scholarly journals Signatures and Clinical Significance of Amino Acid Flux in Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Dai ◽  
Taiping Lin ◽  
Jirong Yue ◽  
Lunzhi Dai
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Healthcare Research ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Amino Acid Flux

BackgroundDysregulation of amino acids is closely linked to the initiation and progression of sarcopenia. We summarized recent advancements in the studies of amino acid profiles in sarcopenia and systematically presented the clinical significance of amino acid flux in sarcopenia.MethodsWe systematically searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library from inception to June 1, 2021 to capture all studies examining metabolomics of sarcopenia. We used the following keywords: sarcopenia, metabonomics, metabolomics, amino acid profile, and mass spectrometry. Original articles comparing amino acid patterns between persons with and without sarcopenia were included. Two independent investigators independently completed title and abstract screening, data extraction, and quality evaluation. We used a random effects model to examine the association between amino acids levels and sarcopenia. Sensitivity analyses restricted the analyses to studies in which muscle mass was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Study quality was evaluated according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) checklist.ResultsThe systematic research yielded six eligible articles, comprising 1,120 participants. Five studies used muscle mass in combination with physical performance and/or muscle strength as the criteria to diagnose sarcopenia, while one study used muscle mass as a diagnostic criterion alone. We found that the concentrations of branched-chain amino acids leucine (standardized mean difference [SMD] -1.249; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.275, -0.223, P = 0.02, I2 = 97.7%), isoleucine (SMD -1.077; 95% CI: -2.106, -0.049, P = 0.04, I2 = 97.8%), and aromatic amino acid tryptophan (SMD -0.923; 95% CI: -1.580, -0.265, P = 0.01, I2 = 89.9%) were significantly reduced in individuals with sarcopenia. Study results were robust in sensitivity analysis.ConclusionsThe homeostasis of amino acids is critical to maintaining muscle health. The profiles of amino acids might be useful biomarkers for the characterization of sarcopenia. Future studies are warranted to study the clinical significance of amino acids in the diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia.

scholarly journals Nutritional interventions in sarcopenia: a critical review

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Hickson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Nutrition Intervention ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
Nutritional Studies

The aim of the present paper is to critically review the details of the published nutrition intervention trials, with and without exercise, targeting sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass, strength and/or performance with age. Since amino acids and energy are required for muscle synthesis it is possible that nutritional intake influences sarcopenia. Nutritional studies are challenging to carry out because of the complexity of modulating dietary intake. It is very difficult to change one nutrient without influencing many others, which means that many of the published studies are problematic to interpret. The studies included evaluate whole protein, essential amino acids and β-hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate (HMB). Whole-protein supplementation failed to show a consistent effect on muscle mass, strength or function. This can be explained by the variations in study design, composition of the protein supplement and the failure to monitor voluntary food intake, adherence and baseline nutritional status. Essential amino-acid supplements showed an inconsistent effect but there are only two trials that have significant differences in methodology and the supplement used. The HMB studies are suggestive of a beneficial effect on older adults, but larger well-controlled studies are required that measure outcomes relevant to sarcopenia, ideally in sarcopenic populations. The issues of timing and distribution of protein intake, and increased splanchnic amino-acid sequestration are discussed, and recommendations for future trials are made.

scholarly journals 586Effects of maternal circulating amino acids on offspring birthweight: a Mendelian randomisation analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Zhao ◽  
Rachel Freathy ◽  
David Evans ◽  
Nicole Warrington ◽  
Claudia Langenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Mendelian Randomisation ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Reverse Causality

