Diverse Heat Tolerance of the Yeast Symbionts of Platycerus Stag Beetles in Japan

The genus Platycerus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) is a small stag beetle group, which is adapted to cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in East Asia. Ten Platycerus species in Japan form a monophyletic clade endemic to Japan and inhabit species-specific climatic zones. They are reported to have co-evolutionary associations with their yeast symbionts of the genus Sheffersomyces based on host cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and yeast intergenic spacer (IGS) phylogenies. Here we examined the heat tolerances of the yeast colonies isolated from the mycangia of 37 females belonging ten Japanese Platycerus species. The upper limits of growth and survival temperatures of each colony were decided by cultivating it at ten temperature levels between 17.5 and 40°C. Although both temperatures varied during 25.0–31.25°C, the maximum survival temperatures (MSTs) were a little higher than the maximum growth temperatures (MGTs) in 16 colonies. Pearson’s correlations between these temperatures and environmental factors (elevation and 19 bioclimatic variables from Worldclim database) of host beetle collection sites were calculated. These temperatures were significantly correlated with elevation negatively, the maximum temperature of the warmest month (Bio5) positively, and some precipitative variables, especially in the warm season (Bio12, 13, 16, 18) negatively. Sympatric Platycerus kawadai and Platycerus albisomni share the same lineage of yeast symbionts that exhibit the same heat tolerance, but the elevational lower range limit of P. kawadai is higher than that of P. albisomni. Based on the field survey in their sympatric site, the maximum temperature of host wood of P. kawadai larvae is higher about 2–3°C than that of P. albisomni larvae in the summer, which may restrict the elevational range of P. kawadai to higher area. In conclusion, it is suggested that the heat tolerance of yeast symbionts restricts the habitat range of their host Platycerus species or/and that the environmental condition that host Platycerus species prefers affect the heat tolerance of its yeast symbionts.

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Relationships between Southeast Australian Temperature Anomalies and Large-Scale Climate Drivers

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-13-00229.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 1395-1412 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Alexandre O. Fierro ◽

Lance M. Leslie

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Southern Oscillation ◽

Power Spectra ◽

Warm Season ◽

Principal Component ◽

Temperature Variability ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Past Century ◽

Tasman Sea ◽

Australian Continent

Abstract Over the past century, particularly after the 1960s, observations of mean maximum temperatures reveal an increasing trend over the southeastern quadrant of the Australian continent. Correlation analysis of seasonally averaged mean maximum temperature anomaly data for the period 1958–2012 is carried out for a representative group of 10 stations in southeast Australia (SEAUS). For the warm season (November–April) there is a positive relationship with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and an inverse relationship with the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) for most stations. For the cool season (May–October), most stations exhibit similar relationships with the AAO, positive correlations with the dipole mode index (DMI), and marginal inverse relationships with the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) and the PDO. However, for both seasons, the blocking index (BI, as defined by M. Pook and T. Gibson) in the Tasman Sea (160°E) clearly is the dominant climate mode affecting maximum temperature variability in SEAUS with negative correlations in the range from r = −0.30 to −0.65. These strong negative correlations arise from the usual definition of BI, which is positive when blocking high pressure systems occur over the Tasman Sea (near 45°S, 160°E), favoring the advection of modified cooler, higher-latitude maritime air over SEAUS. A point-by-point correlation with global sea surface temperatures (SSTs), principal component analysis, and wavelet power spectra support the relationships with ENSO and DMI. Notably, the analysis reveals that the maximum temperature variability of one group of stations is explained primarily by local factors (warmer near-coastal SSTs), rather than teleconnections with large-scale drivers.

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Understanding Land-Atmosphere-Climate Coupling from the Canadian Prairie Dataset

10.20944/preprints201811.0217.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Alan K Betts ◽

Raymond L Desjardins

Keyword(s):

Snow Cover ◽

Diurnal Cycle ◽

Radiative Forcing ◽

Potential Temperature ◽

Warm Season ◽

Growing Season ◽

Cold Season ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Canadian Prairie ◽

