scholarly journals Functional Roles of Poly(ADP-Ribose) in Stress Granule Formation and Dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuejiao Jin ◽  
Xiuling Cao ◽  
Shenkui Liu ◽  
Beidong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role ◽  
Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Adp Ribosylation ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Phase Separation Behavior ◽  
Separation Behavior

Stress granules (SGs) are highly dynamic cytoplasmic foci formed in response to stress. The formation of SGs is reported to be regulated by diverse post-translational protein modifications (PTMs). Among them, ADP-ribosylation is of emerging interest due to its recently identified roles in SG organization. In this review, we summarized the latest advances on the roles of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) in the regulation of SG formation and dynamics, including its function in modulating nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and SG recruitment of SG components, as well as its effects on protein phase separation behavior. Moreover, the functional role of PAR chain diversity on dynamic of SG composition is also introduced. Potential future developments on investigating global ADP-ribosylation networks, individual roles of different PARPs, and interactions between ADP-ribosylation and other PTMs in SGs are also discussed.

Semantics, conceptual role

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Block
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Procedural Semantics ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Conceptual Role Semantics ◽  
Conceptual Role

According to conceptual role semantics (CRS), the meaning of a representation is the role of that representation in the cognitive life of the agent, for example, in perception, thought and decision-making. It is an extension of the well-known ‘use’ theory of meaning, according to which the meaning of a word is its use in communication and, more generally, in social interaction. CRS supplements external use by including the role of a symbol inside a computer or a brain. The uses appealed to are not just actual, but also counterfactual: not only what effects a thought does have, but what effects it would have had if stimuli or other states had differed. Of course, so defined, the functional role of a thought includes all sorts of causes and effects that are non-semantic, for example, perhaps happy thoughts can bolster one’s immunity, promoting good health. Conceptual roles are functional roles minus such non-semantic causes and effects. The view has arisen separately in philosophy (where it is sometimes called ‘inferential’ or ‘functional’ role semantics) and in cognitive science (where it is sometimes called ‘procedural semantics’).

scholarly journals Functional role of the N-terminal domain of ΔFosB in response to stress and drugs of abuse

Neuroscience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.N. Ohnishi ◽  
Y.H. Ohnishi ◽  
V. Vialou ◽  
E. Mouzon ◽  
Q. LaPlant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Terminal Domain ◽  
Response To Stress

Role of Feedback Connections in Central Visual Processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-334
Author(s):  
Farran Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
The Core ◽  
Feedback Circuits ◽  
Corticothalamic Feedback ◽  
Feedback Connections

The physiological response properties of neurons in the visual system are inherited mainly from feedforward inputs. Interestingly, feedback inputs often outnumber feedforward inputs. Although they are numerous, feedback connections are weaker, slower, and considered to be modulatory, in contrast to fast, high-efficacy feedforward connections. Accordingly, the functional role of feedback in visual processing has remained a fundamental mystery in vision science. At the core of this mystery are questions about whether feedback circuits regulate spatial receptive field properties versus temporal responses among target neurons, or whether feedback serves a more global role in arousal or attention. These proposed functions are not mutually exclusive, and there is compelling evidence to support multiple functional roles for feedback. In this review, the role of feedback in vision will be explored mainly from the perspective of corticothalamic feedback. Further generalized principles of feedback applicable to corticocortical connections will also be considered.

scholarly journals Techno-Functional Role of Exopolysaccharides in Cereal-Based, Yogurt-Like Beverages

Beverages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Ripari
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Starter Cultures ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Matrix

This review describes the technical and functional role of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) in cereal-based, yogurt-like beverages. Many microorganisms produce EPSs as a strategy for growing, adhering to solid surfaces, and surviving under adverse conditions. In several food and beverages, EPSs play technical and functional roles. Therefore, EPSs can be isolated, purified, and added to the product, or appropriate bacteria can be employed as starter cultures to produce the EPSs in situ within the matrix. The exploitation of in situ production of EPSs is of particular interest to manufacturers of cereal-base beverages aiming to mimic dairy products. In this review, traditional and innovative or experimental cereal-based beverages, and in particular, yogurt-like beverages are described with a particular focus in lactic acid bacteria (LAB’s) EPS production. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the current knowledge of exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria, and their presence in cereal-based, yogurt-like beverages.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanism and functional role of brefeldin A-mediated ADP-ribosylation of CtBP1/BARS

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (24) ◽  
pp. 9794-9799 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Colanzi ◽  
G. Grimaldi ◽  
G. Catara ◽  
C. Valente ◽  
C. Cericola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Brefeldin A ◽  
Adp Ribosylation

scholarly journals Bridging The Gap Between The Past And The Present: A Reconsideration Of Mosque Architectural Elements

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar S Asfour
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Wide Margin ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
The Past ◽  
Identity Elements

