scholarly journals Tracking the Migration of Injectable Microdevices in the Rodent Brain Using a 9.4T Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Khalifa ◽  
Jonah Weigand-Whittier ◽  
Christian T. Farrar ◽  
Sydney Cash
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Rodent Brain ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time

Wirelessly powered microdevices are being miniaturized to improve safety, longevity, and spatial resolution in a wide range of biomedical applications. Some wireless microdevices have reached a point where they can be injected whole into the central nervous system. However, the state-of-the-art floating microdevices have not yet been tested in chronic brain applications, and there is a growing concern that the implants might migrate through neural tissue over time. Using a 9.4T MRI scanner, we attempt to address the migration question by tracking ultra-small devices injected in different areas of the brain (cortico-subcortical) of rats over 5 months. We demonstrate that injectable microdevices smaller than 0.01 mm3 remain anchored in the brain at the targeted injection site over this time period. Based on CD68 (microglia) and GFAP (astrocytes) immunoreactivity to the microdevice, we hypothesize that glial scar formation is preventing the migration of chronically implanted microdevices in the brain over time.

Ventricular and Cerebrospinal Fluid System

2017 ◽  
pp. 409-434
Author(s):  
Eduardo E. Benarroch ◽  
Jeremy K. Cutsforth-Gregory ◽  
Kelly D. Flemming
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
System P ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Unique System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Protective Structures ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The meninges, ventricular system, subarachnoid space, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) constitute a functionally unique system that has an important role in maintaining a stable environment within which the central nervous system can function. The membranes that constitute the meninges serve as supportive and protective structures for neural tissue. The CSF itself provides a cushioning effect during rapid movement of the head and mechanical buoyancy to the brain. In addition to providing a pathway for the removal of brain metabolites, it functions as a chemical reservoir that protects the local environment of the brain from changes that may occur in the blood, thus ensuring the brain’s continued undisturbed performance. The CSF system is present at the supratentorial, posterior fossa, and spinal levels. Because of this extensive anatomical distribution and function, pathologic alterations of the CSF system can occur in many neurologic disorders.

scholarly journals Modern aspects of neuropathogenesis and neurological manifestations of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
L.A. Dziak ◽  
O.S. Tsurkalenko ◽  
K.V. Chekha ◽  
V.M. Suk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Coronavirus infection is a systemic pathology resulting in impairment of the nervous system. The involvement of the central nervous system in COVID-19 is diverse by clinical manifestations and main mechanisms. The mechanisms of interrelations between SARS-CoV-2 and the nervous system include a direct virus-induced lesion of the central nervous system, inflammatory-mediated impairment, thrombus burden, and impairment caused by hypoxia and homeostasis. Due to the multi-factor mechanisms (viral, immune, hypoxic, hypercoagulation), the SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause a wide range of neurological disorders involving both the central and peripheral nervous system and end organs. Dizziness, headache, altered level of consciousness, acute cerebrovascular diseases, hypogeusia, hyposmia, peripheral neuropathies, sleep disorders, delirium, neuralgia, myalgia are the most common signs. The structural and functional changes in various organs and systems and many neurological symptoms are determined to persist after COVID-19. Regardless of the numerous clinical reports about the neurological and psychiatric symptoms of COVID-19 as before it is difficult to determine if they are associated with the direct or indirect impact of viral infection or they are secondary to hypoxia, sepsis, cytokine reaction, and multiple organ failure. Penetrated the brain, COVID-19 can impact the other organs and systems and the body in general. Given the mechanisms of impairment, the survivors after COVID-19 with the infection penetrated the brain are more susceptible to more serious diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, cognitive decline, multiple sclerosis, and other autoimmune diseases. Given the multi-factor pathogenesis of COVID-19 resulting in long-term persistence of the clinical symptoms due to impaired neuroplasticity and neurogenesis followed by cholinergic deficiency, the usage of Neuroxon® 1000 mg a day with twice-day dosing for 30 days. Also, a long-term follow-up and control over the COVID-19 patients are recommended for the prophylaxis, timely determination, and correction of long-term complications.

