scholarly journals Empiricism, Time-Awareness, and Hume's Manners of Disposition

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Bardon
Keyword(s):  
Prima Facie ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Theory Of Ideas ◽  
Empiricist Theory ◽  
To Come ◽  
Time Awareness ◽  
Critical Challenge

The issue of time-awareness presents a critical challenge for empiricism: if temporal properties are not directly perceived, how do we become aware of them? A unique empiricist account of time-awareness suggested by Hume's comments on time in the Treatise avoids the problems characteristic of other empiricist accounts. Hume's theory, however, has some counter-intuitive consequences. The failure of empiricists to come up with a defensible theory of time-awareness lends prima facie support to a non-empiricist theory of ideas.

Locke and Malebranche

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Jolley
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Status ◽  
Theory Of Ideas ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
Empiricist Theory

This chapter addresses the issue of whether Locke’s own empiricist theory of ideas offers, as Locke often suggested, a more intelligible way of explaining human understanding than Malebranche’s doctrine of Vision in God. Drawing on Locke’s statements about the corpuscularian hypothesis, it argues that although the empiricist theory may satisfy some criteria of intelligibility, it is forced to recognize the existence of processes that are ‘incomprehensible’; to that extent, Locke’s theory of ideas runs parallel with his mature philosophy of matter. The epistemic status of the empiricist theory of ideas is thus more problematic than it is often taken to be.

scholarly journals A HYBRID TRANSLATION THEORY FOR EU TEXTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilelmini Sosoni
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Discourse Community ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Cultural And Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Translation Practice ◽  
Textual Features ◽  
To Come ◽  
Neutral Ground

EU texts are produced by way of multilingual negotiation in a supranational multicultural discourse community, where there is no linguistically neutral ground and where the internationalisation of concepts and ideas is a sine qua non. As a result, they are idiosyncratic texts, reflecting specific textual features. Their translation in the current 23 official EU languages is equally idiosyncratic and challenging, to say the least, especially since it is shaped under the EU’s overwhelming cultural and linguistic diversity, the constraints of its policy of multilingualism, and the subsequent policy of linguistic equality which states that all languages are equal, or ‘equally authentic’ (Wagner, Bech, Martinez 2002, 7), and that translations are not really translations but language versions. In other words, in the framework of EU translation, the terms source text (ST) and target text (TT) cease to exist, while the prima facie illusory notion of ‘equivalence’ seems to resurface—though altered in nature—and dominate the translation practice. It thus goes without saying that in the case of EU texts and their translation a tailor-made theoretical framework is required where many classic concepts of Translation Studies (TS), such as ST, TT and equivalence need to be re-evaluated and redefined, and at the same time functionalist approaches and the postmodernist concepts of intertextuality, hybridity and in-betweenness need to come to the fore. The proposed translation theory for EU texts flaunts the feature inherent in their production, it is—just like them—hybrid.

Hume and Proofs for the Existence of God

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bell
Keyword(s):  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Ontological Argument ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cosmological Argument ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
Design Argument ◽  
Theory Of Ideas ◽  
Empiricist Theory

This chapter is about Hume’s critiques of the cosmological, ontological, and design arguments for the existence of God, as proposed by Samuel Clarke and other Newtonian theologians. Clarke regarded the cosmological argument (in a form that incorporates the ontological argument) as essential to prove the uniqueness, eternity, infinity, and omnipresence of God and the design argument as essential to prove the wisdom and foresight of God. The criticisms Hume makes all depend on his empiricist theory of ideas and his revolutionary theories of causation and causal reasoning. Most of the chapter discusses these themes. The concluding section draws attention to recent research that shows two things. One is how central to Hume’s whole philosophical enterprise is his rejection of theological ideas and doctrines. The other is how this relates to his rejection of certain parts of Newtonian metaphysics.

scholarly journals Locke's Ontology of Relations

Locke Studies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 61-86
Author(s):  
Samuel C. Rickless
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
Theory Of Ideas ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
Empiricist Theory ◽  
Essay Concerning Human Understanding ◽  
Mental Acts

In his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke’s primary aim is to provide an empiricist theory of ideas that can support interesting results about the nature of language and knowledge. Within this theory, Locke distinguishes between simple ideas and complex ideas (E II.ii.1: 119). Roughly, an idea is complex if it has other ideas as parts; otherwise, it is simple. For Locke, as is well known, all simple ideas derive from sensation (perception through sight, taste, smell, hearing, or touch) or reflection (a form of introspection directed at mental acts) (E II.i.2–4: 104–106). Aetiology also plays a role in Locke’s classification of complex ideas: ideas of modes, ideas of substances, and ideas of relations. All complex ideas are formed by a voluntary act of combination or composition. Ideas of modes, such as numbers, beauty, and theft (E II.xii.5: 165) are formed without considering whether the combinations conform to real patterns existing in the world (E II.xi.6: 158, E II.xxii.1: 288, E II.xxxi.3: 376). Ideas of substances (such as human beings, sheep, and armies—E II.xii.6: 165), by contrast, are formed with a desire ‘to copy Things, as they really do exist’ (E II.xxxi.3: 377). Ideas of relations are like ideas of modes (E II.xxxi.14: 383–84), except that their aetiology includes, in addition to the mental act of composition, the distinct mental act of comparison on the basis of some respect or dimension (E II.xi.4: 157, E II.xxv.1: 319).

