scholarly journals Developmental Perspectives on Arterial Fate Specification

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongying Chen ◽  
Martin A. Schwartz ◽  
Michael Simons
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Fate Specification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Vascular Morphogenesis ◽  
Retinal Angiogenesis ◽  
Traditional Understanding

Blood vessel acquisition of arterial or venous fate is an adaptive phenomenon in response to increasing blood circulation during vascular morphogenesis. The past two decades of effort in this field led to development of a widely accepted paradigm of molecular regulators centering on VEGF and Notch signaling. More recent findings focused on shear stress-induced cell cycle arrest as a prerequisite for arterial specification substantially modify this traditional understanding. This review aims to summarize key molecular mechanisms that work in concert to drive the acquisition of arterial fate in two distinct developmental settings of vascular morphogenesis: de novo vasculogenesis of the dorsal aorta and postnatal retinal angiogenesis. We will also discuss the questions and conceptual controversies that potentially point to novel directions of investigation and possible clinical relevance.

Pisosterol Induces G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis via the ATM/ATR Signaling Pathway in Human Glioma Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 734-750
Author(s):  
Wallax A.S. Ferreira ◽  
Rommel R. Burbano ◽  
Claudia do Ó. Pessoa ◽  
Maria L. Harada ◽  
Bárbara do Nascimento Borges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Glioma Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Glioma Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
M Cell ◽  
Trypan Blue Exclusion ◽  
Cycle Arrest

Background: Pisosterol, a triterpene derived from Pisolithus tinctorius, exhibits potential antitumor activity in various malignancies. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the pisosterol-specific effects on glioma cells remain unknown. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antitumoral effects of pisosterol on glioma cell lines. Methods: The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and trypan blue exclusion assays were used to evaluate the effect of pisosterol on cell proliferation and viability in glioma cells. The effect of pisosterol on the distribution of the cells in the cell cycle was performed by flow cytometry. The expression and methylation pattern of the promoter region of MYC, ATM, BCL2, BMI1, CASP3, CDK1, CDKN1A, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CHEK1, MDM2, p14ARF and TP53 was analyzed by RT-qPCR, western blotting and bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP-PCR). Results: Here, it has been reported that pisosterol markedly induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis and decreased the cell viability and proliferation potential of glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner by increasing the expression of ATM, CASP3, CDK1, CDKN1A, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CHEK1, p14ARF and TP53 and decreasing the expression of MYC, BCL2, BMI1 and MDM2. Pisosterol also triggered both caspase-independent and caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and activating caspase-3 and p53. Conclusions: It has been, for the first time, confirmed that the ATM/ATR signaling pathway is a critical mechanism for G2/M arrest in pisosterol-induced glioma cell cycle arrest and suggests that this compound might be a promising anticancer candidate for further investigation.

Abstract W P198: Sphingomyelin Synthases Regulate Neuronal Cell Proliferation and Cell Cycle Progression

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umadevi V Wesley ◽  
Daniel Tremmel ◽  
Robert Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Cycle Regulation ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Cycle Regulation ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Introduction: The molecular mechanisms of cerebral ischemia damage and protection are not completely understood, but a number of reports implicate the contribution of lipid metabolism and cell-cycle regulating proteins in stroke out come. We have previously shown that tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) resulted in increased ceramide levels after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). We hypothesized that D609 induced cell cycle arrest probably by inhibiting sphingomyelin synthase (SMS). In this study, we examined the direct effects of SMS on cell cycle progression and proliferation of neuroblast cells. Methods: Ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion. Expression levels were measured by western blot analysis, RT-PCR, and Immunofluorescence staining. SMS1 and 2 expressions were silenced by stable transfection with SMS1/2-targeted shRNA. Cell cycle analysis was performed using Flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using MODFIT cell cycle analysis program. Cell proliferation rate was measured by MTT assay. Results: We have identified that the expression of SMS1is significantly up-regulated in the ischemic hemisphere following MCAO. Neuro-2a cells transfected with SMS specific ShRNA acquired more neuronal like phenotype and exhibited decreased proliferation rate. Also, silencing of both SMS1 and 2 induced cell-cycle arrest as shown by significantly increased percentage of cells in G0/G1 and decreased proportion of cells in S-phase as compared to control cells. This was accompanied by up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors p21 and decreased levels of phophorylated AKT levels. Furthermore, loss of SMS inhibited the migratory potential of Neuro 2a cells. Summary: Up-regulation of SMS under ischemic/reperfusion conditions suggests that this enzyme potentially contributes to cell cycle regulation and may contribute to maintaining neuronal cell population. Further studies may open up a new direction for identifying the molecular mechanisms of cell cycle regulation and protection following ischemic stroke

