scholarly journals Effects of Apigenin Treatment on Random Skin Flap Survival in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyi Ma ◽  
Yuting Lin ◽  
yingying Liu ◽  
Wenjie Li ◽  
Jibing He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Skin Flap ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Skin Flaps ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Flap Survival ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Skin Flap Survival

Random skin flaps are often used in plastic surgery, but the complications of marginal flap ischemia and necrosis often limit their wider clinical application. Apigenin (Api) is a flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables. Api has been shown to promote angiogenesis, as well as reduce oxidative stress, membrane damage, and inflammation. In this study, we assessed the effects of Api treatment on random skin flap survival. Dorsal McFarlane skin flaps were transplanted into rats, which were randomly divided into three groups: control (normal saline), low-dose Api (20 mg/kg), and high-dose Api (50 mg/kg). Seven days after the surgery, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Histological analyses were performed to determine flap survival and tissue edema. H&E staining was performed to assess the histopathological changes in skin flaps, and the levels of microvascular density (MVD) were determined. Laser doppler flowmetry was used to assess microcirculation blood flow. Flap angiography was performed by injection of lead oxide/gelatin. The expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interlukin-1β (IL-lβ) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Rats in the high-dose Api group exhibited higher average flap survival area, microcirculatory flow, increased SOD activity, and higher VEGF expression levels compared with the other two groups. Furthermore, the levels of MDA and pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly decreased in rats treated with high-dose Api. Our findings suggest the potential usefulness of Api in preventing skin flap tissue necrosis.

The Relationship of Hematocrit Levels to Skin Flap Survival Length in the Pig

1981 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 750-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Alperstein ◽  
Howard L. Levine ◽  
Harvey M. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Control Animal ◽  
Skin Flap ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Skin Flaps ◽  
Flap Survival ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Skin Flap Survival ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The work of several investigators suggests that anemia may increase the survival length of skin flaps in the dog and the rabbit. The following experiment was designed to study the survival of standardized skin flaps of varying lengths in normocythemic, polycythemic, and anemic pigs. The pig was chosen because of the similarity of its skin to that of human skin. Twenty-nine standardized random-pattern flaps and six standardized arterial flaps were studied in pigs with varying hematocrits. A statistically significant increase was found in the survival lengths of skin flaps in the polycythemic animal as compared with the anemic one. No significant difference was found when the flap survival lengths of the normocythemic control animal were compared with those of the polycythemic animal or with those of the anemic animal. These findings suggest that relative polycythemia may allow improved flap length-survival and, in contradistinction to the findings of previous investigators, that anemia does not result in improved survival length.

Locally injected autologous platelet-rich plasma enhanced tissue perfusion and improved survival of long subdermal plexus skin flaps in dogs

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (05) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Papazoglou ◽  
P. Loukopoulos ◽  
G. Kazakos ◽  
A. Chantes ◽  
N. Giannakas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Skin Flap ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Skin Flaps ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Percentage Survival ◽  
Skin Flap Survival ◽  
Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma

Summary Objectives: Distal flap necrosis remains a major complication in subdermal plexus (random) skin flaps. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been shown to improve the survival of ischemic random skin flaps in rats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of locally injected autologous PRP on the survival of long (5:1 length-to-width ratio) subdermal plexus skin flaps in dogs. Methods: A 2x10 cm subdermal plexus skin flap was created bilaterally on the abdominal wall of six Beagle dogs. One randomly selected side received 2.5 ml of fresh autologous PRP injected evenly between sutures underneath the flap, whereas the other side was left untreated (control). Skin flap survival was evaluated macroscopically, histologically and by laser-Doppler flowmetry measurements of tissue perfusion. Results: Flap percentage survival on day 10 (96.3% versus 74.5%; p = 0.046) and tissue perfusion (p <0.036) were significantly higher in PRP-treated flaps compared with controls. Histologically, there was less oedema in PRP-treated flaps compared to controls (p = 0.01), whereas collagen production and angiogenesis did not differ significantly between the two groups. Clinical significance: The use of locally injected autologous PRP increases tissue perfusion and improves the survival of long subdermal plexus skin flaps in dogs.

