scholarly journals Priming by Timing: Arabidopsis thaliana Adjusts Its Priming Response to Lepidoptera Eggs to the Time of Larval Hatching

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Valsamakis ◽  
Norbert Bittner ◽  
Nina E. Fatouros ◽  
Reinhard Kunze ◽  
Monika Hilker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Performance Studies ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Larval Hatching ◽  
Mediated Priming ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Time Point

Plants can respond to eggs laid by herbivorous insects on their leaves by preparing (priming) their defense against the hatching larvae. Egg-mediated priming of defense is known for several plant species, including Brassicaceae. However, it is unknown yet for how long the eggs need to remain on a plant until a primed defense state is reached, which is ecologically manifested by reduced performance of the hatching larvae. To address this question, we used Arabidopsis thaliana, which carried eggs of the butterfly Pieris brassicae for 1–6 days prior to exposure to larval feeding. Our results show that larvae gained less biomass the longer the eggs had previously been on the plant. The strongest priming effect was obtained when eggs had been on the plant for 5 or 6 days, i.e., for (almost) the entire development time of the Pieris embryo inside the egg until larval hatching. Transcript levels of priming-responsive genes, levels of jasmonic acid-isoleucine (JA-Ile), and of the egg-inducible phytoalexin camalexin increased with the egg exposure time. Larval performance studies on mutant plants revealed that camalexin is dispensable for anti-herbivore defense against P. brassicae larvae, whereas JA-Ile – in concert with egg-induced salicylic acid (SA) – seems to be important for signaling egg-mediated primed defense. Thus, A. thaliana adjusts the kinetics of its egg-primed response to the time point of larval hatching. Hence, the plant is optimally prepared just in time prior to larval hatching.

scholarly journals Oviposition by Spodoptera exigua on Solanum dulcamara Alters the Plant’s Response to Herbivory and Impairs Larval Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 4008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Geuss ◽  
Tobias Lortzing ◽  
Jens Schwachtje ◽  
Joachim Kopka ◽  
Anke Steppuhn
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Metabolism ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Solanum Dulcamara ◽  
The Impact

Plant resistance traits against insect herbivores are extremely plastic. Plants respond not only to the herbivory itself, but also to oviposition by herbivorous insects. How prior oviposition affects plant responses to larval herbivory is largely unknown. Combining bioassays and defense protein activity assays with microarray analyses and metabolite profiling, we investigated the impact of preceding oviposition on the interaction of Solanum dulcamara with the generalist lepidopteran herbivore Spodoptera exigua at the levels of the plant’s resistance, transcriptome and metabolome. We found that oviposition increased plant resistance to the subsequent feeding larvae. While constitutive and feeding-induced levels of defensive protease inhibitor activity remained unaffected, pre-exposure to eggs altered S. dulcamara’s transcriptional and metabolic response to larval feeding in leaves local and systemic to oviposition. In particular, genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism were more strongly expressed in previously oviposited plants, which was reflected by reciprocal changes of primary metabolites upstream and within these pathways. Our data highlight that plants integrate signals from non-threatening life stages of their natural enemies to optimize their response when they become actually attacked. The observed transcriptional and metabolic reshaping of S. dulcamara’s response to S. exigua herbivory suggests a role of phenylpropanoids in oviposition-primed plant resistance.

217 KINETICS OF SPERM PENETRATION IS CORRELATED WITH IN VITRO FERTILITY OF BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) BULLS

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rubessa ◽  
M. Di Fenza ◽  
E. Mariotti ◽  
S. Di Francesco ◽  
C. de Dilectis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sperm Penetration ◽  
Blastocyst Rate ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Time Point