Alcohol Pathophysiology

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Tomberg
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cognitive Disturbances ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Functional Circuitry ◽  
The Brain

There is no specialized alcohol addiction area in the brain; rather, alcohol acts on a wide range of excitatory and inhibitory nervous networks to modulate neurotransmitters actions by binding with and altering the function of specific proteins. With no hemato-encephalic barrier for alcohol, its actions are strongly related to the amount of intake. Heavy alcohol intake is associated with both structural and functional changes in the central nervous system with long-term neuronal adaptive changes contributing to the phenomena of tolerance and withdrawal. The effects of alcohol on the function of neuronal networks are heterogeneous. Because ethanol affects neural activity in some brain sites but is without effect in others, its actions are analyzed in terms of integrated connectivities in the functional circuitry of neuronal networks, which are of particular interest because of the cognitive interactions discussed in the manuscripts contributing to this review. Recent molecular data are reviewed as a support for the other contributions dealing with cognitive disturbances related to alcohol acute and addicted consumption.

Application of Artificial Intelligence in Magnetic Resonance Imaging to reduce Gadolinium accumulation in patients with multiple sclerosis: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-428
Author(s):  
Vijay Anant Athavale ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain ◽  
New Onset

Gadolinium (Gd) is a based contrast agent is used for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). In India, gadobutrolhas been is approved for MRI of the Central Nervous System (CNS), liver, kidneys, and breast. It has been noted in several studies that the accumulation of gadolinium occurs in different structures in the brain. Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are regularly followed up with MRI scans and MRI with contrast enhancement is the most common method of distinguishing new-onset pathological changes. Developments in technology and methods in artificial intelligence have shown that there is reason to map out the X-ray technician’s work with examinations and medicines administered to patients may be altered to prevent the accumulation of gadolinium.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain in Children With Headache

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1134-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillipp Fridolin Streibert ◽  
Werner Piroth ◽  
Michael Mansour ◽  
Patrick Haage ◽  
Thorsten Langer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of abnormal findings in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children with headache, the clinical relevance of these findings, and whether more sophisticated technologies also result in more relevant abnormal findings. The MRIs of 1004 children with age ranging from 1 to 17 years were retrospectively analyzed. Children who were investigated with established sequences (n = 419) were compared with those examined with state-of-the-art MRI acquisition technology (n = 585). In 216/1004 investigations, MRI was performed because of headache (74/216 with established sequences, 142/216 with state-of-the-art acquisition technology). In 114/216 (52.8%) patients with headache, the MRI was abnormal with relevant findings in 23/114 patients and findings without clinical relevance in 91/114 children. A higher incidence of abnormal findings than in previous reports was found but there was only limited clinical gain of information using modern sequences in children with headache.

Regional Quantification of Brain Tissue Strain Using Displacement-Encoding With Stimulated Echoes Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soroush Heidari Pahlavian ◽  
John Oshinski ◽  
Xiaodong Zhong ◽  
Francis Loth ◽  
Rouzbeh Amini
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Tissue Strain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tissue Motion ◽  
Principal Strains

Intrinsic cardiac-induced deformation of brain tissue is thought to be important in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of utilizing displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify two-dimensional (2D) neural tissue strain using cardiac-driven brain pulsations. We examined eight adult healthy volunteers with an electrocardiogram-gated spiral DENSE sequence performed at the midsagittal plane on a 3 Tesla MRI scanner. Displacement, pixel-wise trajectories, and principal strains were determined in seven regions of interest (ROI): the brain stem, cerebellum, corpus callosum, and four cerebral lobes. Quantification of small neural tissue motion and strain along with their spatial and temporal variations in different brain regions was found to be feasible using DENSE. The medial and inferior brain structures (brain stem, cerebellum, and corpus callosum) had significantly larger motion and strain compared to structures located more peripherally. The brain stem had the largest peak mean displacement (PMD) (187 ± 50 μm, mean ± SD). The largest mean principal strains in compression and extension were observed in the brain stem (0.38 ± 0.08%) and the corpus callosum (0.37 ± 0.08%), respectively. Measured values in percent strain were altered by as much as 0.1 between repeated scans. This study showed that DENSE can quantify regional variations in brain tissue motion and strain and has the potential to be utilized as a tool to evaluate the changes in brain tissue dynamics resulting from alterations in biomechanical stresses and tissue properties.

scholarly journals Obesity and Brain Function: The Brain–Body Crosstalk

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Sophia X. Sui ◽  
Julie A. Pasco
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