Abstract Background It is suggested amino acids are critical for fetal growth, but analyses assessing causality are lacking. Mendelian randomisation (MR) can be used to examine causal effects under instrumental variable (IV) assumptions. Methods We conducted a two-sample MR study utilizing summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of amino acids (sample 1, n = 86,507) and of offspring birthweight (sample 2, combined UK Biobank and Early Growth Genetics Consortium, n = 406,063). Seventy-five independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) robustly associated with 18 amino acids (p < 4.9 × 10-10) were used as genetic instruments. Wald ratio and inverse variance weighted methods were used in MR main analysis. Sensitivity analyses were performed to explore IV assumption violations. To explore whether there was consistency between SNP-amino acid associations in pregnancy and in the GWAS, the latter were compared to associations in the Born in Bradford cohort. Results There was evidence of positive causal effects of maternal alanine (51.9 g birthweight increase per SD increase in amino acid level, 95% CI: 24.2, 79.5), glutamine (51.3 g, 95% CI: 33.5, 69.0), glycine (10.4 g, 95% CI: 1.3, 19.6) and serine (27.1 g, 95% CI: 11.2, 43.0) on birthweight and inverse causal effects of maternal isoleucine (-109.7 g, 95% CI: -194.6, -24.9) and histidine (-41.1 g, 95% CI: -78.5, -3.7) on birthweight. Sensitivity analyses to explore reverse causality and bias due to horizontal pleiotropy supported our findings. Conclusions Some maternal circulating amino acids have causal effects on birthweight. Key messages MR can be extended to probe effects of maternal nutrition on offspring development.

Amino Acids in Premature Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 680-681
Author(s):  
WILLIAM C. HEIRD
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Peripheral Vein ◽  
Term Infants

In Reply.— Dr Raiha is correct. Our data1 do not necessarily "refute" the concept of the LBW infant's metabolic immaturity. However, they raise the issue of the clinical significance of the well-documented developmental delays in hepatic activities of several enzymes involved in metabolism of amino acids. Specifically, these data suggest that enzymatic immaturities are of limited clinical significance with respect to the LBW infant's tolerance of parenterally administered amino acids. No differences in plasma amino acid pattern were observed between LBW infants weighing less than 1,250 g at birth and those weighing more than 1,250 g, between the LBW infant population1 and the population of term infants and older children studied earlier,2 or between LBW infants who received a typical peripheral vein regimen and those who received a typical central vein regimen.

scholarly journals How to Overcome Anabolic Resistance in Dialysis-Treated Patients?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Garibotto ◽  
Michela Saio ◽  
Francesca Aimasso ◽  
Elisa Russo ◽  
Daniela Picciotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
Anabolic Resistance

A current hypothesis is that dialysis-treated patients are “anabolic resistant” i. e., their muscle protein synthesis (MPS) response to anabolic stimuli is blunted, an effect which leads to muscle wasting and poor physical performance in aging and in several chronic diseases. The importance of maintaining muscle mass and MPS is often neglected in dialysis-treated patients; better than to describe mechanisms leading to energy-protein wasting, the aim of this narrative review is to suggest possible strategies to overcome anabolic resistance in this patient's category. Food intake, in particular dietary protein, and physical activity, are the two major anabolic stimuli. Unfortunately, dialysis patients are often aged and have a sedentary behavior, all conditions which per se may induce a state of “anabolic resistance.” In addition, patients on dialysis are exposed to amino acid or protein deprivation during the dialysis sessions. Unfortunately, the optimal amount and formula of protein/amino acid composition in supplements to maximixe MPS is still unknown in dialysis patients. In young healthy subjects, 20 g whey protein maximally stimulate MPS. However, recent observations suggest that dialysis patients need greater amounts of proteins than healthy subjects to maximally stimulate MPS. Since unneccesary amounts of amino acids could stimulate ureagenesis, toxins and acid production, it is urgent to obtain information on the optimal dose of proteins or amino acids/ketoacids to maximize MPS in this patients' population. In the meantime, the issue of maintaining muscle mass and function in dialysis-treated CKD patients needs not to be overlooked by the kidney community.

scholarly journals RESEARCH OF TECHNO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GYMNOCANTHUS HERZENSTEINI

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-160
Author(s):  
Alevtina Yugay ◽  
Tatyana Boitsova ◽  
Alexander Pechnikov
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Study Results ◽  
By Catch ◽  
Far Eastern