It was previously demonstrated that the kinetics of early cleavage could be used to discriminate between bovine bulls with high and low field fertility (Ward F et al. 2001 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60, 47–55). Marked differences exist in the kinetics of sperm penetration between bulls, and this may be a useful predictor of field fertility in cattle (Ward F et al. 2002 Theriogenology 57, 2105–2117). It is well known that the ability to fertilize oocytes in vitro and to sustain embryo development varies significantly among buffalo bulls. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate whether the speed of oocyte penetration after IVF was correlated with the blastocyst rates obtainable with different bulls in buffalo species. In Experiment 1, in vitro-matured buffalo oocytes were co-incubated with MitoTracker-labeled spermatozoa (Ward F et al. 2002 Theriogenology 57, 2105–2117) from 6 different bulls, over 2 replicates. Oocytes were subsequently fixed every 3 h (up to 18 h) postinsemination (pi). At each time point, oocytes were denuded, dezoned, fixed in ethanol overnight, and stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole for nuclei examination under a fluorescence microscope. In Experiment 2, in vitro-matured oocytes were fertilized with sperm from the same 6 bulls and were cultured to the blastocyst stage, over 4 replicates. Bulls were tested, collectively, on each batch of ovaries in both experiments. Differences in the percentages of monospermic penetration among bulls were analyzed by chi-square test. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were also carried out between the speed of penetration and blastocyst yields. Marked differences in the kinetics of sperm penetration were found among buffalo bulls, as shown in Table 1. Interestingly, a correlation was found between the blastocyst rate and the percentage of oocytes penetrated at 6 h (r = 0.71; P < 0.01), at 9 h (r = 0.65; P < 0.05), at 12 h (r = 0.77; P < 0.01), and at 18 h pi (r = 0.59; P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that the optimal time of penetration for predicting the blastocyst rate was 12 h pi (R2 = 0.6). In conclusion, the kinetics of sperm penetration may be a useful marker to predict the in vitro-fertilizing ability of buffalo bulls. The great variability in the speed of oocyte penetration suggests inserting this assessment in the preliminary screening of bulls before their utilization in IVF programs. This may be helpful in selecting high-fertility bulls and identifying the optimal gamete co-incubation times for each bull used. Table 1.Percentage of oocytes penetrated at each time point (hpi, h postinsemination) by different bulls1

scholarly journals The Kinetics of Anti-HLA Antibodies in the First Year after Kidney Transplantation: In Whom and When Should They Be Monitored?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Ribeiro de Castro ◽  
Erick A. Barbosa ◽  
Renata P. Souza ◽  
Fabiana Agena ◽  
Patrícia S. de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Rejection ◽  
De Novo ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Hla Antibodies ◽  
Single Antigen ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Time Point ◽  
Rejection Rates

The impact of the kinetics of the anti-HLA antibodies after KTx on the occurrence of acute rejection as well as the better time-point to monitor anti-HLA Abs after transplantation is not completely defined. This prospective study followed 150 patients over 12 months after transplantation. Serum IgG anti-HLA Abs were detected by single antigen beads after typing donors and recipients for loci A, B, C, DR, and DQ. Before KTx, 89 patients did not present anti-HLA Abs and 2% developed “de novo” Abs during the 1st year, 39 patients were sensitized without DSAs, and 13% developed DSA after surgery; all of them presented ABMR. Sensitized patients presented higher acute rejection rates (36.4% versus 13.5%, p<0.001), although 60% of the patients did not present ABMR. Patients, in whom DSA-MFI decreased during the first two weeks after surgery, did not develop ABMR. Those who sustained their levels presented a rate of 22% of ABMR. 85% of patients developed ABMR when MFIs increased early after transplantation (which occurred in 30% of the DSA positive patients). In the ABMR group, we observed an iDSA-MFI sharp drop on the fourth day and then an increase between the 7th and 14th POD, which suggests DSA should be monitored at this moment in sensitized patients for better ABMR prediction.

scholarly journals Just-in-time Point Prediction Using a Computationally-efficient Lebesgue-sampling-based Prognostic Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilo Reyes ◽  
Francisco Jaramillo ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Chetan Kulkarni ◽  
Marcos Orchard
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Computationally Efficient ◽  
Leibler Divergence ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Discharge Model ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
Computational Resources ◽  
Time Point

Battery energy systems are becoming increasingly popular in a variety of systems, such as electric vehicles. Accurate estimation of the total discharge of a battery is a key element for energy management. Problems such as path planning for drones or road choices in electric vehicles would benefit greatly knowing beforehand the end of discharge time. These tasks are generally performed online and require continuously quick estimations. We propose a novel prognostic method based on a combination of classic Riemann sampling (RS) and Lebesgue sampling (LS) applied to a discharge model of a battery. The method utilizes an early and inaccurate prediction using a RS-based method combined with a particle-filter based prognostic. Once a fault condition has been detected, subsequent Just-in-Time Point (JITP) estimations are updated using a novel LS-based method. The JITP prediction are triggered when the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the probability density functions (PDF) of the long-term-based prediction and the last filtered state reaches a threshold. The CPU time needed to execute a procedure is used as a measure of the computational resources. Results show that this combined approach is several orders of magnitude faster than the classical prognosis scheme. The combination of these two methods provides a robust JITP prognosis with less computational resources, a key factor to consider in real-time applications in embedded systems.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Kinetic Parameters of Alternative Oxidases From Trypanosoma brucei and Arabidopsis thaliana—A Tale of Two Cavities

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Xu ◽  
Alice C. Copsey ◽  
Luke Young ◽  
Mario R. O. Barsottini ◽  
Mary S. Albury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Alternative Oxidase ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
Hydrophobic Cavity ◽  
Keto Acids ◽  
Kinetics Of

