Targeted and Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling of Wheat Reveals Amino Acids Increase Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight

Fusarium head blight (FHB), a notorious plant disease caused by Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum), is severely harmful to wheat production, resulting in a decline in grain quality and yield. In order to develop novel control strategies, metabolomics has been increasingly used to characterize more comprehensive profiles of the mechanisms of underlying plant-pathogen interactions. In this research, untargeted and targeted metabolomics were used to analyze the metabolite differences between two wheat varieties, the resistant genotype Sumai 3 and the susceptible genotype Shannong 20, after F. graminearum inoculation. The untargeted metabolomics results showed that differential amino acid metabolic pathways existed in Sumai 3 and Shannong 20 after F. graminearum infection. Additionally, some of the amino acid contents changed greatly in different cultivars when infected with F. graminearum. Exogenous application of amino acids and F. graminearum inoculation assay showed that proline (Pro) and alanine (Ala) increased wheat resistance to FHB, while cysteine (Cys) aggravated the susceptibility. This study provides an initial insight into the metabolite differences of two wheat cultivars under the stress of F. graminearum. Moreover, the method of optimization metabolite extraction presents an effective and feasible strategy to explore the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the FHB resistance.

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Relation of wheat species and genomes in amino-acid composition

Review on Agriculture and Rural Development ◽

10.14232/rard.2018.1-2.16-22 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1-2) ◽

pp. 16-22

Author(s):

Pal Pepo

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Acid Content ◽

Essential Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Amino Acid Contents ◽

Winter Wheat Varieties

As regards wheat varieties constituting a natural ploid series the issue of analysing diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species is topical since ancient varieties can play significant roles in contemporary agriculture as well. Seventeen winter wheat varieties, out of which 2 diploid varieties carried genome A, 9 diploidic types had genomes AB, two varieties had genomes AG and four varieties were hexaploid ones with genomes ABD, were analysed from the point of view of their amino acid compositions. The amino acid contents of Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Cys, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, His, Lys, Arg, Pro (a total of 17) were determined in the varieties listed above. It has been found that the amino acid contents of the grains genotype AA Triticum boeticum and T. monococcum exceeded the amino acid content of T. aestivum in respect of all the amino acids analysed in this experiment, with Glu being the only exception. In comparison with the aestivum wheat, essential amino acid contents showed a similarly favourable picture in the diploidic varieties mentioned. As regards type AB tetraploid varieties excesses of 13-16%, in comparison to the aestivum wheat, were found in essential amino acid contents. The amounts of non-essential amino acids in all the winter wheat varieties showed decreases irrespective of the ploid level. What concerns the total amino acid content, all the winter wheat varieties with the exception of T. monococcum (A), T. dicoccoides (AB) and T. dicoccum (AB) contained less amino acid than the aestivum wheat. All the monocarbonic acid and aromatic as well as heterocyclic amino acid contents of the wildly growing Triticum boeticum (A) and the grown Triticum monococcum (A) (with polaric, apolaric R groups, diamino radicles) exceeded the same contents of T. aestivum. The value of the monoamino-dicarbonic acid, however, was lower in our experiment.

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24-Epibrassinolide Restores the Synthesis of Proteins and Amino Acids in Brassica juncea L. Leaves Under Imidacloprid Stress

Journal of Horticultural Research ◽

10.1515/johr-2017-0024 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 85-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Anket Sharma ◽

Vinod Kumar ◽

Ashwani Kumar Thukral ◽

Renu Bhardwaj

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Brassica Juncea ◽

Total Protein ◽

Acid Content ◽

Soil Amendment ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Total Proteins ◽

Amino Acid Contents

Abstract Pesticides are applied to protect crops from a variety of insect pests but their application cause toxicity to plants that results, among others, in reduction of protein as well as amino acid contents. The present study is aimed at observing the effect of seed pre-soaking with 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) on the protein and amino acid content in the leaves of Brassica juncea L. grown in soil that is amended with pesticide im-idacloprid (IMI). Soil amendment with IMI resulted in a decrease in the contents in leaves of total proteins and 21 amino acids studied. Seed soaking with 100 nM of EBL resulted in the recovery of total protein as well as amino acid contents in leaves, when compared with plants grown in only IMI amended soils.

