Ethiopian Exceptionalism and the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-157
Author(s):  
James D. Fry
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
Global Leader

This article explores the reasons why Ethiopia relied on legal resolution with its territorial boundary dispute with Eritrea when it could have relied on its relative military power to dictate the terms and conditions of peace. It dismisses Ethiopia's familiarity with Western-style legal resolution and its relative lack of nationalism as potential explanations, instead focusing on Ethiopia's general sense of exceptionalism from its history as an African and global leader and as a respecter of international law, among other key factors. Ethiopia's example provides considerable hope that legal resolution can be used more frequently with politically sensitive disputes between states.

‘Behold, I tell you a mystery’: Tracing Faust’s Influences on Giorgio Agamben to and from International Law

Pólemos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-35
Author(s):  
Edwin Bikundo
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Gulf War ◽  
Giorgio Agamben ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
Present Discussion ◽  
Homo Sacer ◽  
In The Beginning

Abstract It is a mystery as to why more is not made of the influence of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Faust on Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben’s body of work. After all, as a great philosophical poet, and tremendously concerned with language, Goethe’s work could not have failed to capture Agamben’s attention, especially given his early and sustained interest in poetry. Indeed, Agamben cites Goethe in at least 12 of his works including: The Use of Bodies, Creation and Anarchy, Pilate and Jesus, The Kingdom and the Glory, Homo Sacer, The Signature of All Things, Stanzas, The End of the Poem, Potentialities, Karman, Adventure and Infancy and History. Crucially, the last five reference Goethe’s Faust directly. Thus, this paper seeks to remedy the relative lack of explicit engagement and demonstrate the strong, clear and persistent influence of Goethe’s Faust that underpins Agamben’s signature philological and philosophical approach to literarily explicating law’s foundational riddles. Agamben’s Homo Sacer, project – it must be recalled – quite accidentally began in part as a direct response to the legalistic justifications for the 1990–91 Gulf War. The present discussion seeks to demonstrate that Goethean influence ironically enough through a close examination of both Faust’s and Agamben’s attempts at partially translating a biblical phrase: ‘in the beginning was the word’.

Sirte’s Tribes Under the Islamic State

2018 ◽  
pp. 153-180
Author(s):  
Virginie Collombier
Keyword(s):  
Regime Change ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Coastal City ◽  
Relations Of Power ◽  
The City

This chapter focuses on the Libyan coastal city of Sirte, a former stronghold of Mu’ammar Qaddafi and his regime, and analyses the circumstances under which it fell under the control of the Islamic State (IS) between 2015 and 2017. It argues that the tribal character of the local society combined with the influence of the Salafist current within the tribes and their search for a channel to regain political influence and military power after the regime change are not sufficient to explain why IS could develop and take root in Sirte. Rather, it underlines the dramatic impact of the 2011 war on relations of power and authority within the local communities, as well as the incapacity of Libya’s transitional authorities to provide security in the city as key factors that contributed to Sirte becoming a Jihadist platform in Libya and North Africa.

scholarly journals THE CORRELATION BETWEEN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND GENDER UNIFORMITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Mariam Abbas Soharwardi ◽  
◽  
Mehtab Begum Siddiqui ◽  
Mumtaz Ahmad ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Factors ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
And Gender

This study explores that how the economy depends upon different factors, including quality, gender direction association and the possibility of business. Gender reasonableness and women's undertaking are key factors for monetary unforeseen development. To take a gender at the association between gender consistency and women's undertaking rates, this paper examines how gender direction express financial activities and women's ambitious soul relate. The study depicts the association between the Gender headway rates familiarized by the UN and the dissimilar periods of female business (made by the Global Entrepreneurial Monitor, GEM) through comparability examination. Our results show that women's undertaking is not in a general sense associated with gender correspondence. Keywords: Female undertaking, Gender direction consistency, money related unforeseen development

Collective Security

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ademola Abass
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

The term collective security in a general sense is given many understandings both professional and nonprofessional. The phrase is sometimes used to describe the organization of security on a “collective” basis. Often, it is used to denote the “collective organization” of security. While neither of these uses is inherently wrong, neither succinctly captures what “collective security” implies when used by international lawyers. In international law, collective security is a term connoting something more dense and intricate, and much more slippery, than the above more straightforward expressions. The notion of collective security, its premise, and objectives are deeply contested by states and scholars. It is universally acknowledged that collective security is today organized under the United Nations; however, regional organizations, which used to focus primarily on economic matters, have attained greater prominence in collective security efforts especially since the end of the Cold War. This article examines the definition of collective security, its features and objectives, the actors that have the responsibility for operating it globally and regionally, its various manifestations, its limitations and, above all, its role in future.

International Law’s Invisible Frames: Introductory Insights

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Andrea Bianchi ◽  
Moshe Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
International Law ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Bias ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Cognition And Knowledge

The underlying premise of the research project is that humans acquire and form their knowledge through cognitive processes (eg perception, interpretation, language). At the same time, that knowledge is processed and used via different mental channels to form a representation of reality. Law as a social process carried out by human beings is a stimulating object of investigation for those who would like to analyse social cognition and knowledge production processes. Understanding how psychological and socio-cultural factors (including cultural bias) can affect decision-making in an international legal process; identifying the groups of people and institutions that may shape and alter the prevailing discourse in international law at any given time; and unearthing the hidden meaning of the various mythologies that populate and influence our normative world, are all key factors to providing a better understanding of the invisible frames within which international law moves and performs....

