scholarly journals The Gut Microbiome and Sex Hormone-Related Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song He ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Zehui Yu ◽  
Faming Zhang ◽  
Sicheng Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Hormonal System ◽  
Bidirectional Interactions ◽  
Shed Light

The role of the gut microbiome has been a hot topic in recent years. One aim of this review is to shed light on the crosstalk between sex hormones and the gut microbiome. Researchers have observed a sex bias of the composition of the gut microbiome in mice and have proved that sex differences influence the composition of the gut microbiome, although the influence is usually obscured by genetic variations. Via cell studies, animal studies and some observational studies in humans, researchers have confirmed that the gut microbiome can be shaped by the hormonal environment. On other hand, some theories suggest that the gut microbiota regulates the levels of sex hormones via interactions among its metabolites, the immune system, chronic inflammation and some nerve-endocrine axes, such as the gut-brain axis. In addition, bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and the hormonal system have also been observed, and the mechanisms of these interactions are being explored. We further describe the role of the gut microbiome in sex hormone-related diseases, such as ovarian cancer, postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP), polycystic ovary syndrome and type 1 diabetes. Among these diseases, PMOP is described in detail. Finally, we discuss the treatments of these diseases and the application prospects of microbial intervention.

scholarly journals Regulatory Role of Sex Hormones in Cardiovascular Calcification

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4620
Author(s):  
Holly J. Woodward ◽  
Dongxing Zhu ◽  
Patrick W. F. Hadoke ◽  
Victoria E. MacRae
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Primary Male

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification, are well documented. High levels of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular calcification, whilst estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, is considered cardioprotective. Current understanding of sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular calcification is still very limited. This review assesses the evidence that the actions of sex hormones influence the development of cardiovascular calcification. We address the current question of whether sex hormones could play a role in the sexual dimorphism seen in cardiovascular calcification, by discussing potential mechanisms of actions of sex hormones and evidence in pre-clinical research. More advanced investigations and understanding of sex hormones in calcification could provide a better translational outcome for those suffering with cardiovascular calcification.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Approach to PTSD: In the Aspects of Rat Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asli Aykac ◽  
Rasime Kalkan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder and develops after exposure to life-threatening traumatic experiences. The risk factors of PTSD included genetic factors; alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis; neurotrophic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and catecholaminergic systems; and a variety of environmental factors, such as war, accident, natural disaster, pandemic, physical, or sexual abuse, that cause stress or trauma in individuals. To be able to understand the molecular background of PTSD, rodent animal models are widely used by researchers. When looking for a solution for PTSD, it is important to consider preexisting genetic risk factors and physiological, molecular, and biochemical processes caused by trauma that may cause susceptibility to this disorder. In studies, it is reported that epigenetic mechanisms play important roles in the biological response affected by environmental factors, as well as the task of programming cell identity. In this article, we provided an overview of the role of epigenetic modifications in understanding the biology of PTSD. We also summarized the data from animal studies and their importance during the investigation of PTSD. This study shed light on the epigenetic background of stress and PTSD.

scholarly journals Role of Sex Hormones at Different Physiobiological Conditions and Therapeutic Potential in MBD2 Mediated Severe Asthma

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Binaya Wasti ◽  
Zhifeng Chen ◽  
Yi Ke ◽  
Wen Tao Duan ◽  
Shao-Kun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Asthma ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Asthma Prevalence ◽  
Term Survival

Sex hormone has become a “hot topic” to evaluate the hormonal therapeutic potential in severe asthma. Th17 cell is one of the main influencing factors involved in the pathogenesis of severe asthma, hence also called as kernel of severe asthma, and Th17 subtype of non-T2 asthma is less responsive (resistance) to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), so severe in nature. Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) is overexpressed and regulates the Th17 differentiation, showing the possibility of therapeutic target in treating Th17 mediated severe asthma. Sex hormone fluctuates at the different physiobiological conditions of the human body and affects the asthma pathobiology showing its role in asthma prevalence, severity, remission, and therapy. This review briefly overviews the sex hormones, their influence in asthma at the different physiobiological conditions of human body, and MBD2 severe asthma connection with the possible therapeutic potential of sex steroids in MBD2 mediated Th17 predominant severe asthma. Male sex hormone tends to show a beneficial effect and possibly downregulates the expression of Th17 cells via regulating MBD2 through a mechanism distinct from corticosteroid treatment and guides us towards discovery of new therapeutic agent, reduces the asthma-related complications, and promotes long-term survival by lowering the risk of therapy-resistant issues of old age severe asthma.

scholarly journals The Role of Apelin in the Functioning of the Reproductive System

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
A. O. Shpakov ◽  
K. V. Derkach
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Cancer Information ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Follicular Cells ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Wide Range

Adipokine apelin through the apelin receptors activates a wide range of signaling cascades in the target cells and controls their growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and energy metabolism. In the recent years, the evidence has been obtained that all components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis, in which apelin and its receptor are expressed, are targets of apelin. In the hypothalamus, apelin modulates the activity of the melanocortin and ghrelin systems and indirectly affects the production of gonadoliberin. In the ovaries, it controls the growth and maturation of the follicles, stimulates the angiogenesis, and affects the basal and stimulated by the other factors steroidogenic activity in follicular cells. The changes in the apelin signaling system are closely associated with dysfunctions of the female reproductive system, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and cancer. Information on the regulation of the male reproductive system by apelin is limited to animal studies showing the effect of apelin on the hypothalamic components of the gonad axis. The participation of apelin in the regulation of the reproductive system opens up the broad opportunities for the development of new approaches for the correction of abnormalities in this system and for the treatment of infertility.