Effects of Tirofiban on Random Skin Flap Survival in Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Cheng ◽  
Tingxiang Chen ◽  
Hang Li ◽  
Zhenghua Feng ◽  
Zhijie Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Flap ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Flap Survival ◽  
Skin Flap Survival ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Surviving Rate ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Background Tirofiban is a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist that is widely used clinically. In the present study, we investigated whether tirofiban promotes flap survival in rat random skin flap model. Methods “McFarlane flaps” models were developed in 60 male rats. The rats were divided into a tirofiban-treated group (n = 30) and a saline-treated group (n = 30). The flap surviving rate was calculated 7 days after surgery. Tissue samples were collected and subjected to histopathological evaluation. Lead oxide–gelatin angiography and immunohistochemical staining analysis were taken to evaluate angiogenesis. Analysis of oxidative stress was performed by measuring the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Results Compared with controls, the tirofiban-treated groups exhibited significantly larger mean areas of flap survival, significantly increased SOD activity, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and significantly reduced MDA level. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that naringin promoted angiogenesis and inhibited inflammation. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that tirofiban increases flap survival of random skin flaps in rats.

scholarly journals Effects of Natural and Recombinant Hirudin on VEGF Expression and Random Skin Flap Survival in a Venous Congested Rat Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Yingxin ◽  
Yin Guoqian ◽  
Li Jiaquan ◽  
Xiao Han
Keyword(s):  
Rat Model ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Skin Flap ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Skin Flaps ◽  
Vegf Expression ◽  
Recombinant Hirudin ◽  
Flap Survival ◽  
Skin Flap Survival

Abstract We aim to investigate the effects of locally injected natural and recombinant hirudin on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and flap survival in venous congested skin flaps using a rat model. A dorsal random skin flap (10 × 3 cm) was prepared on each of 30 Wistar rats to establish a venous congested model. The rats were randomly divided into 2 treatment groups [receiving subcutaneous injection of either natural hirudin (6 U) or recombinant hirudin (6 U)] and a control group, which received subcutaneous injection of physiologic saline. After treatment, skin flap survival rates were calculated. VEGF messenger RNA levels and VEGF-positive vessel density as a marker for VEGF levels were measured in the flaps during and after treatment. The skin flap VEGF messenger RNA levels increased in the natural hirudin-treated group. The VEGF-positive vessel density was increased in all 3 groups. Statistically significant increases of VEGF levels were observed in the natural and recombinant hirudin-treated groups compared with the control group (P &lt; 0.05). The skin flap survival rates were improved in both hirudin treated groups. Natural and recombinant hirudin can increase VEGF expression in random skin flaps, which can potentially improve random skin flap survival in rats through angio genic mechanisms. Our results showed that hirudin treatment led to an increase in VEGF expression in the congested skin flaps. Natural hirudin demonstrated more pronounced effects than recombinant hirudin. Further studies are needed to understand the specific mechanisms.

scholarly journals Angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of azadirachtin A improve random skin flap survival in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 245 (18) ◽  
pp. 1672-1682
Author(s):  
Ji-Bing He ◽  
Miao-Jie Fang ◽  
Xin-Yi Ma ◽  
Wen-Jie Li ◽  
Ding-Sheng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Skin Flap ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Flap Survival ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Skin Flap Survival ◽  
Azadirachtin A

Random skin flaps are widely used to repair tissue defects. However, the distal flap regions are prone to ischemic necrosis, limiting clinical applications. Azadirachtin A, a fruit extract from the neem, improves tissue blood supply and metabolism, reduces cell swelling, promotes tissue healing, and prevents venous thrombosis. We explored whether it enhances random skin flap survival. Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, low-dose, and high-dose Azadirachtin A-treated groups using a random number table. We used an improved version of the McFarlane technique to create flaps. On day 2, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde levels were measured. Tissue slices prepared on day 7 were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were immunohistochemically assayed. Microcirculatory blood flow was measured via laser Doppler blood flowmetry. Flap angiography was performed using the lead-oxide gelatin injection technique. And the azadirachtin A groups exhibited a greater mean flap survival area, an improved mean blood vessel density, a greater blood flow, and higher superoxide dismutase and VEGF levels, especially at the high dose. Azadirachtin A markedly reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, TLR4, and NF-kB. These findings suggest that azadirachtin A promotes random skin flap survival by improving the blood supply, reducing tissue inflammation, and inhibiting flap ischemia reperfusion injury.

scholarly journals Ischemia and reperfusion in skin flaps: effects of mannitol and vitamin C in reducing necrosis area in a rat experimental model