Abstract 20492: Mlf1 Regulates Myocyte Proliferation in Postnatal Hearts

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalini Muralidhar ◽  
Feng Xiao ◽  
Suwannee Thet ◽  
Hesham Sadek
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gene Array ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Cardiomyocyte Proliferation ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Endogenous Expression

Lower vertebrates, such as newt and zebrafish, retain a robust cardiac regenerative capacity following injury. Although adult mammals lack this cardiac regenerative potential, there is ample interest in understanding how heart regeneration occurs, and to reawaken this process in adult humans. Recently, we showed that mice are capable of regenerating their hearts shortly after birth following injury. This regenerative response is associated with robust proliferation of cardiomyocytes without significant hypertrophy or fibrosis. However, this regenerative capacity is lost by 7 days postnatally, coinciding with cell cycle arrest. In an effort to determine the mechanism of cardiomyocytes cell cycle arrest after the first week of life, we performed a gene array after cardiac injury at multiple post-natal time points. This enabled us to identify a number of transcription factors that are differentially expressed during this postnatal window. We recently reported that one of these transcription factors Meis1 regulates postnatal cell cycle arrest of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, Myeloid leukemia factor 1 (Mlf1), a bhlh transcription factor that has not been previously studied in the heart has similar dysregulated pattern following injury. Our preliminary data with in-vitro knockdown of Mlf1 in cardiomyocyte resulted in 2-fold increase in cardiomyocyte proliferation. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry results indicated that the endogenous expression and nuclear localization of Mlf1 in the post-natal cardiomyocytes coincides with cell cycle arrest. To explore this pattern, we generated a cardiomyocyte-specific Mlf1 knockout mouse, and showed that loss of Mlf1 results in robust cardiomyocyte proliferation in postnatal hearts (P14). Additionally, we confirmed previous reports that Mlf1 regulates p53 and induces cell cycle arrest by induction of CDK inhibitors like p21 and p57 in these Mlf1 KO mice. This suggests a role of Mlf1 in promoting reactivation of injured myocardium through induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation. These findings will further provide evidences of molecular mechanisms involved in the dormant regenerative capacity in adult mammals that can be a potential target of therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Emerging treatment options for patients with p53-pathway-deficient CLL

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 204062071989135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa J. L. Aitken ◽  
Hun J. Lee ◽  
Sean M. Post
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Tumor Suppressors ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Neoplastic Transformation ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
P53 Pathway ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cycle Arrest

Over the past 40 years, p53 has been the most widely studied protein in cancer biology. Originally thought to be an oncogene due to its stabilization in many cancers, it is now considered to be one of the most critical tumor suppressors in a cell’s ability to combat neoplastic transformation. Due to its critical roles in apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, and senescence, TP53 deletions and mutations are commonly observed and are often a portent of treatment failures and poor clinical outcomes. This is particularly true in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), as patients with p53 alterations have historically had dismal outcomes. As such, the tremendous efforts made to better understand the functions of p53 in CLL have contributed substantially to recent advances in treating patients with p53-pathway-deficient CLL.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms of LKB1 induced cell cycle arrest

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian-sheng Zhong ◽  
Lin-lin Sun ◽  
Li-xia Dong
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cycle Arrest

MicroRNA-1225-5p acts as a tumor-suppressor in laryngeal cancer via targeting CDC14B

