scholarly journals One Orthography, Four Lects: The Unified Berawan Orthography

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Martin Burkhardt ◽  
Jey Lingam Burkhardt ◽  
Ang Lay Hoon
Keyword(s):  
Language Family ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
Shallow Orthography ◽  
Maximal Representation ◽  
The Way

Berawan is an endangered Austronesian language family consisting of four lects, which are Batu Belah, Long Teru, Long Jegan, and Long Terawan. Their settlements are located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. The impetus for a unified orthography came from the Berawan community, who desire to write their lects consistently and reflecting the way they speak. The unified orthography was developed starting with a phonological analysis of the Berawan lects. This was followed by several orthography workshops and discussions with individual Berawan communities, culminating in a combined orthography workshop in which a unified orthography was agreed upon. The aim of the paper is to provide the groundwork for establishing the unifed orthography of the Berawan language family. A phonological comparison of the four Berawan varieties is included for this purpose. The phonological descriptions are taken from Burkhardt (2014). Smalley’s (1959, 1965) maxim of ‘maximal representation of speech’ and Rogers’s (2005) ‘shallow orthography’ approach are employed. On this basis, issues that arise for graphemic representation of Berawan phonemes are then discussed and the decisions made by the participants of the combined workshops are described. The paper also touches on issues encountered throughout the discussion. The issues that arose are primarily related to the differences in orthographic systems between the Berawan lects and the Malay language. The paper ends with a proposed unified Berawan orthography

Nauruan in the Austronesian Language Family

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey S. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Language Family ◽  
Austronesian Language

scholarly journals The Lexical and Phonetical Features of The Tengger Dialect of Javanese

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Sri - Andayani
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Local Languages

Probolinggo, East Java is an area of Pandalungan. Culturally, the area has the mixing of Javanese and Madurese cultures, so as the local languages that are used by the society. Most of Probolinggo people master Javanese as well as Madurese language. Besides, there is one more dialect developing in Probolinggo, that is Tengger dialectdialect. It is used by the Tengger society in Tengger Mountainuos region around Mount Bromo. The Javanese that is used by the Tengger society is different from the Javanese of Probolinggo or even the standard Javanese. The significant difference is in the pronunciation of the vowel. It tends to have the features of the Old Javanese. By doing Comparative Historical Linguistics study, the features of Tengger dialect compared to the Modern and Old Javanese. The qualitative descriptive study uses an observation method to collect the data. Then, they are analyzed by the distributional and identity methods. It indicates that the distribution and development of Javanese as a part of Austronesian language family is not merely innovatively. It can be relix likewise. The Tengger dialect phonetical and lexical features tends to be similar to the Old Javanese feature, not the modern ones as the innovative Javanese.

KORESPONDENSI FONEMIS ENAM KATA KERABAT BAHASA INDONESIA, BAHASA MELAYU KELANTAN, BAHASA MELAYU PATANI, DAN BAHASA SUNDA

Metahumaniora ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Wahya Wahya ◽  
Suhaila Arong
Keyword(s):  
Language Group ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rain Data ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