Cloud Forcing

Analysis of the hourly Canadian Prairie data for the past 60 years has transformed our quantitative understanding of land-atmosphere-cloud coupling. The key reason is that trained observers made hourly estimates of opaque cloud fraction that obscures the sun, moon or stars, following the same protocol for 60 years at all stations. These 24 daily estimates of opaque cloud data are of sufficient quality that they can be calibrated against Baseline Surface Radiation Network data to give the climatology of the daily short-wave, longwave and total cloud forcing (SWCF, LWCF and CF). This key radiative forcing has not been available previously for climate datasets. Net cloud radiative forcing reverses sign from negative in the warm season to positive in the cold season, when reflective snow reduces the negative SWCF below the positive LWCF. This in turn leads to a large climate discontinuity with snow cover, with a systematic cooling of 10°C or more with snow cover. In addition, snow cover transforms the coupling between cloud cover and the diurnal range of temperature. In the warm season, maximum temperature increases with decreasing cloud, while minimum temperature barely changes; while in the cold season with snow cover, maximum temperature decreases with decreasing cloud and minimum temperature decreases even more. In the warm season, the diurnal ranges of temperature, relative humidity, equivalent potential temperature and the pressure height of the lifting condensation level are all tightly coupled to opaque cloud cover. Given over 600 station-years of hourly data, we are able to extract, perhaps for the first time, the coupling between cloud forcing and the warm season imbalance of the diurnal cycle; which changes monotonically from a warming and drying under clear skies to a cooling and moistening under cloudy skies with precipitation. Because we have the daily cloud radiative forci, which is large, we are able to show that the memory of water storage anomalies, from precipitation and the snowpack, goes back many months. The spring climatology shows the memory of snowfall back through the entire winter, and the memory in summer goes back to the months of snowmelt. Lagged precipitation anomalies modify the thermodynamic coupling of the diurnal cycle to the cloud forcing, and shift the diurnal cycle of mixing ratio which has a double peak. The seasonal extraction of the surface total water storage is a large damping of the interannual variability of precipitation anomalies in the growing season. The large land-use change from summer fallow to intensive cropping, which peaked in the early 1990s, has led to a coupled climate response that has cooled and moistened the growing season, lowering cloud-base, increasing equivalent potential temperature, and increasing precipitation. We show a simplified energy balance of the Prairies during the growing season and its dependence on reflective cloud.

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Development of an efficient PCR-based diagnosis protocol for the identification of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)

Nematology ◽

10.1163/1568541041217915 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 279-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Jae Soon Kang ◽

Kwang Sik Choi ◽

Sang Chul Shin ◽

Il Sung Moon ◽

Sang Gil Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intergenic Spacer ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽

5S Rrna ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Pinewood Nematode ◽

Pine Wood ◽

5S Rrna Gene ◽

Primer Sets ◽

Species Specific

Abstract Pine wood wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , has been a serious problem in the southern regions of Korea. Efficient diagnosis of B. xylophilus from infected pine wood specimens is critical for the management of this pest. Traditional microscopic examination often results in an erroneous identification because a closely related non-pathogenic species, B. mucronatus, has a great degree of morphological similarity to B. xylophilus. In an attempt to search for reliable molecular markers for the discrimination of these species, we have cloned the 5S rRNA genomic DNA fragments containing both coding and intergenic spacer (IGS) regions from B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus through a homology-probing PCR strategy. Sequence analyses revealed that coding sequences of the 5S rRNA gene from the two species are almost identical (98.3% homology) but that the IGS sequences differ substantially between the species. Based on the IGS sequence differences (69.7% homology), we designed species-specific primer sets and developed a PCR-based diagnosis protocol for the identification and discrimination of the two nematode species on a molecular basis.

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An Objective Method of Forecasting Maximum Temperatures at Salt Lake City, Utah

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society ◽

10.1175/1520-0477-39.4.202 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 202-204

Author(s):

Philip Williams

Keyword(s):

Surface Temperature ◽

Salt Lake ◽

Salt Lake City ◽

Warm Season ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Objective Method ◽

Surface Temperature Change ◽

Freezing Level ◽

Lake City ◽

Maximum Temperatures

An objective method is developed for forecasting the current day's maximum temperature at Salt Lake City during the warm season, May–October. Good results are obtained by using either the height of the freezing level or the 700-mb temperature at 0800 MST at Salt Lake City combined with the 0830 MST surface temperature and the 0530–0830 MST surface temperature change. Results are compared with subjective forecasts.