2019 ◽  
Vol 400 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Sun ◽  
Dan Zhang ◽  
Haiping Huang ◽  
Yafeng Yu ◽  
Zhendong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the role of miRNA-1225-5p (miR-1225) in laryngeal carcinoma (LC). We found that the expression of miR-1225 was suppressed in human LC samples, while CDC14B (cell division cycle 14B) expression was reinforced in comparison with surrounding normal tissues. We also demonstrated that enhanced expression of miR-1225 impaired the proliferation and survival of LC cells, and resulted in G1/S cell cycle arrest. In contrast, reduced expression of miR-1225 promoted cell survival. Moreover, miR-1225 resulted in G1/S cell cycle arrest and enhanced cell death. Further, miR-1225 targets CDC14B 3′-UTR and recovery of CDC14B expression counteracted the suppressive influence of miR-1225 on LC cells. Thus, these findings offer insight into the biological and molecular mechanisms behind the development of LC.

scholarly journals ROS-Mediated Apoptosis and Genotoxicity Induced by Palladium Nanoparticles in Human Skin Malignant Melanoma Cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saud Alarifi ◽  
Daoud Ali ◽  
Saad Alkahtani ◽  
Rafa S. Almeer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Palladium Nanoparticles ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
A375 Cells

The present work was designed to investigate the effect of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) on human skin malignant melanoma (A375) cells, for example, induction of apoptosis, cytotoxicity, and DNA damage. Diseases resulting from dermal exposure may have a significant impact on human health. There is a little study that has been reported on the toxic potential of PdNPs on A375. Cytotoxic potential of PdNPs (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/ml) was measured by tetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) and NRU assay in A375 cells. PdNPs elicited concentration and time-dependent cytotoxicity, and longer exposure period induced more cytotoxicity as measured by MTT and NRU assay. The molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were investigated by AO (acridine orange)/EtBr (ethidium bromide) stain and flow cytometry. PdNPs not only inhibit proliferation of A375 cells in a dose- and time-dependent model but also induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase (before 12 h) and S phase (after 24 h). The induction of oxidative stress in A375 cells treated with above concentration PdNPs for 24 and 48 h increased ROS level; on the other hand, glutathione level was declined. Apoptosis and DNA damage was significantly increased after treatment of PdNPs. Considering all results, PdNPs showed cytotoxicity and genotoxic effect in A375 cells.

Molecular mechanisms of G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by terfenadine in human cancer cells

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Dean Liu ◽  
Ying-Jan Wang ◽  
Chien-Ho Chen ◽  
Cheng-Fei Yu ◽  
Li-Ching Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Human Cancer Cells ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
G1 Cell Cycle Arrest

scholarly journals Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Regulatory Functions in Human T Cells at Multiple Levels

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 2537-2551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Anderson ◽  
Elena Gonzalez-Rey
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Cell Cycle Arrest ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Human T Cells

ABSTRACT Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a potent anti-inflammatory neuropeptide that, by inhibiting Th1-driven responses and inducing the emergence of regulatory T cells (Treg), has been proven successful in the induction of tolerance in various experimental models of autoimmune disorders. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in VIP-induced tolerance. VIP treatment in the presence of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and CD28 costimulation induced cell cycle arrest in human T cells. VIP blocked G1/S transition and inhibited the synthesis of cyclins D3 and E and the activation of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) cdk2 and cdk4. This effect was accompanied by maintenance of threshold levels of the CDK inhibitor p27kip1 and impairment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling. Inhibition of interleukin 2 (IL-2) transcription and downregulation of signaling through NFAT, AP-1, and Ras-Raf paralleled the VIP-induced cell cycle arrest. Noteworthy from a functional point of view is the fact that VIP-treated T cells show a regulatory phenotype characterized by high expression of CD25, cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), and Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) and potent suppressive activities against effector T cells. CTLA4 appears to be critically involved in the generation and suppressive activities of VIP-induced Treg. Finally, cyclic AMP (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) activation seems to mediate the VIP-induced cell cycle arrest and Treg generation.

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