The alternative oxidase (AOX) is widespread in plants, fungi, and some protozoa. While the general structure of the AOX remains consistent, its overall activity, sources of kinetic activation and their sensitivity to inhibitors varies between species. In this study, the recombinant Trypanosoma brucei AOX (rTAO) and Arabidopsis thaliana AOX1A (rAtAOX1A) were expressed in the Escherichia coli ΔhemA mutant FN102, and the kinetic parameters of purified AOXs were compared. Results showed that rTAO possessed the highest Vmax and Km for quinol-1, while much lower Vmax and Km were observed in the rAtAOX1A. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of rTAO was higher than that of rAtAOX1A. The rTAO also displayed a higher oxygen affinity compared to rAtAOX1A. It should be noted that rAtAOX1a was sensitive to α-keto acids while rTAO was not. Nevertheless, only pyruvate and glyoxylate can fully activate Arabidopsis AOX. In addition, rTAO and rAtAOX1A showed different sensitivity to AOX inhibitors, with ascofuranone (AF) being the best inhibitor against rTAO, while colletochlorin B (CB) appeared to be the most effective inhibitor against rAtAOX1A. Octylgallate (OG) and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) are less effective than the other inhibitors against protist and plant AOX. A Caver analysis indicated that the rTAO and rAtAOX1A differ with respect to the mixture of polar residues lining the hydrophobic cavity, which may account for the observed difference in kinetic and inhibitor sensitivities. The data obtained in this study are not only beneficial for our understanding of the variation in the kinetics of AOX within protozoa and plants but also contribute to the guidance for the future development of phytopathogenic fungicides.

Fluorescence-Based Measurement of Real-Time Kinetics of Protoporphyrin IX After 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Administration in Human In Situ Malignant Gliomas

Neurosurgery ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. E739-E746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadahiro Kaneko ◽  
Eric Suero Molina ◽  
Christian Ewelt ◽  
Nils Warneke ◽  
Walter Stummer
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Malignant Gliomas ◽  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
Time Dependency ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Acid Administration ◽  
Time Point

Abstract BACKGROUND Five-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is well established for fluorescence-guided resections of malignant gliomas by eliciting the accumulation of fluorescent protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in tumors. Because of the assumed time point of peak fluorescence, 5-ALA is recommended to be administered 3 h before surgery. However, the actual time dependency of tumor fluorescence has not yet been evaluated in humans and may have important implications. OBJECTIVE To investigate the time dependency of PpIX by measuring fluorescence intensities in tumors at various time points during surgery. METHODS Patients received 5-ALA (20 mg/kg b.w.) 3 to 4 h before surgery. Fluorescence intensities (FI) and estimated tumor PpIX concentrations (CPPIX) were measured in the tumors over time with a hyperspectral camera. CPPIX was assessed using hyperspectral imaging and by evaluating fluorescence phantoms with known CPPIX. RESULTS A total of 201 samples from 68 patients were included in this study. On average, maximum values of calculated FI and CPPIX were observed between 7 and 8 h after 5-ALA administration. FI and CPPIX both reliably distinguished central strong and marginal weak fluorescence, and grade III compared to grade IV gliomas. Interestingly, marginal (weak) fluorescence was observed to peak later than strong fluorescence (8-9 vs 7-8 h). CONCLUSION In human in Situ brain tumor tissue, we determined fluorescence after 5-ALA administration to be maximal later than previously thought. In consequence, 5-ALA should be administered 4 to 5 h before surgery, with timing adjusted to internal logistical circumstances and factors related to approaching the tumor.

Role of Minimal Residual Disease Monitoring in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Treated with Arsenic Trioxide in Frontline Therapy