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Understanding Land–Atmosphere–Climate Coupling from the Canadian Prairie Dataset

Environments ◽

10.3390/environments5120129 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

pp. 129 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alan Betts ◽

Raymond Desjardins

Keyword(s):

Snow Cover ◽

Diurnal Cycle ◽

Radiative Forcing ◽

Potential Temperature ◽

Warm Season ◽

Growing Season ◽

Cold Season ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Canadian Prairie ◽

Cloud Forcing

Analysis of the hourly Canadian Prairie data for the past 60 years has transformed our quantitative understanding of land–atmosphere–cloud coupling. The key reason is that trained observers made hourly estimates of the opaque cloud fraction that obscures the sun, moon, or stars, following the same protocol for 60 years at all stations. These 24 daily estimates of opaque cloud data are of sufficient quality such that they can be calibrated against Baseline Surface Radiation Network data to yield the climatology of the daily short-wave, long-wave, and total cloud forcing (SWCF, LWCF and CF, respectively). This key radiative forcing has not been available previously for climate datasets. Net cloud radiative forcing changes sign from negative in the warm season, to positive in the cold season, when reflective snow reduces the negative SWCF below the positive LWCF. This in turn leads to a large climate discontinuity with snow cover, with a systematic cooling of 10 °C or more with snow cover. In addition, snow cover transforms the coupling between cloud cover and the diurnal range of temperature. In the warm season, maximum temperature increases with decreasing cloud, while minimum temperature barely changes; while in the cold season with snow cover, maximum temperature decreases with decreasing cloud, and minimum temperature decreases even more. In the warm season, the diurnal ranges of temperature, relative humidity, equivalent potential temperature, and the pressure height of the lifting condensation level are all tightly coupled to the opaque cloud cover. Given over 600 station-years of hourly data, we are able to extract, perhaps for the first time, the coupling between the cloud forcing and the warm season imbalance of the diurnal cycle, which changes monotonically from a warming and drying under clear skies to a cooling and moistening under cloudy skies with precipitation. Because we have the daily cloud radiative forcing, which is large, we are able to show that the memory of water storage anomalies, from precipitation and the snowpack, goes back many months. The spring climatology shows the memory of snowfall back through the entire winter, and the memory in summer, goes back to the months of snowmelt. Lagged precipitation anomalies modify the thermodynamic coupling of the diurnal cycle to the cloud forcing, and shift the diurnal cycle of the mixing ratio, which has a double peak. The seasonal extraction of the surface total water storage is a large damping of the interannual variability of precipitation anomalies in the growing season. The large land-use change from summer fallow to intensive cropping, which peaked in the early 1990s, has led to a coupled climate response that has cooled and moistened the growing season, lowering cloud-base, increasing equivalent potential temperature, and increasing precipitation. We show a simplified energy balance of the Prairies during the growing season, and its dependence on reflective cloud.

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Increased seedling establishment via enemy release at the upper elevational range limit of sugar maple

Ecology ◽

10.1002/ecy.1566 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 97 (11) ◽

pp. 3058-3069 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Morgane Urli ◽

Carissa D. Brown ◽

Rosela Narváez Perez ◽

Pierre-Luc Chagnon ◽

Mark Vellend

Keyword(s):

Seedling Establishment ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Enemy Release ◽

Range Limit ◽

Elevational Range

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Use of Oligonucleotide Array for Identification of Six Foodborne Pathogens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Grown on Selective Media

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-68.11.2278 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 68 (11) ◽

pp. 2278-2286 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

MIAO CHU LIN ◽

AY HUEY HUANG ◽

HAU YANG TSEN ◽

HIN-CHUNG WONG ◽

TSUNG CHAIN CHANG

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Intergenic Spacer ◽

Oligonucleotide Array ◽

Universal Primers ◽

Morphological Observation ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Nylon Membrane ◽

Selective Media ◽

Species Specific

Identification of presumptive foodborne pathogens grown on selective media may take one to several days and requires a different battery of biochemical tests for each microorganism. A molecular identification method was developed in which universal primers were used to amplify the 16S to 23S rDNA intergenic spacer of target microorganisms, and PCR products were hybridized to a panel of species-specific oligonucleotides that were immobilized on a nylon membrane. The seven target microorganisms were Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. After testing a large collection of target bacteria (29 to 51 strains) and nontarget bacteria (>500 strains), the performances (sensitivity and specificity) of the oligonucleotide array were as follows: B. cereus (100 and 77%), E. coli (100 and 100%), L. monocytogenes (100 and 90%), P. aeruginosa (100 and 100%), Salmonella (100 and 100%), S. aureus (100 and 100%), and V. parahaemolyticus (100 and 94.2%). Other species in the B. cereus group cross-hybridized to the probes used for identification of B. cereus, and positive results should be confirmed by additional morphological observation of colonies. Listeria innocua cross-reacted with probes used to identify L. monocytogenes, but a simple hemolysis test was used to differentiate the two species. Some strains of Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio mimicus cross-hybridized with probes used for identification of V. parahaemolyticus and caused false-positive reactions. The advantage of the array is that a common protocol was used to identify the seven target microorganisms and multiple different microorganisms could be simultaneously identified on a single array.

