An Integrative Study on the Functional Roles of the City Gates in Ancient Israelite Urbanism - The Economic-Administrative Functional Role of the City Gates during the Iron Age II Period

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 129-162
Author(s):  
Daegyu J. Jang
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Iron Age Ii ◽  
City Gates ◽  
Integrative Study ◽  
The City

Semantics, conceptual role

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Block
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Procedural Semantics ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Conceptual Role Semantics ◽  
Conceptual Role

According to conceptual role semantics (CRS), the meaning of a representation is the role of that representation in the cognitive life of the agent, for example, in perception, thought and decision-making. It is an extension of the well-known ‘use’ theory of meaning, according to which the meaning of a word is its use in communication and, more generally, in social interaction. CRS supplements external use by including the role of a symbol inside a computer or a brain. The uses appealed to are not just actual, but also counterfactual: not only what effects a thought does have, but what effects it would have had if stimuli or other states had differed. Of course, so defined, the functional role of a thought includes all sorts of causes and effects that are non-semantic, for example, perhaps happy thoughts can bolster one’s immunity, promoting good health. Conceptual roles are functional roles minus such non-semantic causes and effects. The view has arisen separately in philosophy (where it is sometimes called ‘inferential’ or ‘functional’ role semantics) and in cognitive science (where it is sometimes called ‘procedural semantics’).

Role of Feedback Connections in Central Visual Processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-334
Author(s):  
Farran Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
The Core ◽  
Feedback Circuits ◽  
Corticothalamic Feedback ◽  
Feedback Connections

The physiological response properties of neurons in the visual system are inherited mainly from feedforward inputs. Interestingly, feedback inputs often outnumber feedforward inputs. Although they are numerous, feedback connections are weaker, slower, and considered to be modulatory, in contrast to fast, high-efficacy feedforward connections. Accordingly, the functional role of feedback in visual processing has remained a fundamental mystery in vision science. At the core of this mystery are questions about whether feedback circuits regulate spatial receptive field properties versus temporal responses among target neurons, or whether feedback serves a more global role in arousal or attention. These proposed functions are not mutually exclusive, and there is compelling evidence to support multiple functional roles for feedback. In this review, the role of feedback in vision will be explored mainly from the perspective of corticothalamic feedback. Further generalized principles of feedback applicable to corticocortical connections will also be considered.

scholarly journals Techno-Functional Role of Exopolysaccharides in Cereal-Based, Yogurt-Like Beverages

Beverages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Ripari
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Starter Cultures ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Matrix

This review describes the technical and functional role of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) in cereal-based, yogurt-like beverages. Many microorganisms produce EPSs as a strategy for growing, adhering to solid surfaces, and surviving under adverse conditions. In several food and beverages, EPSs play technical and functional roles. Therefore, EPSs can be isolated, purified, and added to the product, or appropriate bacteria can be employed as starter cultures to produce the EPSs in situ within the matrix. The exploitation of in situ production of EPSs is of particular interest to manufacturers of cereal-base beverages aiming to mimic dairy products. In this review, traditional and innovative or experimental cereal-based beverages, and in particular, yogurt-like beverages are described with a particular focus in lactic acid bacteria (LAB’s) EPS production. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the current knowledge of exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria, and their presence in cereal-based, yogurt-like beverages.

“To the God Who is in Dan”: The Archaeology and History of Biblical Dan

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-359
Author(s):  
John C.H. Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Iron Age Ii ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Northern Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
The City

This article consists of two foci. First, the archaeological history of Tel Dan as revealed by the longest running excavation ever conducted in Israel will be surveyed. Emphasis will be given to the major periods of known urbanization of the site: The Early Bronze Age; the Middle Bronze Age; and the Iron Age II. The materials dated to Iron Age II will be especially emphasized because they have the most significance for any attempt to understand the city of Dan during the biblical period. The second issue to be discussed is the thorny one of relating biblical texts to archaeological data or vice-versa. The Bible is not written as straightforward history, whatever that may be. Thus biblical texts cannot often be taken at face value in evaluating their historical content. It will be argued that is especially true of the mostly negative and hostile attitude seen towards the City of Dan in the Bible. It will be concluded that this view of Dan is due to the literary formation and editing of the texts as we now have them in the Bible. This hostility represents a Judean perspective which is very negative of the northern kingdom of Israel that was created after the death of Solomon.

scholarly journals Bridging The Gap Between The Past And The Present: A Reconsideration Of Mosque Architectural Elements

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar S Asfour
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Wide Margin ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
The Past ◽  
Identity Elements