AbstrakBahasa Indonesia, bahasa Melayu Kelantan, bahasa Melayu Patani, dan bahasa Sunda merupakan bahasa kerabat. Keempat bahasa tersebut termasuk rumpun bahasa Austronesia. Ketiga bahasa pertama, yaitu bahasa Indonesia, Melayu Kelantan, dan  Melayu Patani termasuk kelompok bahasa Melayu, sedangkan bahasa Sunda tidak termasuk bahasa Melayu. Bahasa Indonesia dan Sunda terdapat di Indonesia. Bahasa Melayu Kelantan terdapat di Malaysia. Bahasa Melayu Patani terdapat di Thailand. Sebagai bahasa kerabat rumpun Austronesia, keempat bahasa memiliki  kosakata  yang diwariskan dari bahasa yang lebih tua. Ciri-ciri adanya pewarisan tersebut dapat diamati pada kosakata yang memiliki persamaan atau kemiripan bentuk dan makna.  Masalah yang dibahas adalah korespondensi fonemis apa yang menunjukkan perbedaan kata kerabat yang diperoleh dari hasil membandingkan  kata kerabat pada enam glos dari empat bahasa sampel yang diteliti. Dalam tulisan ini diambil enam kata sampel bahasa Indonesia sebagai glos dari 200 glos kosakata dasar Swadesh, yaitu hapus,  hati, hidup, hijau, hitam, dan hujan. Data bersumber dari kamus dan informan. Dari hasil penelitian  terhadap kata kerabat untuk enam glos tersebut diperoleh sembilan perangkat korespondensi fonemis, yaitu (a)  /h ~ ø/ , (b) /s ~ h/, (c) /i ~ ɛ/, (d) /d ~ r/, (e) /p ~ k/, (f) /aw ~ a ~ ɔ/ , (g) /am ~ őŋ ~ ɛ/, dan (h) /-an ~ --ɛ/. Selanjutnya, setiap korespondensi fonemis tersebut menghasilkan pengelompokan bahasa yang memperlihatkan pemilik unsur bahasa yang terdapat pada korespondensi fonemis tersebut dan jika dilakukan rekonstruksi, pengelompokan bahasa tersebutmenunjukkan pencabangan dari bahasa yang lebih tua yang telah menurunkannya.Kata kunci: rumpun bahasa, kata kerabat, korespondensi fonemis, pewarisan. AbstractIndonesian, Kelantan Malay, Patani Malay, and Sundanese are kin languages. The four languages include the Austronesian language family. The first three languages, namely Indonesian, Kelantan Malay, and Patani Malay belong to the Malay language group, while Sundanese does not include Malay. Indonesian and Sundanese are found in Indonesia. Kelantan Malay is found in Malaysia. Patani Malay is found in Thailand. As the languages of relatives of Austronesian families, all four languages have vocabulary inherited from older languages. The characteristics of inheritance can be observed in vocabulary that has similarities or similarities in form and meaning. The problem discussed is the phonemic correspondence of what shows the difference in relative words obtained from the results of comparing relative words in the six glossos of the four sample languages studied. In this paper six Indonesian sample words are taken as glossos from 200 basic Swadesh vocabulary words, namely erase, heart, life, green, black, and rain. Data sourced from dictionaries and informants. From the results of research on the word relatives for the six glossos obtained nine phonemic correspondence sets, namely (a) / h ~ ø /, (b) / s ~ h /, (c) / i ~ ɛ /, (d) / d ~ r /, (e) / p ~ k /, (f) / aw ~ a ~ ɔ /, (g) / am ~ őŋ ~ ɛ /, and (h) / -an ~ --ɛ /. Furthermore, each phonemic correspondence results in a grouping of languages that shows the owner of the language elements contained in the phonemic correspondence and if a reconstruction is made, the grouping of languages shows the branching of older languages which has derived it.Keywords: language family, word relatives, phonemic correspondence, inheritance

Subgrouping the Sogeram languages

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Daniels ◽  
Danielle Barth ◽  
Wolfgang Barth
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistic ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Way

Abstract Historical Glottometry is a method, recently proposed by Kalyan and François (François 2014; Kalyan & François 2018), for analyzing and representing the relationships among sister languages in a language family. We present a glottometric analysis of the Sogeram language family of Papua New Guinea and, in the process, provide an evaluation of the method. We focus on three topics that we regard as problematic: how to handle the higher incidence of cross-cutting isoglosses in the Sogeram data; how best to handle lexical innovations; and what to do when the data do not allow the analyst to be sure whether a given language underwent a given innovation or not. For each topic we compare different ways of coding and calculating the data and suggest the best way forward. We conclude by proposing changes to the way glottometric data are coded and calculated and the way glottometric results are visualized. We also discuss how to incorporate Historical Glottometry into an effective historical-linguistic research workflow.

scholarly journals The Influence of Initial Consonants on the Intrinsic Pitch of High and Low Vowels in the Malay Dialect Spoken in Pathumthani Province, Thailand

MANUSYA ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Phanintra Teeranon
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
High Vowels ◽  
Asian Languages

High vowels tend to have higher intrinsic F0 (pitch) than low vowels (e.g. Lehiste, 1970; Whalen and Levitt, 1995). Higher intrinsic F0 occurs on vowels which follow voiceless consonants, lower intrinsic F0 occurs on vowels which follow voiced consonants. When high vowels follow voiced consonants and low vowels follow voiceless consonants, the voicing of initial consonants has been found to counterbalance the intrinsic F0 value of high and low vowels. In other words, voiced consonants will lower F0 values of high vowels, and voiceless consonants will raise F0 values of low vowels to the extent that the average F0 of these high vowels is actually lower than the average F0 of the low vowels under examination (Clark and Yallop, 1990; House and Fairbanks, 1953; Lehiste, 1970; Lehiste and Peterson, 1961; Laver, 1994). To test whether this counterbalance finding is applicable to Southeast Asian languages, the F0 values of high and low vowels following voiceless and voiced consonants were studied in a Malay dialect of the Austronesian language family spoken in Pathumthani Province, Thailand.