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 358-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winston Bonetti Yoshida ◽  
Eloísa Bueno Pires de Campos
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Skin Flap ◽  
Skin Flaps ◽  
Flap Survival ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
Skin Flap Survival ◽  
Lactated Ringer's Solution

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to develop an experimental model of ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat skin flap and to verify the effect of mannitol and vitamin C on reducing necrosis area. METHODS: A 6-x 3-cm groin skin flap was raised and submitted to 8 hours of ischemia by clamping the vascular pedicle and to 7 days of reperfusion. The animals were divided in four groups: S1 and S2 (10 animals each) and C and T (14 animals each). In groups S1 and S2 skin flaps were not submitted to ischemia and animals received lactated Ringer's solution (S1) and antioxidant solution (S2 ). In groups C and T, flaps were subjected to 8 hours of warm ischemia and animals received Lactated Ringer's solution (Group C) and antioxidant solution immediately before reperfusion, (Group T). Flap survival was evaluated on the seventh day using a paper template technique and computer-assistant imaging analysis of necrotic and normal areas. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed no area differences between groups C and T. CONCLUSION: The experimental model provided consistent necrotic area in control groups and drugs used were not effective in improving skin flap survival.

scholarly journals Positive Effect of Andrographolide Induced Autophagy on Random-Pattern Skin Flaps Survival

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingtao Jiang ◽  
Jie Jin ◽  
Junsheng Lou ◽  
Jiafeng Li ◽  
Hongqiang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Skin Flap ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Skin Flaps ◽  
Flap Necrosis ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Flap Survival ◽  
Flap Viability ◽  
Skin Flap Survival ◽  
Positive Effect

Random-pattern skin flap replantation is generally used in the reconstruction of surgical tissues and covering a series of skin flap defects. However, ischemia often occurs at the flap distal parts, which lead to flap necrosis. Previous studies have shown that andrographolide (Andro) protects against ischemic cardiovascular diseases, but little is known about the effect of Andro on flap viability. Thus, our study aimed to building a model of random-pattern skin flap to understand the mechanism of Andro-induced effects on flap survival. In this study, fifty-four mice were randomly categorized into the control, Andro group, and the Andro+3-methyladenine group. The skin flap samples were obtained on postoperative day 7. Subsequently, the tissue samples were underwent a series of evaluations such as changes in the appearance of flap tissue, the intensity of blood flow, and neovascularization density of skin flap. In our study, the results revealed that Andro enhanced the viability of random skin flaps by enhancing angiogenesis, inhibiting apoptosis, and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, our results have also demonstrated that the administration of Andro caused an elevation in the autophagy, and these remarkable impact of Andro were reversed by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), the most common autophagy inhibitor. Together, our data proves novel evidence that Andro is a potent modulator of autophagy capable of significantly increasing random-pattern skin flap survival.

scholarly journals Trehalose promotes the survival of random-pattern skin flaps by TFEB mediated autophagy enhancement

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongqiang Wu ◽  
Huanwen Chen ◽  
Zhilong Zheng ◽  
Jiafeng Li ◽  
Jian Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Skin Flap ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Skin Flaps ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Flap Survival ◽  
Flap Viability ◽  
Tissue Edema ◽  
Skin Flap Survival

Abstract Random-pattern skin flaps are commonly used and valuable tools in reconstructive surgery, however, post-operative random skin flap necrosis remains a major and common complication. Previous studies have suggested that activating autophagy, a major pathway for degradation of intracellular waste, may improve flap survival. In this study, we investigated whether trehalose, a novel and potent autophagy activator, improves random skin flap viability. Our results demonstrated that trehalose significantly improves viability, augments blood flow, and decreases tissue edema. Furthermore, we found that trehalose leads to increased angiogenesis, decreased apoptosis, and reduced oxidative stress. Using immunohistochestry and western blot, we demonstrated that trehalose augments autophagy, and that inhibition of autophagy augmentation using 3MA significantly blunted the aforementioned benefits of trehalose therapy. Mechanistically, we showed that trehalose’s autophagy augmentation is mediated by activation and nuclear translocation of TFEB, which may be due to inhibition of Akt and activation of the AMPK-SKP2-CARM1 signaling pathway. Altogether, our results established that trehalose is a potent agent capable for significantly increasing random-pattern skin flap survival by augmenting autophagy and subsequently promoting angiogenesis, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting cell death.

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