<p>Mosques are among the most important building types for any community, where Muslims gather for their prayers and social activities. Mosque architecture has developed over history and faced several dramatic changes. This raises a question regarding the reality of mosque architecture and how it should look like today. This paper discusses this issue through a historical overview and some critical observations. Firstly, the paper discusses the historical functional role of mosque basic elements. Validity of these elements within the context of modern architecture has been argued considering the contemporary inputs that have a significant impact on mosque architecture. Several cases are presented and discussed in this regard. The study concluded that there is a great symbolic and spiritual value of these elements that should be maintained. The analysis carried out of several contemporary cases revealed that there is a wide margin to revive and reintroduce these elements in the light of the modern architectural trends. In addition to their functional roles, mosque architectural elements could be used as identity elements of the Islamic city, microclimatic modifiers, and linking tools between the past and the present.</p>

scholarly journals „[…] aby ich na zawsze w przyszłości nie uważano za zdrajców”. Herodot i inni greccy autorzy o lojalności i zdradzie w oblężonym mieście

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Lucyna Kostuch
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
City Gates ◽  
The Face ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
The City ◽  
Excellent Source

[“[…] for fear that the people of Scione should hereafter be called traitors”] Herodotus and other Greek authors about loyalty and betrayal in the besieged city This study attempts to determine the frequency of the betrayal of a besieged city in the world of Herodotus. The Histories is an excellent source of knowledge about the attitude of Greeks towards disloyal fellow citizens opening the city gates to the enemy, at a time when siege machines were not yet known, and betrayal (along with hunger and deception) was practically the only chance to conquer the city. Consequently, the question arises: do broader historical and literary studies (testimonies from subsequent decades and centuries) allow us to see the correlation between the popularity of the phenomenon of city betrayal and the development of siege technique. Was the role of betrayal decreasing with time when tools appeared that could assault the city walls? The article is an attempt to answer the question about the importance of loyalty to the local community in the face of war in the context of changing external conditions.

scholarly journals Functional Roles of Poly(ADP-Ribose) in Stress Granule Formation and Dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuejiao Jin ◽  
Xiuling Cao ◽  
Shenkui Liu ◽  
Beidong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role ◽  
Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Adp Ribosylation ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Phase Separation Behavior ◽  
Separation Behavior

Stress granules (SGs) are highly dynamic cytoplasmic foci formed in response to stress. The formation of SGs is reported to be regulated by diverse post-translational protein modifications (PTMs). Among them, ADP-ribosylation is of emerging interest due to its recently identified roles in SG organization. In this review, we summarized the latest advances on the roles of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) in the regulation of SG formation and dynamics, including its function in modulating nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and SG recruitment of SG components, as well as its effects on protein phase separation behavior. Moreover, the functional role of PAR chain diversity on dynamic of SG composition is also introduced. Potential future developments on investigating global ADP-ribosylation networks, individual roles of different PARPs, and interactions between ADP-ribosylation and other PTMs in SGs are also discussed.

An Iron Age II Underground Winery from Khirbet el-Hammam

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-185
Author(s):  
Yair Almakiyes ◽  
Aharon Tavger
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Persian Period ◽  
Iron Age Ii ◽  
Local Agriculture ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City

A system of pits recently discovered in Khirbet el-Hammam in northern Samaria apparently meets the accepted definition of “Gibeon pits”. These pits, used to store wine in the late Iron Age and early Persian period, are evidence of a developed local agriculture and of the site’s centrality. The location and identification of these pits in connection to other remains from Khirbet el-Hammam may shed new light on the size and centrality of the city during the Iron Age.

scholarly journals Functional roles of lipids in make-up products

OCL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Hélène de Clermont-Gallerande
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Product Performance ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Current Context ◽  
The Impact

Lipids are widely used in cosmetics regardless of intended application: skincare, make-up, toiletries. If they are found in all products, it is because they have many beneficial properties for the skin. A lipid is a nourishing ingredient, a penetration vector and an emollient agent all at the same time, hence, when a finished product contains lipids it allows its manufacturer to make various claims in terms of biological activity. In addition to their well-known efficacy that is often widely promoted in conferences and in scientific journals, lipids also have a structural and functional role in formulations. This is mainly what is used in makeup. Indeed, make-up products often highlight immediate performance such as brightness, matt effect, intensity of color, sumptuous consistency or length of time the make-up stays in place, but boast few results related to biological activity demonstrated in the long term such as anti-ageing, repair of the skin’s barrier, control of acne if we are talking about vitamin A ... Thus, the functional role of lipids being as great as their role of active ingredient, this publication aims to bring them out of the shadows and comprehensively set forth all the properties used in cosmetics. This article focuses on make-up products and on the lipids used in each of the textures. The reasons for which these lipids are present are detailed. The functions of each within different make-up preparations are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the new raw materials – or the old ones that are coming back into fashion – in the current context of eco-design formulations. Thus, we do not elaborate greatly on mineral waxes, ozokerite wax, paraffins, and petroleum jellies, since these are not the raw materials of the future. Changes in consumption patterns are driving formulators to replace controversial ingredients with raw materials that do not engender bad press and that have a lesser impact on the environment. We present the development of the lipids used in make-up product formulations together with the impact of the same on product performance.

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