ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Adult patients diagnosed as COVID-19 in Shanghai were accepted in Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. We found around 4.91% of cases showed non-pneumonia on CT imaging when they were confirmed. Understanding the characteristics of non-pneumonia cases is of great significance to guide clinical treatment and improve prevention and control measures.Methods All dataset of demography, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, laboratory test, diagnosis, classification, condition change, treatment and outcome were obtained by retrospective investigation.Results 16 cases were confirmed COVID-19 with non-pneumonia with clear epidemiological history. The median age of patients was 37 years old and 81.25% were female. The median incubation period was 15.25 days. 75% patients were familial clusters. These patients were presented with mild clinical manifestations, such as bronchitis, common cold and asymptomatic infection with or without laboratory abnormalities. 4(25%)cases had underlying diseases. 3 of them had mild pneumonia on chest CT imaging during hospitalization. All of the cases were cured and discharged after support treatment.Conclusions A few of adult patients after COVID-19 infection had non-pneumonia, with mild clinical manifestations and long incubation time. It usually occurred in young women and history of family aggregation. The mild clinical symptom may be caused by the decreasing pathogenicity after multiple generation of virus replication. However, we should be on alert that the virus is still contagious to human. Therefore, an intensive attention should be paid to these patients to avoid misdiagnosis and overlook, because these patients are potential viral source in infection of other people.

Knowledge and Awareness of Dengue Fever

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Y. Arockia Suganthi ◽  
Chitra K. ◽  
J. Magelin Mary
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
And Control

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne infection caused by different types of virus in various localities of the world. There is no particular medicine or vaccine to treat person suffering from dengue fever. Dengue viruses are transmitted by the bite of female Aedes (Ae) mosquitoes. Dengue fever viruses are mainly transmitted by Aedes which can be active in tropical or subtropical climates. Aedes Aegypti is the key step to avoid infection transmission to save millions of people in all over the world. This paper provides a standard guideline in the planning of dengue prevention and control measures. At the same time gives the priorities including clinical management and hospitalized dengue patients have to address essentially.

An evaluation model of 2019-nCoV prevention effectiveness based on immigration data in China (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiangsheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Related Data ◽  
The Face ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Best Fit

BACKGROUND As of the end of February 2020, 2019-nCoV is currently well controlled in China. However, the virus is now spreading globally. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control measures in a region. METHODS A model is built for find the best fit for two sets of data (the number of daily new diagnosed, and the risk value of incoming immigration population). The parameters (offset and time window) in the model can be used as the evaluation of effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control. RESULTS Through study, it is found that the parameter offset and time window in the model can accurately reflect the prevention effectiveness. Some related data and public news confirm this result. And this method has advantages over the method using R0 in two aspects. CONCLUSIONS If the epidemic situation is well controlled, the virus is not terrible. Now the daily new diagnosed patients in most regions of China is quickly reduced to zero or close to zero. Chinese can do a good job in the face of huge epidemic pressure. Therefore, if other countries can do well in prevention and control, the epidemic in those places can also pass quickly.

Extremes of Temperature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Krake
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Extremes Of Temperature

This chapter covers extremes of temperature conditions, physiological effects, and prevention. All deaths caused by exposure to hot and cold temperature extremes are preventable when proper measures are taken. Described in this chapter are the effects of extreme heat and extreme cold on the health of members of the public, particularly older people and young people, and workers employed in various workplace settings. The differences between heat stress and heat strain are also discussed, as are various regulations governing exposure to temperature extremes. The nature and magnitude of heat- and cold-related conditions and symptoms are described in detail. Final sections of the chapter address various assessment and evaluation tools as well as prevention and control measures. In addition, an appendix describes the hazards related to hyperbaric and hypobaric environments and adverse health effects.

scholarly journals A Legionnaires’ Disease Cluster in a Private Building in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6922
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Ricci ◽  
Maria Cristina Rota ◽  
Maria Grazia Caporali ◽  
Antonietta Girolamo ◽  
Maria Scaturro
Keyword(s):  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Private Homes ◽  
And Control

Legionnaires’ disease (LD) is a severe pneumonia caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Legionella. This is a major public health concern and infections are steadily increasing worldwide. Several sources of infection have been identified, but they have not always been linked to human isolates by molecular match. The well-known Legionella contamination of private homes has rarely been associated with the acquisition of the disease, although some patients never left their homes during the incubation period. This study demonstrated by genomic matching between clinical and environmental Legionella isolates that the source of an LD cluster was a private building. Monoclonal antibodies and sequence-based typing were used to type the isolates, and the results clearly demonstrated the molecular relationship between the strains highlighting the risk of contracting LD at home. To contain this risk, the new European directive on the quality of water intended for human consumption has introduced for the first time Legionella as a microbiological parameter to be investigated in domestic water systems. This should lead to a greater attention to prevention and control measures for domestic Legionella contamination and, consequently, to a possible reduction in community acquired LD cases.

scholarly journals Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Ping Wang ◽  
◽  
Shi-Xia Zhou ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Qing-Bin Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractNational-based prospective surveillance of all-age patients with acute diarrhea was conducted in China between 2009‒2018. Here we report the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of the 152,792 eligible patients enrolled in this analysis. Rotavirus A and norovirus are the two leading viral pathogens detected in the patients, followed by adenovirus and astrovirus. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and nontyphoidal Salmonella are the two leading bacterial pathogens, followed by Shigella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Patients aged <5 years had higher overall positive rate of viral pathogens, while bacterial pathogens were more common in patients aged 18‒45 years. A joinpoint analysis revealed the age-specific positivity rate and how this varied for individual pathogens. Our findings fill crucial gaps of how the distributions of enteropathogens change across China in patients with diarrhea. This allows enhanced identification of the predominant diarrheal pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures.

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