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RP-HPLC Determination of Tiger Nut and Orgeat Amino Acid Contents

Food Science and Technology International ◽

10.1177/1082013205051266 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 33-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

L. Bosch ◽

A. Alegría ◽

R. Farré

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Profile ◽

African Origin ◽

Rp Hplc ◽

Precision And Accuracy ◽

Amino Acid Contents ◽

Tiger Nuts ◽

Abundant Amino Acid

The amino acid profile of 11 samples of tiger nuts ( Cyperus esculentusL.) grown in the area of “L'Horta Nord” in Valencia (Spain) and one sample of African origin were determined, along with the amino acid contents of 10 samples of natural orgeat from Valencia. Protein was hydrolysed by hydrochloric acid at 110 °C for 23 h, and amino acids were derivatised with AQC and determined by RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection. The chromatographic conditions were optimised. The analytical parameters (detection and quantification limits, precision and accuracy) showed the method to be sufficiently sensitive and reproducible for determining amino acids resistant to acid hydrolysis in tiger nuts and orgeat. Arginine was the most abundant amino acid in both tiger nuts and orgeat and the lowest contents corresponding to histidine and tyrosine. The essential amino acid contents of tiger nuts and orgeat protein were greater than those proposed in the protein standard for adults by the FAO/WHO, with the exception of histidine. No significant differences were found among the arginine, lysine and isoleucine amino acid contents in tiger nuts from Valencia, Alboraya and Alm‡ssera; nor were they found among amino acids in tiger nuts from Valencia and Alm‡ssera, with the exception of tyrosine.

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Effects of Echinostoma caproni miracidia dose on the amino acid contents of Biomphalaria glabrata as determined by high-performance thin-layer chromatography

Acta Parasitologica ◽

10.1515/ap-2016-0014 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mai Nguyen ◽

Bernard Fried ◽

Joseph Sherma

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Thin Layer ◽

Thin Layer Chromatography ◽

High Performance ◽

Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽

High Dose ◽

Echinostoma Caproni ◽

Amino Acid Contents ◽

Layer Chromatography

AbstractThe effects of 5, 20, and 40 miracidia dose exposures of Echinostoma caproni on the amino acid contents of Biomphalaria glabrata were studied using high performance thin-layer chromatography-densitometry. Amino acids were identified and quantified in whole bodies of exposed snails and in the uninfected matched controls at 2 and 4 weeks post-exposure. Using cellulose layers with the mobile phase 2-butanol-pyridine-glacial acetic acid-deionized water (39:34:10:26) and ninhydrin detection reagent [2% ninhydrin in acetone-n-butanol (1:1)], five amino acids were identified, i.e., leucine/isoleucine, valine, alanine, glycine, and ornithine, by hRF value comparison and color differentiation. Quantitatively, there was a marked elevation in the amounts of four of these five amino acids (isoleucine/leucine, valine, alanine, and ornithine) across dose levels at 4 weeks post-infection (P<0.05). Elevation of the amino acid content in the high dose snail group suggested that some changes occurred in the amino acid metabolism of the snails in that group as a function of miracidia dose.