The article considers the problem of the rational use of aquatic biological resources in the modern fishing process, which can be partially solved by the complex processing of hydrobionts, the by-catch being underutilized. Gobies or sculpins make about 22% of the by-catch in the catch of commercial fish species in the Far Eastern fishery basin. It is a promising fishing object, the biological value of which was studied earlier and proved in the recent studies. Despite the available reserves, gobies are not used for developing the food products or feed flour. The frequent reasons for low demand for products from such non-commercial raw materials can be: the lack of modern data on the chemical composition of the edible part, data on biological safety, methods of technological processing of raw materials and technology for obtaining food products. There are presented the study results on the size, mass and technological characteristics of Far Eastern stag-horn sculpin belonging to gobies Cottidae Gymnocanthus (Gymnocanthus Herzensteini). There is shown the relationship between the fish mass and the mass of muscle tissue, between the fish length and weight, and the fish weight and mass of the head. The yield of secondary raw materials (heads, entrails, bones, fins) has been determined. Based on the conducted chemical analysis, it was found out that Far Eastern staghorn sculpin belongs to the protein species of fish (19%) with a low lipid content (up to 2%). For the first time, the amino acid and fatty acid composition of proteins and lipids of fish muscle tissue has been investigated. It has been stated that the muscle tissue contains all essential amino acids, the rate of which is more than 100%. The objective indicators of the biological value of muscle tissue proteins were determined: the coefficients of difference between the amino acid rate, utility of amino acids, protein-water and lipid-protein coefficients were calculated. The content of macro- and micro-elements has been studied. It was inferred that the maximum permissible concentration of arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead do not exceed the maximum permissible level.

scholarly journals Ingestion of Insect Protein Isolate Enhances Blood Amino Acid Concentrations Similar to Soy Protein in A Human Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Vangsoe ◽  
Rebekka Thogersen ◽  
Hanne Bertram ◽  
Lars-Henrik Heckmann ◽  
Mette Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Amino Acid Availability

Background: Increased amino acid availability stimulates muscle protein synthesis (MPS), which is critical for maintaining or increasing muscle mass when combined with training. Previous research suggests that whey protein is superior to soy protein in regard to stimulating MPS and muscle mass. Nevertheless, with respect to a future lack of dietary protein and an increasing need for using eco-friendly protein sources it is of great interest to investigate the quality of alternative protein sources, like insect protein. Objective: Our aim was to compare the postprandial amino acid (AA) availability and AA profile in the blood after ingestion of protein isolate from the lesser mealworm, whey isolate, and soy isolate. Design: Six healthy young men participated in a randomized cross-over study and received three different protein supplementations (25 g of crude protein from whey, soy, insect or placebo (water)) on four separate days. Blood samples were collected at pre, 0 min, 20 min, 40 min, 60 min, 90 min, and 120 min. Physical activity and dietary intake were standardized before each trial, and participants were instructed to be fasting from the night before. AA concentrations in blood samples were determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Results: A significant rise in blood concentration of essential amino acids (EAA), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and leucine was detected over the 120 min period for all protein supplements. Nevertheless, the change in AA profile was significantly greater after ingestion of whey than soy and insect protein (p < 0.05). Area under the curve (AUC) analysis and AA profile revealed comparable AA concentrations for soy and insect protein, whereas whey promoted a ~97% and ~140% greater AUC value than soy and insect protein, respectively. A tendency towards higher AA concentrations beyond the 120 min period was observed for insect protein. Conclusion: We report that ingestion of whey, soy, and insect protein isolate increases blood concentrations of EAA, BCAA, and leucine over a 120 min period (whey > insect = soy). Insect protein induced blood AA concentrations similar to soy protein. However, a tendency towards higher blood AA concentrations at the end of the 120 min period post ingestion was observed for insect protein, which indicates that it can be considered a “slow” digestible protein source.

scholarly journals Development, amino acid utilization and cell allocation in bovine embryos after in vitro production in contrasting culture systems

Reproduction ◽  
2002 ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kuran ◽  
JJ Robinson ◽  
DS Brown ◽  
TG McEvoy
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
De Novo Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Flux ◽  
Protein Free Medium

