scholarly journals Distribution of Biominerals and Mineral-Organic Composites in Plant Trichomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Jürgen Ensikat ◽  
Maximilian Weigend
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Differential Distribution ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
Plant Surfaces

Biomineralization is a common phenomenon in plants and has been shown to be chemically, functionally and topologically diverse. Silica and calcium carbonate have long been known as structural plant biominerals and calcium phosphate (apatite)–long known from animals–has recently been reported. Strikingly, up to three different biominerals may occur in a single trichome in, e.g., Urticaceae and Loasaceae, and in combination with organic compounds, can form organic/inorganic composite materials. This article presents an extension of previous studies on the distribution of these biominerals in Loasaceae trichomes with a focus on their spatial (three-dimensional) distribution and co-localization with organic substances. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with high-resolution EDX element analyses of sample surfaces and sections illustrate the differential distribution and composition of the different biomineral phases across cell surfaces and cell walls. Raman spectroscopy additionally permits the identification of organic and inorganic compounds side by side. All three biominerals may be found in a nearly pure inorganic phase, e.g., on the plant surfaces and in the barbs of the glochidiate trichomes, or in combination with a larger proportion of organic compounds (cellulose, pectin). The cell lumen may be additionally filled with amorphous mineral deposits. Water-solubility of the mineral fractions differs considerably. Plant trichomes provide an exciting model system for biomineralization and enable the in-vivo study of the formation of complex composite materials with different biomineral and organic compounds involved.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional distribution of CT attenuation in the lumbar spine pedicle wall

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyo Y. Irie ◽  
Tohru Irie ◽  
Alejandro A. Espinoza Orías ◽  
Kazuyuki Segami ◽  
Norimasa Iwasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hounsfield Unit ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Ct Attenuation ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pedicle Wall

AbstractThis study investigated in vivo the three-dimensional distribution of CT attenuation in the lumbar spine pedicle wall measured in Hounsfield Unit (HU). Seventy-five volunteers underwent clinical lumbar spine CT scans. Data was analyzed with custom-written software to determine the regional variation in pedicle wall attenuation values. A cylindrical coordinate system oriented along the pedicle’s long axis was used to calculate the pedicular wall attenuation distribution three-dimensionally and the highest attenuation value was identified. The pedicular cross-section was divided into four quadrants: lateral, medial, cranial, and caudal. The mean HU value for each quadrant was calculated for all lumbar spine levels (L1–5). The pedicle wall attenuation was analyzed by gender, age, spinal levels and anatomical quadrant. The mean HU values of the pedicle wall at L1 and L5 were significantly lower than the values between L2–4 in both genders and in both age groups. Furthermore, the medial quadrant showed higher HU values than the lateral quadrant at all levels and the caudal quadrant showed higher HU values at L1–3 and lower HU values at L4–5 than the cranial quadrant. These findings may explain why there is a higher incidence of pedicle screw breach in the pedicle lateral wall.

Fabrication of Bio-Composite Drug Delivery System Using Rapid Prototyping Technology

2007 ◽  
Vol 342-343 ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won Shik Chu ◽  
Sung Geun Kim ◽  
Hyung Jung Kim ◽  
Caroline S. Lee ◽  
Sung Hoon Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Porous Microstructure

The rapid prototyping (RP) technology has advanced in various fields such as verification of design, and functional test. Recently, researchers have studied bio-materials to fabricate functional bio-RP parts. In this research, a nano composite deposition system (NCDS) was developed to fabricate three-dimensional functional parts for bio-applications. In the hybrid process, the material removal process by mechanical micro machining and/or the deposition process are combined. NCDS uses biocompatible or biodegradable polymer resin as matrix and various bioceramics to form bio-composite materials. To test drug release rate in vivo environment, two different types of drug delivery system (DDS) were fabricated using the bio-composite materials. 1) Container type DDS used poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide acid)(50:50) and 5-fluorouracil as the drug composite while polycaprolactone(PCL) served as the container of the drug. 2) Scaffold type DDS formed porous microstructure with poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide acid)(50:50) and 5-fluorouracil composite. The effect of geometry of the DDS on release rate of drug is under investigation.