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 941-941
Author(s):  
Ezhilarasi Chendamarai ◽  
Poonkuzhali Balasubramanian ◽  
Biju George ◽  
Kavitha M Lakshmi ◽  
Auro Viswabandhya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Promyelocytic Leukemia ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Minimal Residual ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Abstract 941 Algorithms for relapse risk prediction, kinetics of hematological relapse (HR) following a molecular relapse (MR) and intervention based on these results have been well studied for patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) treated with conventional all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus chemotherapy based regimens. It is recognized that the kinetics of leukemia clearance with the use of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in induction is significantly different from that of ATRA alone or ATRA plus chemotherapy combinations. Extrapolation of data generated from ATRA plus chemotherapy regimens may potentially not be valid when applied to regimens that use ATO in up front therapy. At our center we undertook a prospective minimal residual disease (MRD) detection study in APL treated with ATO. 151 patients who achieved hematological remission (CR) were followed up serially for MRD detection by peripheral blood RT-PCR. All patients achieved a molecular remission (CRm) prior to starting maintenance therapy. Figure 1 summarizes the time points for analysis, compliance and RT-PCR positivity. An RT-PCR was positive in 90 (64%) at the end of induction which was associated with a significant increase in the risk of relapse. On a multivariate analysis after adjusting for conventional risk factors that predict relapse, an RT-PCR positivity at this time point was the only parameter that retained statistical significance (RR=3.82; 95%CI=1.2–12.8; P-value=0.03). The event free survival (EFS) and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) for those who were RT-PCR positive was significantly worse than those who were negative as illustrated in figure 2. Further analysis revealed that none of the low risk patients (WBC count at diagnosis <5 × 109/Lt and platelet count >20 × 109/Lt) who were RT-PCR negative at the end of induction relapsed while 4 (10%) of the high risk group patients who were RT-PCR negative, at this time point, relapsed. There were a total of 31 (20.5%) hematological relapses, only 3 of these relapses were beyond 3 years from completion of maintenance. An RT-PCR was positive in the 3–4 months period prior to a HR in 15/31 (48.3%), negative in 10/31 (32.2%) and was not done in this time frame in 6/31 (19.3%). An additional 7/151 (4.6%) were transiently RT-PCR positive but did not have a HR at a median follow up of 50 months (range: 21–87) from a positive test. The overall sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of using an RT-PCR for successful MRD detection prior to a frank HR was 62.5%, 93.3% and 65.2% respectively. Retrospective RQ-PCR analysis at the same time points revealed that with an RQ-PCR the sensitivity would be further improved to 83.3%. The data generated is with a single agent ATO based regimen as reported by us previously (J Clin Oncol 2010;28:3866); it could potentially apply to other regimens with ATO used up front. The data suggests that a positive peripheral blood RT-PCR at the end of induction predicts relapse and could potentially be used to risk stratify patients for intensification of the currently used low intensity regimen. High risk group patients and those who remain RT-PCR positive at the end of induction are likely to benefit from serial MRD monitoring using peripheral blood RT-PCR and this should probably be done up to 3 years after completion of therapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Mathematical Simulation of Transport Kinetics of Tumor-Imaging Radiopharmaceutical99mTc-MIBI

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Shevtsova ◽  
V. K. Shevtsova
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Imaging ◽  
Radioactive Decay ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Washout Rate ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Time Point

The proposed model describes in a quality way the process of tumor-imaging radiopharmaceuticalTc99m-MIBI distribution with taking into account radiopharmaceutical accumulation, elimination, and radioactive decay. The dependencies of concentration versus the time are analyzed. The model can be easily tested by the concentration data of the radioactive pharmaceuticals in the blood measured at early time point and late time point of the scanning, and the obtained data can be used for determination of the washout rate coefficient which is one of the existing oncology diagnostics methods.

scholarly journals Single-cycle rituximab-induced immunologic changes in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. e724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Deyà-Martínez ◽  
Yadira Gordón ◽  
Cristina Molina-Anguita ◽  
Alexandru Vlagea ◽  
Monica Piquer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Malignant Disease ◽  
B Cell Depletion ◽  
Single Cycle ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Recommended Guidelines ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Immunoglobulin Levels ◽  
Time Point

ObjectiveTo investigate the immunologic impact of a single cycle of rituximab (RTX) in children and adolescents with immune-mediated disorders, we evaluated B cells and immunoglobulin levels of 20 patients with neuroimmunologic, nephrologic, dermatologic, and rheumatologic disorders treated under recommended guidelines.MethodsRetrospective study of immunologic changes in children (aged ≤18 years) diagnosed with immune-mediated disorders in which RTX was prescribed between June 2014 and February 2019. Patients were excluded if they had prior diagnosis of malignant disease or primary immunodeficiency. Patients were clinically and immunologically followed up every 3 months. Only patients having received a single cycle of RTX and with a follow-up greater than 12 months were included in the analysis of persistent dysgammaglobulinemia.ResultsTwenty children were included. Median age at RTX treatment was 12.8 years (interquartile range [IQR] 6.6–15.5 years). Median follow-up was 12.6 months (IQR 10.2–24 months). Of the 14 patients eligible for persistent dysgammaglobulinemia analysis (3 had received RTX retreatment, 2 had <12 months post-RTX follow-up, and in 1 data for this time point was missing), 2/14 (14%) remained with complete B-cell depletion, and 5/14 (36%) had dysgammaglobulinemia. Patients with dysgammaglobulinemia were younger (7.8 vs 15.6 years, p = 0.072), had more underlying neuroimmunologic diseases (5/5 vs 0/9, p < 0.001), and had received more frequently concentrated doses of RTX (3/5 vs 1/9, p = 0.05) than patients without dysgammaglobulinemia. Kinetics of immunoglobulins in the 20 patients revealed a decrease as early as 3 months after RTX in patients with neuroimmunologic disorders.ConclusionIn our cohort, single-cycle RTX-induced dysgammaglobulinemia was enhanced in patients with neuroimmunologic diseases. Further studies are needed to confirm this observation.

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