The Present Relations of Science and Religion

Philosophy ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 14 (54) ◽  
pp. 131-154
Author(s):  
C. D. Broad
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Eminent Scientist ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Psychical Research ◽  
To Come ◽  
Distinguished Scholar ◽  
The Many

Fifty or sixty years ago anyone fluttering the pages of one of the many magazines which then catered for the cultivated and intelligent English reader would have been fairly certain to come upon an article bearing somewhat the same title as that of the present paper. The author would probably be an eminent scientist, such as Huxley or Clifford; a distinguished scholar, such as Frederic Harrison or Edmund Gurney; or a politician of cabinet rank, such as Gladstone or Morley. Whichever side he might take, he would write with the moral fervour of which Englishmen at that time had an inexhaustible supply. Nowadays the so-called “conflict between Religion and Science,” which was then appetizingly hot from the oven, has acquired something of the repulsiveness of half-cold mutton in halfcongealed gravy. There seems to be a widespread opinion that Sir Arthur Eddington and Sir James Jeans, with some highly technical and not readily intelligible assistance from Professor Whitehead, have enabled the lion to lie down with the lamb. Well, I have no wish to pipe a discordant note in this scene of Messianic harmony. But I cannot help reflecting that psychology, anthropology, and psychical research have made considerable advances as well as mathematical physics; and that they seem prima facie much more likely to be relevant to religion. Even the ordinary common sense of the lawyer and the historian may still have something useful to say on such topics.

scholarly journals Empiricism and Relationism Intertwined: Hume and Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matias Kimi Slavov
Keyword(s):  
Special Relativity ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Special Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Main Thesis ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Theory Of Ideas ◽  
Empiricist Theory

Einstein acknowledged that his reading of Hume influenced the development of his special theory of relativity. In this article, I juxtapose Hume’s philosophy with Einstein’s philosophical analysis related to his special relativity. I argue that there are two common points to be found in their writings, namely an empiricist theory of ideas and concepts, and a relationist ontology regarding space and time. The main thesis of this article is that these two points are intertwined in Hume and Einstein.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

Scanning Electron Microscopy-cuticular Lesions on the Roundworm Ascaris Suum

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
P. A. Madden ◽  
W. R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Silver Paint ◽  
To Come ◽  
Scanning Electron

The intestinal roundworm of swine is pinkish in color and about the diameter of a lead pencil. Adult worms, taken from parasitized swine, frequently were observed with macroscopic lesions on their cuticule. Those possessing such lesions were rinsed in distilled water, and cylindrical segments of the affected areas were removed. Some of the segments were fixed in buffered formalin before freeze-drying; others were freeze-dried immediately. Initially, specimens were quenched in liquid freon followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen. They were then placed in ampuoles in a freezer at −45C and sublimated by vacuum until dry. After the specimens appeared dry, the freezer was allowed to come to room temperature slowly while the vacuum was maintained. The dried specimens were attached to metal pegs with conductive silver paint and placed in a vacuum evaporator on a rotating tilting stage. They were then coated by evaporating an alloy of 20% palladium and 80% gold to a thickness of approximately 300 A°. The specimens were examined by secondary electron emmission in a scanning electron microscope.

The microstructure change of low-carbon electrical steels by residual aluminum

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
C.K. Hou ◽  
C.T. Hu ◽  
Sanboh Lee
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Vacuum Degassing ◽  
Spherical Inclusions ◽  
Residual Aluminum ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fine Size ◽  
To Come

The fully processed low-carbon electrical steels are generally fabricated through vacuum degassing to reduce the carbon level and to avoid the need for any further decarburization annealing treatment. This investigation was conducted on eighteen heats of such steels with aluminum content ranging from 0.001% to 0.011% which was believed to come from the addition of ferroalloys.The sizes of all the observed grains are less than 24 μm, and gradually decrease as the content of aluminum is increased from 0.001% to 0.007%. For steels with residual aluminum greater than 0. 007%, the average grain size becomes constant and is about 8.8 μm as shown in Fig. 1. When the aluminum is increased, the observed grains are changed from the uniformly coarse and equiaxial shape to the fine size in the region near surfaces and the elongated shape in the central region. SEM and EDAX analysis of large spherical inclusions in the matrix indicate that silicate is the majority compound when the aluminum propotion is less than 0.003%, then the content of aluminum in compound inclusion increases with that in steel.

Auditory Training to Improve Speech Perception and Self-Efficacy in Aging Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1270-1281
Author(s):  
Leah Fostick ◽  
Riki Taitelbaum-Swead ◽  
Shulamith Kreitler ◽  
Shelly Zokraut ◽  
Miriam Billig
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Temporal Order Judgment ◽  
Auditory Training ◽  
Intensity Discrimination ◽  
Training Design ◽  
Auditory Temporal Processing ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Aging Adults

Purpose Difficulty in understanding spoken speech is a common complaint among aging adults, even when hearing impairment is absent. Correlational studies point to a relationship between age, auditory temporal processing (ATP), and speech perception but cannot demonstrate causality unlike training studies. In the current study, we test (a) the causal relationship between a spatial–temporal ATP task (temporal order judgment [TOJ]) and speech perception among aging adults using a training design and (b) whether improvement in aging adult speech perception is accompanied by improved self-efficacy. Method Eighty-two participants aged 60–83 years were randomly assigned to a group receiving (a) ATP training (TOJ) over 14 days, (b) non-ATP training (intensity discrimination) over 14 days, or (c) no training. Results The data showed that TOJ training elicited improvement in all speech perception tests, which was accompanied by increased self-efficacy. Neither improvement in speech perception nor self-efficacy was evident following non-ATP training or no training. Conclusions There was no generalization of the improvement resulting from TOJ training to intensity discrimination or generalization of improvement resulting from intensity discrimination training to speech perception. These findings imply that the effect of TOJ training on speech perception is specific and such improvement is not simply the product of generally improved auditory perception. It provides support for the idea that temporal properties of speech are indeed crucial for speech perception. Clinically, the findings suggest that aging adults can be trained to improve their speech perception, specifically through computer-based auditory training, and this may improve perceived self-efficacy.

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