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Rapid and Simple Detection of Trichosporon asahii by Optimized Colony PCR

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/1803278 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Dequan Zhang ◽

Xuelian Lu ◽

Yong Liao ◽

Zhikuan Xia ◽

Zhuoying Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Extraction ◽

Intergenic Spacer ◽

Glass Beads ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Trichosporon Asahii ◽

Colony Pcr ◽

Extraction And Purification ◽

Simple Detection ◽

Mock Infection ◽

Species Specific

Trichosporon asahii is the major pathogen causing invasive trichosporonosis. Conventional methods of its detection are time-consuming or costly and often require complex DNA extraction and purification steps, which hinders rapid clinical diagnosis. In this study, we evaluated colony PCR, which directly uses colonies or trace clinical samples as the template for amplification, for rapid detection of T. asahii infection. Four methods, namely, direct colony, freeze-thaw, glass beads, and enzymolysis, were compared to select the best DNA extraction strategy. We subsequently designed and screened species-specific primers targeting the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) of the ribosomal DNA of T. asahii and used them to detect mock infection clinical samples. The species-specific colony PCR based on glass beads proved advantageous, with short procedure time (154.8 ± 0.6 min), good sensitivity (detection limit, 102 CFU/mL), and specificity for T. asahii, indicating that this method can be used for the rapid and simple identification of clinical samples of T. asahii infection.

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Comparison of Static and Dynamic Assays When Quantifying Thermal Plasticity of Drosophilids

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11080537 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 537

Author(s):

Christian Winther Bak ◽

Simon Bahrndorff ◽

Natasja Krog Noer ◽

Lisa Bjerregaard Jørgensen ◽

Johannes Overgaard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Critical Temperature ◽

Constant Temperature ◽

Heat Tolerance ◽

Thermal Tolerance ◽

Physiological Trait ◽

Thermal Plasticity ◽

Heat Hardening ◽

Temperature Interaction ◽

Dynamic Assay ◽

Species Specific

Numerous assays are used to quantify thermal tolerance of arthropods including dynamic ramping and static knockdown assays. The dynamic assay measures a critical temperature while the animal is gradually heated, whereas the static assay measures the time to knockdown at a constant temperature. Previous studies indicate that heat tolerance measured by both assays can be reconciled using the time × temperature interaction from “thermal tolerance landscapes” (TTLs) in unhardened animals. To investigate if this relationship remains true within hardened animals, we use a static assay to assess the effect of heat hardening treatments on heat tolerance in 10 Drosophila species. Using this TTL approach and data from the static heat knockdown experiments, we model the expected change in dynamic heat knockdown temperature (CTmax: temperature at which flies enter coma) and compare these predictions to empirical measurements of CTmax. We find that heat tolerance and hardening capacity are highly species specific and that the two assays report similar and consistent responses to heat hardening. Tested assays are therefore likely to measure the same underlying physiological trait and provide directly comparable estimates of heat tolerance. Regardless of this compliance, we discuss why and when static or dynamic assays may be more appropriate to investigate ectotherm heat tolerance.

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MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF HEARTWOOD FUNGI IN SUBALPINE SPRUCE

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b57-078 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 935-944 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. E. Etheridge

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Maximum Growth ◽

Optimum Moisture Content ◽

Malt Agar ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Temperature Requirements ◽

Maximum Development

The optimum moisture content for maximum development in wood was higher for butt-rotting fungi than for trunk-rotting fungi but the optimum and maximum temperature for growth on malt agar was about 5 °C. lower for the butt-rotting fungi. The fungi appeared to have the power of regulating to some extent the moisture content of the wood to a level more suitable for their development. There is evidence of a relationship between the maximum growth of the fungi on agar and their maximum development in wood. The possibility that adaptation to different host environmental conditions might explain differences in the moisture and temperature requirements of the fungi is discussed.

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