<p>Mosques are among the most important building types for any community, where Muslims gather for their prayers and social activities. Mosque architecture has developed over history and faced several dramatic changes. This raises a question regarding the reality of mosque architecture and how it should look like today. This paper discusses this issue through a historical overview and some critical observations. Firstly, the paper discusses the historical functional role of mosque basic elements. Validity of these elements within the context of modern architecture has been argued considering the contemporary inputs that have a significant impact on mosque architecture. Several cases are presented and discussed in this regard. The study concluded that there is a great symbolic and spiritual value of these elements that should be maintained. The analysis carried out of several contemporary cases revealed that there is a wide margin to revive and reintroduce these elements in the light of the modern architectural trends. In addition to their functional roles, mosque architectural elements could be used as identity elements of the Islamic city, microclimatic modifiers, and linking tools between the past and the present.</p>

scholarly journals O-GlcNAcylation reduces phase separation and aggregation of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L Nosella ◽  
Maria Tereshchenko ◽  
Iva Pritisanac ◽  
Andrew Chong ◽  
Jeffrey A Toretsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
General Role ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Phase Separation Behavior ◽  
Separation Of Proteins ◽  
Separation Behavior

Many membraneless organelles are thought to be biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation of proteins and other biopolymers. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can impact protein phase separation behavior, although for many PTMs this aspect of their function is unknown. O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is an abundant form of intracellular glycosylation whose roles in regulating biomolecular condensate assembly and dynamics have not been delineated. Using an in vitro approach, we found that O-GlcNAcylation reduces the phase separation propensity of the EWS N-terminal low complexity region (LCRN) under different conditions, including in the presence of the arginine- and glycine-rich RNA-binding do- mains (RBD). O-GlcNAcylation enhances fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) within EWS LCRN condensates and causes the droplets to exhibit more liquid-like relaxation following fusion. Following extended incubation times, EWS LCRN+RBD condensates exhibit diminished FRAP, indicating a loss of fluidity, while condensates containing the O-GlcNAcylated LCRN do not. In HeLa cells, EWS is less O-GlcNAcylated following OGT knockdown and more prone to aggregation based on a filter retardation assay. Relative to the human proteome, O-GlcNAcylated proteins are enriched with regions that are predicted to phase separate, suggesting a general role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulation of biomolecular condensates.

scholarly journals Functional roles of lipids in make-up products

OCL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Hélène de Clermont-Gallerande
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Product Performance ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Current Context ◽  
The Impact

Lipids are widely used in cosmetics regardless of intended application: skincare, make-up, toiletries. If they are found in all products, it is because they have many beneficial properties for the skin. A lipid is a nourishing ingredient, a penetration vector and an emollient agent all at the same time, hence, when a finished product contains lipids it allows its manufacturer to make various claims in terms of biological activity. In addition to their well-known efficacy that is often widely promoted in conferences and in scientific journals, lipids also have a structural and functional role in formulations. This is mainly what is used in makeup. Indeed, make-up products often highlight immediate performance such as brightness, matt effect, intensity of color, sumptuous consistency or length of time the make-up stays in place, but boast few results related to biological activity demonstrated in the long term such as anti-ageing, repair of the skin’s barrier, control of acne if we are talking about vitamin A ... Thus, the functional role of lipids being as great as their role of active ingredient, this publication aims to bring them out of the shadows and comprehensively set forth all the properties used in cosmetics. This article focuses on make-up products and on the lipids used in each of the textures. The reasons for which these lipids are present are detailed. The functions of each within different make-up preparations are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the new raw materials – or the old ones that are coming back into fashion – in the current context of eco-design formulations. Thus, we do not elaborate greatly on mineral waxes, ozokerite wax, paraffins, and petroleum jellies, since these are not the raw materials of the future. Changes in consumption patterns are driving formulators to replace controversial ingredients with raw materials that do not engender bad press and that have a lesser impact on the environment. We present the development of the lipids used in make-up product formulations together with the impact of the same on product performance.

Interleukin-22 in kidney injury and regeneration

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (10) ◽  
pp. F1041-F1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Weidenbusch ◽  
Severin Rodler ◽  
Hans-Joachim Anders
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Regeneration ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Interleukin 22 ◽  
Immune Cell Subsets ◽  
Key Features

Interleukins have become well-known regulators of innate and adaptive immunity-related tissue inflammation. Recently, IL-22 has gained a lot of interest for its unique functions in maintaining and regaining epithelial integrity. IL-22 is exclusively secreted by different immune cell subsets, while IL-22 receptors are mainly expressed by epithelial cells. As the kidney is largely an epithelial organ, the functional role of IL-22 in the kidney deserves to be explored in detail. Here, we briefly summarize the key features of IL-22 biology and review the available data on its expression and functional roles in kidney injury and kidney regeneration. Furthermore, we provide suggestions on how to explore this evolving field in the future.

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