Russia's strategy in the Arctic: cooperation, not confrontation

Polar Record ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jørgen Staun
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Military Power ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The One ◽  
Arctic Policy ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
Geopolitical Discourse

ABSTRACTRussia's strategy in the Arctic is dominated by two overriding international relations (IR) discourses – or foreign policy directions. On the one hand, there is an IR-realism/geopolitical discourse that puts security first and often has a clear patriotic character, dealing with ‘exploring’, ‘winning’ or ‘conquering’ the Arctic and putting power, including military power, behind Russia's national interests in the area. Opposed to this is an IR-liberalism, international law-inspired and modernisation-focused discourse, which puts cooperation first and emphasises ‘respect for international law’, ‘negotiation’ and ‘cooperation’, and labels the Arctic as a ‘territory of dialogue’, arguing that the Arctic states all benefit the most if they cooperate peacefully. After a short but very visible media stunt in 2007 and subsequent public debate by proponents of the IR-realism/geopolitical side, the IR-liberalism discourse has been dominating Russian policy in the Arctic since around 2008–2009, following a pragmatic decision by the Kremlin to let the Foreign Ministry and Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov take the lead in the Arctic. The question asked here is how solid is this IR-liberalist-dominated Arctic policy? Can it withstand the pressure from more patriotic minded parts of the Russian establishment?

Does Who Matter? Legal Authority and the Use of Military Violence

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pål Wrange
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Jus In Bello ◽  
State Legitimacy ◽  
Jus Ad Bellum ◽  
Legal Sanction ◽  
Military Violence ◽  
Different Characteristics

What does authority mean under international law? There are various actors with different forms of authority, but no overarching concept of what characteristic endows an actor with authority, and even less of a coherent conception of legitimacy as a requirement for such authority. In fact, international law recognizes different authorities for different causes and different contexts, allocated to different actors, who base their authority on different characteristics (state legitimacy, representativity, military power, control). After disaggregating the concept of authority and outlining some of the consequences that follow from each type, this article highlights a number of different actors and describes the various authorities each has under international law. For instance, under jus in bello, nonstate actors can create a state of armed conflict in which they can often continue to use military means without legal sanction. While jus ad bellum may still in principle require legitimacy (in the formal sense of being a state), current jus in bello covers a range of non-state actors. Thus, from a practical point of view, the jus in bello regulations undermine any jus ad bellum requirement of legitimate authority.

scholarly journals Structural Violence and Human Trafficking: Migrant Domestic Workers in Lebanon

1970 ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Kathleen Hamill
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Structural Violence ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
Labor Exploitation ◽  
Migrant Domestic Workers

Human trafficking and its link to migrant domestic labor in the Arab region is acomplex, sensitive, and challenging issue. It raises numerous questions and demands further exploration. Under international law human trafficking consists of the recruitment, transfer, or receipt of human beings by coercive or deceptive means for purposes of exploitation. This legal definition is relevant to migrant domestic workers, and the present analysis seeks to address human trafficking for labor exploitation in particular. The primary objective is to identify and analyze the key factors that make migrant domestic workers vulnerable to human trafficking within the specific context of Lebanon. These key factors include the sponsorship system, the recruitment process, and the lack of labor protection and legal redress; each one will be addressed in turn.In the process, the present analysis will also highlight structural violence that subjects migrant women to systemic oppression and increases their vulnerability to human trafficking.

scholarly journals International Legal Meaning of the Second Hague Peace Conference and the Role of Russia

2017 ◽  
pp. 91-93
Author(s):  
O. Glikman
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Legal Meaning

The paper presents the historical legal context of the Second Hague Peace Conference (1907) and highlights the role played by Fyodor Fyodorovich (Friedrich Fromhold) Martens in the successful outcome of the Conference. A characteristic is given to various aspects of the influence which the documents signed at the Conference exerted on the development of International Law, as well as to key factors of its impact on the modern legal norms.

scholarly journals DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND THE ISSUES OF LEGAL ENSURING OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SECURITY IN CONDITIONS OF INDUSTRY-4.0

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
M.V. Shugurov
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Information Security ◽  
International Law ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Global Digital Divide ◽  
Subject Areas

The present article is devoted to analyzing the role and significance of international information securityand its legal regulation in a process of transition to sustainable development. Based on examining the acts of«soft» and «hard» international law and also on results of activity of international organizations and workinggroup, the author concludes that conceptual provisions of the global strategy of sustainable development arereflected in international law of information security incompletely. The study substantiates a convergenceof these subject areas by arguments that ICT are key factors of achieving the Sustainable DevelopmentGoals. Accordingly, transfer of ICT and dissemination thereof in, especially, developing countries can leadto reducing the global digital divide but under one condition. The latter is an ensuring the proper level ofinformation security. Much attention is paid to mean of information security for transition to Industry-4.0corresponding the SDG No 9.

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