scholarly journals A Literature Review of Women’s Sex Hormone Changes by Acupuncture Treatment: Analysis of Human and Animal Studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jade Heejae Ko ◽  
Seung-Nam Kim
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Acupuncture Treatment ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Meaningful Change ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Gynecological Disorders ◽  
Treatment Analysis

Background. It has been known that acupuncture treatment relieves gynecological disorders such as menopause, ovarian dysfunction, and dysmenorrhea. Sex hormones, including estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropins, are related to the women disease. However, regulative effect of acupuncture on sex hormones has not been fully identified. Methods. Acupuncture articles including analysis of sex hormones were searched in electronic databases from inception to June 2018. The methodological quality was assessed using modified CAMRADES tool. A total of 23 articles were selected and analyzed. Results. In the results, overall studies showed that acupuncture increases estrogen, especially estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and other hormones. Estradiol level was increased in most of studies except 3 studies which resulted in decreased level or not meaningful change. Two studies showed increase of FSH and LH whereas it was decreased in other studies. Other hormones were mostly increased by acupuncture. Conclusion. This study possibly indicates that acupuncture changes sex hormone in various gynecological conditions in women.

scholarly journals The role of epigenetics in the pathology of diabetic complications

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (1) ◽  
pp. F14-F25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa M. Villeneuve ◽  
Rama Natarajan
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Metabolic Memory ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Methylation Patterns

Diabetes is associated with significantly accelerated rates of several debilitating microvascular complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, and macrovascular complications such as atherosclerosis and stroke. While several studies have been devoted to the evaluation of genetic factors related to type 1 and type 2 diabetes and associated complications, much less is known about epigenetic changes that occur without alterations in the DNA sequence. Environmental factors and nutrition have been implicated in diabetes and can also affect epigenetic states. Exciting research has shown that epigenetic changes in chromatin can affect gene transcription in response to environmental stimuli, and changes in key chromatin histone methylation patterns have been noted under diabetic conditions. Reports also suggest that epigenetics may be involved in the phenomenon of metabolic memory observed in clinic trials and animal studies. Further exploration into epigenetic mechanisms can yield new insights into the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications and uncover potential therapeutic targets and treatment options to prevent the continued development of diabetic complications even after glucose control has been achieved.

scholarly journals The Role of Sex Hormones in Multiple Sclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirla Avila ◽  
Arpana Bansal ◽  
John Culberson ◽  
Alan N. Peiris
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelination disorder with an immune-mediated pathophysiology that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Like other autoimmune conditions, it has a predilection for female gender. This suggests a gender bias and a possible hormonal association. Inflammation and demyelination are hallmarks of MS. Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the CNS and these continue to be generated by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). The process of remyelination represents a major form of plasticity in the developing adult CNS. Remyelination does occur in MS, but the process is largely inadequate and/or incomplete. Current treatment strategies primarily focus on reducing inflammation or immunosuppression, but there is a need for more extensive research on re-myelination as a possible mechanism of treatment. Previous studies have shown that pregnancy leads to an increase in OPC proliferation, oligodendrocyte generation and the number of myelinated axons in the maternal CNS. Studies have also suggested that this remyelination is possibly mediated by estriol. Sex hormones in particular have been shown to have an immuno-protective effect in TH1-driven autoimmunity diseases. The aim of our article is to review the available research on sex hormone-specific immune modulatory effects, assess its remyelination potential in MS, and suggest a future path for more extensive research on sex hormone as a target for therapeutics in MS.

scholarly journals Role of Vitamin D in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 662-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rada Miskovic ◽  
Aleksandra Plavsic ◽  
Jasna Bolpacic ◽  
Sanvila Raskovic ◽  
Mirjana Bogic
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Systemic Lupus

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that in addition to its well known role in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus exerts immunoregulatory properties. Data from animal studies and from prospective clinical trials on patients with rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes point to the potential role of vitamin D as important environmental factor in the development of autoimmune diseases. Such role of vitamin D in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has not yet been sufficiently studied. This review shows the sources, metabolism and mechanism of action of vitamin D, its effect on the cells of the immune system, prevalence and causes of vitamin D deficiency in patients with SLE, the link between vitamin D status and disease activity as well as recommendations for vitamin D supplementation.

Stress Induced Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Vaishnav Priti Baludas ◽  
Kadam Kavita Shivaji ◽  
Kalunkhe Amruta Dadasaheb ◽  
Pagar Swati Aappasaheb ◽  
Musmade Deepak Sitaram
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Control Of Diabetes ◽  
Natural Element ◽  
Stressful Experience

Many evidences suggested that stressful experience might affect diabetes. The estimate of the actual number of diabetes in India is around 40 million. This means India actually has the highest number of diabetic’s patient of any one country in entire world. No doubt, one of the natural element of life i.e. Stress is a major contributor to the diabetes. Stress can bring many unexpected changes in the blood sugar level; this could trigger symptoms associated with diabetes. Some retrospective human studies have suggested that the stress can participate in Type-1 diabetes, animal studies have shown that stress can cause Type-1 diabetes. impaired glucose tolerance and metabolic disease, however human studies have shown that stress can stimulate hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance. In contrast more consistentevidence support the role of stress in Type-2 diabetes. In recent year the complexities of the relationship between stress and diabetes have become well known but have been less well researched. Some studies have suggested that stressful experience may affect the onset and the metabolic control of diabetes, but finding have often been inconclusive. In this article we reviewed some of this research going on to consider how stress might affect the diabetes and physiological mechanism through which this may occurs and their preventions and management.

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