scholarly journals Investigation of the achievement scores of the people learning Turkish as a foreign language according to linguistic distance

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-46
Author(s):  
Derya Çobanoğlu Aktan ◽  
Kayhan İnan
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Course Completion ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Linguistic Distance ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
The People ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Turkish Language ◽  
Writing Scores

In this study, predictor variables (age, gender, region and language family) affecting the scores of Turkish language learners are examined through multiple regression method. The study group consisted of 280 international students registered to Turkish Language Teaching Centers located at Gazi and Hacettepe Universities. The research data were obtained from the Turkish course completion exam papers and personal information forms. According to the results, the average scores of the students from the Afro-Asiatic, Indo-European, Bantu, Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian language families were lower than those from the Altai language family. Additionally, the writing scores of the students from the Afro-Asiatic and Austronesian language families; the speaking scores of the students from Afro-Asiatic, Indo-European language families; reading comprehension scores of the students from Afro-Asiatic, Indo-European, Bantu and Sino-Tibetan language families and grammar scores of the students from Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian language families were lower than the scores of the Altai language family. In addition, while the age variable was found to have a positive effect on speaking scores, it was observed that area and gender variables were not significant predicators of scores. Findings are discussed in the light of literature and suggestions for further research are provided.

Malay: A short history

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
K. Alexander Adelaar
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
National Language ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Short History ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTThis article follows the development of Malay from prehistorical times to the present. After a brief overview of the variety of languages in Southeast Asia and Oceania, the position of Malay within the Austronesian language family is discussed as well as the Malay homeland. The history of Malay is followed throughout its most important stages, from the period of the oldest written evidence in the late 7th century AD to the age of the Malaccan sultanate in the 15th-16th centuries, the colonial period in which Malay became the most important language in all domains of public life except in the highest echelons, and the present post-independence period in which Malay has become the national language in four states of Southeast Asia. Attention is also given to sociolinguistic differentiation, to foreign influences, to the engineering planning and manipulation of Malay in recent times and to its role as a vehicle for the spread of several religions and foreign (Indian, Mid-eastern, European) cultural influences.

The classification of Oceanic languages

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
Oceanic Languages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Internal Relationships

ABSTRACTThis paper surveys the literature regarding the linguistic subgrouping and historical affiliations of languages within the Oceanic subgroup of the Austronesian language family. It provides an overview of the evidence for the Oceanic subgroup and its external affiliations, as well as an overview of the internal relationships between languages of the family. It explores questions that have been settled to the satisfaction of most people working within the field, and identifies outstanding issues still of importance to practitioners in the area. A final section discusses a range of literature which surveys aspects of Oceanic linguistics apart from its subgrouping.

scholarly journals Basic vocabulary and Bayesian phylolinguistics

Diachronica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J. Greenhill ◽  
Russell D. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
Basic Vocabulary

Donohue et al.’s critique of our work on the origins and spread of the Austronesian language family is marred by misunderstandings. We respond to these by noting that our Bayesian phylogenetic approach: (1) distinguishes between retentions and innovations probabilistically, (2) focuses on basic vocabulary not ‘the lexicon’, (3) eliminates known loanwords, (4) produces results that are congruent with the results of the comparative method and conflict with the scenarios requiring unprecedented amounts of language shift postulated by Donohue et al.

scholarly journals Phonetic structures of Paiwan

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 30-44
Author(s):  
Chun-Mei Chen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Teaching Material ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Regional Diversity ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
Reference Grammar ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Prosodic Structures ◽  
Phonological Rules

This study focuses upon a detailed description and analysis of the phonetic structures of Paiwan, an aboriginal language spoken in Taiwan, with around 53,000 speakers, Paiwan, a member of the Austronesian language family, is not typologically related to the other languages such as Mandarin and Taiwanese spoken in its geographically contiguous districts, Earlier work on phonological features of Paiwan (Chang, 1999; Tseng, 2003) sought an account in terms of segments and isolated facts about reduplication and stress, without accounting for the possible roles of phrase-level and sentence-Ievel prosodic structures, Government Teaching Material (1993) listed 25 consonants and 4 vowels, without any description of phonetic features and phonological rules, Chang's (2000) reference grammar included 22 consonants and 4 vowels, with a very brief description of 5 phonological rules on single words, Regional diversity and 25 consonants have been mentioned in Pulaluyan's (2002) teaching material; however, no description of phonological rules was found in his material.  

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