The effects of protein-supplemented and protein-free media on amino acid uptake, protein synthesis and cell differentiation in bovine blastocysts were investigated. Four formulations of synthetic oviduct fluid were used. Each formulation was identified by the principal supplement: bovine serum albumin (0.4%, w/v); polyvinyl alcohol (0.3%, w/v); or either of two steer sera (10%, v/v). After zygote culture, blastocyst yields (day 7.5) were lowest in protein-free medium and highest in albumin-supplemented medium. Subsequent 12 h incubation in the presence of both essential and non-essential amino acids was used for the measurement of amino acid flux. All blastocysts released alanine but consumed aspartate (P < 0.001) and the extent was influenced by prior culture conditions. Aspartate uptake was lower in blastocysts produced in protein-free conditions (P < 0.05) than in blastocysts produced in albumin-supplemented conditions. Consumption indices for 16 other amino acids were not influenced by blastocyst source. Cell counts and hatching incidences were highest for albumin-supplemented blastocysts, but were similar among blastocysts from the protein-free and serum-dependent treatments. Crucially, the use of protein-free medium for zygote culture did not compromise resultant blastocysts in terms of either de novo protein synthesis ([3H]phenylalanine incorporation) or trophectoderm function (phenotype based on interferon-tau detection). Thus, although blastocyst yields were compromised after zygote culture in a protein-free (vis-a-vis albumin-supplemented) medium, amino acid flux was qualitatively conserved, and only quantitatively modified in the case of alanine and aspartate. Moreover, vital properties of blastocysts that were produced, including de novo protein synthesis and trophectodermal cell function, apparently were not adversely affected by protein deprivation.

scholarly journals Evolutionary significance of amino acid permease transporters in 17 plants from Chlorophyta to Angiospermae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Nana Kong ◽  
Minxuan Cao ◽  
Dongdong Wang ◽  
Yue Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Amino Acid Permease ◽  
Group I ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Duplication Events ◽  
Clade 1

Abstract Background: Nitrogen is an indispensable nutrient for plant growth. It is used and transported in the form of amino acids in living organisms. Transporting amino acids to various parts of plants requires relevant transport proteins, such as amino acid permeases ( AAP s), which were our focus in this study. Results: We found that 5 AAP genes were present in Chlorophyte species and more AAP genes were predicted in Bryophyta and Lycophytes. Two main groups were defined and group I comprised 5 clades. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that the origin of clades 2, 3, and 4 is Gymnospermae and that these clades are closely related. The members of clade 1 included Chlorophyta to Gymnospermae. Group II, as a new branch consisting of non-seed plants, is first proposed in our research. Our results also indicated that the AAP family was already present in Chlorophyta and then expanded accompanying the development of vasculature. Concurrently, the AAP family experienced multiple duplication events that promoted the generation of new functions and differentiation of sub-functions. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the AAP gene originated in Chlorophyta, and some non-seed AAP genes clustered in one group. A second group, which contained plants of all evolutionary stages, indicated the evolution of AAP s. These new findings can be used to guide future research.

scholarly journals Evolutionary significance of amino acid permease transporters in 17 plants from Chlorophyta to Angiospermae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Nana Kong ◽  
Minxuan Cao ◽  
Dongdong Wang ◽  
Yue Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Amino Acid Permease ◽  
Group I ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Duplication Events ◽  
Clade 1

Abstract Background: Nitrogen is an indispensable nutrient for plant growth. It is used and transported in the form of amino acids in living organisms. Transporting amino acids to various parts of plants requires relevant transport proteins, such as amino acid permeases (AAPs), which were our focus in this study. Results: We found that 5 AAP genes were present in Chlorophyte species and more AAP genes were predicted in Bryophyta and Lycophytes. Two main groups were defined and group I comprised 5 clades. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that the origin of clades 2, 3, and 4 is Gymnospermae and that these clades are closely related. The members of clade 1 included Chlorophyta to Gymnospermae. Group II, as a new branch consisting of non-seed plants, is first proposed in our research. Our results also indicated that the AAP family was already present in Chlorophyta and then expanded accompanying the development of vasculature. Concurrently, the AAP family experienced multiple duplication events that promoted the generation of new functions and differentiation of sub-functions. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the AAP gene originated in Chlorophyta, and some non-seed AAP genes clustered in one group. A second group, which contained plants of all evolutionary stages, indicated the evolution of AAPs. These new findings can be used to guide future research.

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