Dementia comprises a wide range of progressive and acquired neurocognitive disorders. Obesity, defined as excessive body fat tissue, is a common health issue world-wide and a risk factor for dementia. The adverse effects of obesity on the brain and the central nervous system have been the subject of considerable research. The aim of this review is to explore the available evidence in the field of body–brain crosstalk focusing on obesity and brain function, to identify the major research measurements and methodologies used in the field, to discuss the potential risk factors and biological mechanisms, and to identify the research gap as a precursor to systematic reviews and empirical studies in more focused topics related to the obesity–brain relationship. To conclude, obesity appears to be associated with reduced brain function. However, obesity is a complex health condition, while the human brain is the most complicated organ, so research in this area is difficult. Inconsistency in definitions and measurement techniques detract from the literature on brain–body relationships. Advanced techniques developed in recent years are capable of improving investigations of this relationship.

Bilateral trigeminal amyloidoma: an unusual case of trigeminal neuropathy with a review of the literature

1994 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 780-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence J. O'Brien ◽  
Penelope A. McKelvie ◽  
Nikitas Vrodos
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Gasserian Ganglion ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Trigeminal Neuropathy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
The Brain

✓ Isolated amyloidomas may, albeit rarely, involve the central nervous system. There are three previous reports of amyloidomas that involved the gasserian ganglion and caused unilateral trigeminal neuropathies. The authors report the case of a 49-year-old woman with apparently isolated amyloidomas that caused slowly progressive bilateral trigeminal neuropathies. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed mild swelling of the left trigeminal nerve within the cavernous sinus and uniform enhancement with gadolinium throughout the length of the nerve. At craniotomy, the trigeminal nerve and ganglion were observed to be infiltrated by a tumor-like mass. Biopsy showed extensive infiltration of the nerve and ganglion by amyloid. Immunocytochemical studies of the amyloid were negative for immunoglobulins, κ and λ light chains, β-amyloid A4 protein, transthyretin, β2-microglobulin, cystatin C, and gelsolin, but weak focal immunoreactivity with antiamyloid AA antibody was seen in the amyloid in vessels and in some intraneural deposits. Extensive investigations failed to reveal evidence of either systemic amyloidoses or an underlying inflammatory disorder or malignancy.

Bilateral Footdrop After Treatment of an Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_2) ◽  
pp. onsE373-onsE376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Teufack ◽  
Fernando Gonzalez ◽  
Robert Rosenwasser ◽  
Pascal Jabbour
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Artery Aneurysm ◽  
Anterior Communicating Artery ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm ◽  
Acute Infarction ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background And Importance: Footdrop designates weakness of the ankle as well as toes dorsiflexion. Peripheral causes of unilateral footdrop are well established. Bilateral footdrop originating from pathologies in the central nervous system are rare and include a number of unexplored etiologies. Clinical Presentation: A case of bilateral footdrop is presented. The patient presented with a grade IV subarachnoid hemorrhage with intraventricular extension. He was treated with coil embolization of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Postoperatively, he was found to have weakness of both ankle and toe dorsiflexion. Findings on magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine were negative for abnormal cord signal, cord infarction, and compressive lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed parasagittal bifrontal and right greater than left convexity foci of acute infarction. Conclusion: Central causes of acute footdrop are rare. However, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis, particularly in the presence of upper motor neuron signs on physical examination.

scholarly journals Tuberculoid Granuloma in the Brainstem: Case Report

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 064-067
Author(s):  
Tobias Ludwig ◽  
Luiz Rogerio ◽  
Marcelo Reis ◽  
Leandro de Almeida ◽  
Gabriel Frizzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Present Case Report ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Parenchyma ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Histopathologic Analysis ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMeningitis or meningoencephalitis are the most common presentations of Koch bacilli infection on the central nervous system (CNS), especially in immunosuppressed patients, in whom the bacilli normally reaches the meninges and the cerebral parenchyma.. A least common pathological presentation is the tumoral growth pattern disease known as tuberculoma. This pathological entity is more common in the cerebral hemispheres and is rarely located in the brainstem. The present case report describes a case of a 55-year-old patient under regular antiretroviral therapy who was hospitalized with signs of brainstem and cerebellar disturbances. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed an exophytic lesion in the dorsal region of the pons. The patient underwent total resection of the lesion and the histopathologic analysis was consistent with a tuberculoma.

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