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Available lysine and digestible amino acid contents of proteinaceous foods of India

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512002280 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 108 (S2) ◽

pp. S59-S68 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Shane M. Rutherfurd ◽

Kiran Bains ◽

Paul J. Moughan

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Available Lysine ◽

Amino Acid Contents ◽

Sulphur Amino Acids ◽

Prepared Food

Cereals and legumes are staple foods in India and are limiting in lysine and sulphur amino acids, respectively. Available lysine loss, due to Maillard-type reactions that may occur during food preparation, exacerbates the problem of lysine deficiency particularly in cereals. Consequently, determining the contents of digestible essential amino acids, particularly lysine, is important. True ileal digestibilities of most amino acids (including total and reactive lysine) were determined for ten food ingredients and eleven foods commonly consumed in India. Semi-synthetic diets each containing either an ingredient or the prepared food as the sole protein source were formulated to contain 100 g kg− 1protein (75 g kg− 1for rice-based diets) and fed to growing rats. Titanium dioxide was included as an indigestible marker. Digesta were collected and the amino acid content (including reactive lysine) of diets and ileal digesta determined. Available (digestible reactive) lysine content ranged from 1·9–15·4 g kg− 1and 1·8–12·7 g kg− 1across the ingredients and prepared foods respectively. True ileal amino acid digestibility varied widely both across ingredients and prepared foods for each amino acid (on average 60–92 %) and across amino acids within each ingredient and prepared food (overall digestibility 31–96 %). Amino acid digestibility was low for many of the ingredients and prepared foods and consequently digestibility must be considered when assessing the protein quality of poorer quality foods. Given commonly encountered daily energy intakes for members of the Indian population, it is estimated that lysine is limiting for adults in many Indian diets.

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Changes in tissue nitrogen and phosphorus and foliar free amino acids in autumn olive, black locust, American sycamore, and honey locust during autumn

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x93-087 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 665-672 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Christoph S. Vogel ◽

Jeffrey O. Dawson

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Free Amino Acid ◽

Free Amino Acids ◽

Free Amino ◽

Black Locust ◽

Autumn Olive ◽

Honey Locust ◽

Amino Acid Contents ◽

Tissue Nitrogen

Changes in tissue nitrogen, phosphorus, and foliar free amino acids of four temperate woody deciduous plants (autumn olive (Elaeagnusumbellata Thunb.), black locust (Robiniapseudoacacia L.), American sycamore (Platanusoccidentalis L.), and honey locust (Gleditsiatriacanthos L.)) were determined during the autumns of 1987 and 1988 on two physically and nutritionally distinct sites in central Illinois, United States. The dinitrogen-fixing species, actinorhizal autumn olive (Frankia nodulated) and leguminous black locust (Rhizobium nodulated), resorbed a greater proportion of phosphorus than nitrogen from leaves prior to autumnal leaf abscission in comparison with the nonfixing American sycamore and honey locust. The net autumnal changes in nitrogen or phosphorus of each species did not differ with site in most cases. Free amino acid contents of leaves tended to decline as leaves senesced during the drier autumn of 1987; however, during the autumn of 1988 foliar free amino acid contents tended to increase as the season progressed, with abscised leaves having the greatest contents. Root bark seemed to be a major sink for phosphorus during autumn in the dinitrogen-fixing species, while all of the species investigated showed significant autumnal increases in twig-bark concentrations of nitrogen.

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Impact of Huanglongbing Pathogen Infection on the Amino Acid Composition in Both Citrus Plants and the Asian Citrus Psyllid

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.777908 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Li-He Zhang ◽

Su-Li Ren ◽

Zheng-Qin Su ◽

Pei-Ping Xu ◽

Da Ou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Host Plants ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Utilization Rate ◽

Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽

Citrus Huanglongbing ◽

Amino Acid Contents ◽

Total Amino Acids

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri is the main vector of the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which is the causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing disease. Feeding by both ACP nymphs and adults on host plants allows them to obtain nutrition. Therefore, the nutritional content within the plant phloem is of much importance for the development and reproduction of ACP. The infection by pathogenic microbiomes may affect the amino acid contents of their host plants and then indirectly affect the biology of sap-feeding insects. In this study, we investigated the amino acid contents and their proportions in both CLas-infected and CLas-free citrus plants, ACP adults, and also in honeydew produced by ACP nymphs. Results showed that infection by CLas had a large impact on the amino acid species and proportion in all the tested target plants, ACP adults, and in the honeydew of ACP nymphs. The content of total amino acids in CLas-infected citrus was much higher than that of CLas-free citrus. However, CLas infection significantly reduced the proportion of essential amino acids (EAAs) in these plants. When feeding on CLas-infected citrus plants, ACP adults absorbed less total amino acids than those adults feeding on healthy plants, but the proportion of EAAs was significantly higher when they fed on CLas-infected citrus plants. The proportion of EAAs also significantly increased in the honeydew secreted by ACP nymphs that fed on CLas-infected citrus plants. However, EAA detection in the honeydew of ACP nymphs indicated that the utilization rate of EAAs by CLas positive ACP nymphs was reduced. Our study has revealed that CLas infection significantly affects the contents, proportion, and utilization efficiency of different amino acids in citrus plants, ACP adults, and nymphs, leading to a developmental pattern of ACP that is more conducive to CLas transmission.

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Connection of protein and amino acid content of forage and medium quality winter wheat varieties

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/36/2799 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 101-107

Author(s):

Zoltán Mezei ◽

Ágnes Pongrácznl Barancsi ◽

Péter Sipos ◽

Zoltán Győri ◽

János Csapó

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Content ◽

Acid Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Winter Wheat Varieties

We analysed the crude protein content, amino acid content, amino acid composition of four forage and milling III. quality winter wheat varieties (Magor, Hunor, Róna and Kondor) from their samples from five following years (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007). We found that quantity of essential and non-essential amino acids rose with increase in crude protein content. On examination of protein amino acid composition in relation to crude protein content we found that the crude protein content increased the quantities of the non-essential amino acids also rose, while those of the essential amino acids decreased as the lysine, the limiting amino acid of wheat. We also established that, as crude protein content increased, the biological value of the protein decreased.

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Connection of crude protein content and amino acid content of forage and medium quality winter wheat varieties in the relation of quantity and quality

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/32/3020 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 73-79

Author(s):

Zoltán Mezei ◽

Zoltán Győri ◽

János Csapó

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Content ◽

Acid Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Winter Wheat Varieties

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Tolerance to Fusarium Root Rot and the Changes in Free Amino Acid Contents in Mycorrhizal Asparagus Plants

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.47.6.751 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 751-754 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tomohiro Okada ◽

Yoh-ichi Matsubara

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Free Amino Acid ◽

Root Rot ◽

Free Amino ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽

Growth Enhancement ◽

Fusarium Root Rot ◽

Mycorrhizal Plants ◽

Amino Acid Contents

Tolerance to fusarium root rot and the changes in free amino acid contents in mycorrhizal asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L., cv. Welcome) plants were investigated. Sixteen weeks after inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF; Glomus sp. R10), mycorrhizal plants showed higher dry weight of ferns and roots than non-mycorrhizal plants, and AMF colonization level in a root system reached up to 73.3%. Ten weeks after Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi (Foa; MAFF305556, SUF1226) inoculation, disease incidence and the severity of symptoms were eased and disease indices were low as less than 20 in mycorrhizal plants compared with non-AMF plants in the both isolates. As for the changes in free amino acid, total free amino acid contents in ferns and roots were higher in AMF plants than non-AMF plants 16 weeks after AMF inoculation. In this case, eight constituents of amino acids in ferns and 16 in roots increased in AMF plants; in particular, arginine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) showed considerable increase in both ferns and roots in AMF plants. In the Foa culture by Czapec-Dox medium in vitro, suppression of Foa propagation was recognized by the addition (0.1, 1%, w/v) of arginine and GABA. From these findings, plant growth enhancement and tolerance to fusarium root rot occurred in mycorrhizal asparagus plants, and the disease tolerance was supposed to be associated with the symbiosis-specific increase in free amino acids.

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