Thermo-Mechanical Modelling of Jointing Process by Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium-Based Composite Materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 144-149
Author(s):  
Marius Pop-Calimanu ◽  
Traian Fleșer
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Friction Stir Welding ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Active Element ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Thermal Fields ◽  
Welding Defects ◽  
Dimensional Distribution

Jointing with rotary active element gains field through technological facilities offered nowadays. Own research have developed a model for studying the thermal fields and the plastic deformations of jointing composite materials Al/20%SiC combined by friction stir welding (FSW). In this article we will present the three-dimensional distribution of investigated fields, correlated with input parameters in the process. The process is performed with solid state components. The numerical results indicate that the maximum temperature in the FSW process increases with increasing speed of rotational tools. For high speed welding joint, should be increased, at the same time, the rotational speed to avoid welding defects.

Characteristics of the most common deficiencies in the structure of the Russians’ nutrition and enriching additives for target foods

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
S.L. Lyublinskiy ◽  
S.A. Livinskaya ◽  
Yu.I. Sidorenko ◽  
A.A. Livinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Modern Medical Practice ◽  
Complete Protein

Among alimentary diseases, those that are caused by a lack of complete protein, calcium, iodine, and iron rank fi rst. In modern medical practice, various preparations based on inorganic and organic compounds of iodine, calcium, and iron are widely used to treat these diseases. Patients have to take large, non-physiological doses. Meanwhile, an uncontrolled amount of inorganic compounds enters the intestinal cells by passive diff usion, destroying the cell walls and leading to numerous side eff ects, which practically negates the positive eff ect of the drug. The article describes the technology for obtaining bioorganic iodine and heme iron. The characteristics of bioavailable additives intended for use in a wide range of food products are provided.

scholarly journals 439 THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTHY KNEE CARTILAGE T2 MAPPING IN VIVO

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. S197
Author(s):  
T. Shiomi ◽  
T. Nishii ◽  
H. Tanaka ◽  
Y. Yamazaki ◽  
K. Murase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T2 Mapping ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Knee Cartilage ◽  
Healthy Knee ◽  
Dimensional Distribution

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

Three-Dimensional Subcellular Organization of Hepatocytes in Intact Liver: Simultaneous Visualization of Cytoskeletal and Membrane Markers by Confocal Microscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Greg V. Martin ◽  
Ann L. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Integral Membrane Proteins ◽  
Polarized Secretion ◽  
Microscope Images ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
Cytoskeletal Elements ◽  
Simultaneous Visualization

The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is necessary for many of the polarized functions of hepatocytes. Among the functions dependent on the MT-based cytoskeleton are polarized secretion of proteins, delivery of endocytosed material to lysosomes, and transcytosis of integral plasma membrane (PM) proteins. Although microtubules have been shown to be crucial to the establishment and maintenance of functional and structural polarization in the hepatocyte, little is known about the architecture of the hepatocyte MT cytoskeleton in vivo, particularly with regard to its relationship to PM domains and membranous organelles. Using an in situ extraction technique that preserves both microtubules and cellular membranes, we have developed a protocol for immunofluorescent co-localization of cytoskeletal elements and integral membrane proteins within 20 µm cryosections of fixed rat liver. Computer-aided 3D reconstruction of multi-spectral confocal microscope images was used to visualize the spatial relationships among the MT cytoskeleton, PM domains and intracellular organelles.

Exploration of cell wall architecture with the rapid-freeze deep-etch technique

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 128-129
Author(s):  
Béatrice Satiat-Jeunemaitre ◽  
Chris Hawes
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Molecular Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Plant Cell Walls

The comprehension of the molecular architecture of plant cell walls is one of the best examples in cell biology which illustrates how developments in microscopy have extended the frontiers of a topic. Indeed from the first electron microscope observation of cell walls it has become apparent that our understanding of wall structure has advanced hand in hand with improvements in the technology of specimen preparation for electron microscopy. Cell walls are sub-cellular compartments outside the peripheral plasma membrane, the construction of which depends on a complex cellular biosynthetic and secretory activity (1). They are composed of interwoven polymers, synthesised independently, which together perform a number of varied functions. Biochemical studies have provided us with much data on the varied molecular composition of plant cell walls. However, the detailed intermolecular relationships and the three dimensional arrangement of the polymers in situ remains a mystery. The difficulty in establishing a general molecular model for plant cell walls is also complicated by the vast diversity in wall composition among plant species.

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