scholarly journals Co-emergence Reinforcement and Its Relevance to Interoceptive Desensitization in Mindfulness and Therapies Aiming at Transdiagnostic Efficacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno A. Cayoun ◽  
Alice G. Shires
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Interoceptive Awareness ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Interoceptive Cues

Interoception, the ability to feel the body’s internal sensations, is an essential aspect of emotional experience. There is mounting evidence that interoception is impaired in common mental health disorders and that poor interoceptive awareness is a major contributor to emotional reactivity, calling for clinical interventions to address this deficit. The manuscript presents a comprehensive theoretical review, drawing on multidisciplinary findings to propose a metatheory of reinforcement mechanisms applicable across a wide range of disorders. We present a reconsideration of operant conditioning through the co-emergence model of reinforcement, which is a neurophenomenological account of the interaction between cognition and interoception, and its consequences on behavior. The model suggests that during memory processing, the retrieval of autobiographical memory (including maladaptive cognition) is dependent upon its co-emerging interoceptive cues occurring at the encoding, consolidation and reconsolidation stages. Accordingly, “interoceptive reinforcement” during emotional distress is a common factor to all emotional disorders and a major cause for relapse. We propose that interoceptive desensitization has transdiagnostic benefits, readily achievable through the cultivation of equanimity during mindfulness training and can be integrated in cognitive and behavioral interventions to permit a transdiagnostic applicability. We summarize the contributions of this approach into 10 specific and testable propositions.

scholarly journals Pojmowanie emocji i znaczenie działań muzycznych w ich rozwijaniu u dziecka w młodszym wieku szkolnym

1970 ◽  
pp. 347-361
Author(s):  
Natalia Kłysz-Sokalska
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
School Age ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Rational Thinking ◽  
Early School ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Early School Age ◽  
Emotional Education

  Emotional education in Poland is superficial,accidental and at times intuitive. Lack of emotional education classes and the governments’ low support of teachers have a negative effect on the treatment of emotional education as important in the development of a child in an early school age. Teachers, by trial and error, try to solve problems on the basis of their effect rather than cause, which often lies in the student’s emotions. Separating emotions from “rational” thinking is a pedagogical mistake. An adult’s awareness of the cognitive nature of emotion can affect not only the leveling up of emotional disorders, but also has impact on the child’s overall cognitive development. By using the most natural activities of music and movement, the student develops his emotionality with the verbalization of emotional experience. Awareness of the emotions experiences as well as their correct naming is the key to the success of emotional education for students.

Assessment of retinal photosensitivity as an objective indicator of expression psychodense effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220
Author(s):  
Karen B. Ovanesov ◽  
Petr D. Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Emotional Status ◽  
Retinal Activity ◽  
Objective Indicator ◽  
Psychotropic Substances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Color Sensitivity ◽  
The One ◽  
Visual Apparatus

BACKGROUND: The retina of the eye, with its wide range of neurotransmitter systems, can be the point of application in the action of the psychotropic drugs, given their synaptotropic properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this regard, a complex of studies was carried out with the participation of volunteers to assess the effect of psychotropic substances with a depressing (melatonin, grandaxin, motherwort tincture) type of action on the functional state of the retina, registered by the campimetric method. In the course of the research, the photosensitivity of the retina and its ability to distinguish colors were evaluated. Moreover, the capabilities of the technique made it possible to assess retinal activity in the field of view from 0 to 21. Such an approach can not only demonstrate the interest of retinal cellular elements in the action of substances, but also raise the question of the participation of the visual system in the psychopharmacological effect more broadly. RESULTS: The work of the visual apparatus was studied both in healthy volunteers of different ages and in persons with emotional disorders, which were identified using special questionnaire tests. It was found that violations of the emotional status are often accompanied by a limitation of the photosensitivity of the retina of varying severity. These facts can be interpreted in different ways. On the one hand, violations of visual functions can lead to psychoemotional disorders and be a pathogenetic link in their development, and on the other hand, primary disorders of retinal light and color sensitivity can provoke the development of psychopathology. However, regardless of the pharmacological characteristics of the studied drugs with psychodeprimating activity, the connection between their anti-anxiety effect and changes in visual function seems to be obvious, which allows us to raise the question of the advisability of taking into account the photosensitivity of the retina for a comprehensive assessment of both the mental state of emotionally labile subjects and the pharmacodynamics of psychodemitting drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, it is legitimate to conclude that taking into account the light and color sensitivity of the retina can be one of the quantitative criteria for the severity and effectiveness of psychopharmacotherapy.

Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Barlow ◽  
Kristen K. Ellard ◽  
Christopher P. Fairholme ◽  
Todd J. Farchione ◽  
Christina L. Boisseau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Dissociative Disorders ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Transdiagnostic Treatment ◽  
Situational Cues ◽  
Unified Protocol ◽  
The Common ◽  
Evidenced Based

This online patient workbook is a radical departure from disorder-specific treatments of various emotional disorders, and is designed to be applicable to all anxiety and unipolar mood disorders, as well as other disorders with strong emotional components, such as many somatoform and dissociative disorders. It covers the Unified Protocol (UP), which capitalizes on the contributions made by cognitive-behavioral theorists by distilling and incorporating the common principles of CBT present in all evidenced based protocols for specific emotional disorders, as well as drawing on the field of emotion science for insights into deficits in emotion regulation. It discusses the seven modules of UP, and focuses on four core strategies: becoming mindfully aware of emotional experience; reappraising rigid emotion laden attributions; identifying and preventing behavioral and emotional avoidance; and facilitating exposure to both interoceptive and situational cues associated with emotional experiences.

scholarly journals Students’ Emotional Experience in Physical Education—A Qualitative Study for New Theoretical Insights

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Leisterer ◽  
Darko Jekauc
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Social Belonging

Physical education (PE) can be the starting point for many students to be physically active throughout their lives. Positive emotional experiences in PE are discussed as beneficial for long-term physical activity, however, triggers of students’ emotions are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore, from a student’s perspective, emotions and their triggers, which occur in PE classes. N = 12 students (male: six, female: six, ø-age: 15.6 ± 1.2 years) have been interviewed using a focused semi-structured interview to identify their emotions in PE and to explore the situations in which they occurred. An inductive approach with elements of the Grounded Theory Method was implemented to analyze the data. Students reported a wide range of positive and negative emotions. Furthermore, four crucial triggers were identified: (I) Attractiveness of the task, (II) social belonging, (III) competence and (IV) autonomy. Parallels to existing theories, especially the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), will be discussed. These results can be used to improve teachers’ knowledge about students’ emotions in PE in order to build a basis for lifelong physical activity.

scholarly journals Differentiating attention styles and regulatory aspects of self-reported interoceptive sensibility

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1708) ◽  
pp. 20160013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolf Mehling
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Importance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Metacognitive Awareness ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Interoceptive Awareness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Error Awareness ◽  
Regulatory Aspects ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
Interoceptive Cues

Based on prior research, multiple discriminable dimensions of interoception have been defined: awareness, accuracy and sensibility. Some investigators defined interoceptive awareness as metacognitive awareness of interoceptive accuracy, assessed as correspondence between subjective confidence in and objective accuracy of one's heartbeat detection. However, metacognitive awareness has been understood quite differently: ‘a cognitive set in which negative thoughts/feelings are experienced as mental events, rather than as the self’ or as ‘error awareness’. Interoceptive sensibility , defined as self-reported interoception, distinguishes self-reported interoception from objective interoceptive accuracy , but does not differentiate between anxiety-driven and mindful attention styles towards interoceptive cues, a distinction of key clinical importance: one attention style is associated with somatization and anxiety disorders; the other has been viewed as healthy, adaptive, resilience-enhancing. The self-report Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness was developed to differentiate these attention styles. It has been translated into 16 languages and applied in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Findings from these applications suggest that differentiating interoceptive sensibility according to attention style and regulatory aspects (i) provides insights into the psychology of interoceptive awareness, (ii) differentiates between clinically maladaptive and beneficial interoceptive attention, and (iii) helps elucidate therapeutic approaches that claim to provide health benefits by training mindful styles of bodily awareness. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.

scholarly journals The meanings of focus: The significance of an interpretation-based category in cross-linguistic analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
DEJAN MATIĆ ◽  
DANIEL WEDGWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Common Factor ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Stable Category ◽  
Structural Patterns ◽  
Syntactic Movement ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Wide Range

Focus is regularly treated as a cross-linguistically stable category that is merely manifested by different structural means in different languages, such that a common focus feature may be realised through, for example, a morpheme in one language and syntactic movement in another. We demonstrate this conception of focus to be unsustainable on both theoretical and empirical grounds, invoking fundamental argumentation regarding the notions of focus and linguistic category, alongside data from a wide range of languages. Attempts to salvage a cross-linguistic notion of focus through parameterisation, the introduction of additional information-structural primitives such as contrast, or reduction to a single common factor are shown to be equally problematic. We identify the causes of repeated misconceptions about the nature of focus in a number of interrelated theoretical and methodological tendencies in linguistic analysis. We propose to see focus as a heuristic tool and to employ it as a means of identifying structural patterns that languages use to generate a certain number of related pragmatic effects, potentially through quite diverse mechanisms.

scholarly journals Clinical and Psychological Characteristics and Existential Essence of the “Florence Syndrome”

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
M.V. Ermolaeva ◽  
D.V. Lubovsky
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Aesthetic

We consider a wide range of emotional disorders that occur as a result of meeting with works of art in places of significant cultural value, denominated as Florence syndrome. The analysis of the syndrome is conducted in two directions stemming from the psychotherapeutic approach developed by F.E. Vasiluk: the analysis of events’ sense (clinical and psychological nature of the syndrome), and the analysis of the existential content of experiences as a process of giving meaning to events. We analyze the descriptions of the Florence syndrome in the works of G. Magherini. Different versions of the syndrome are interpreted from the point of view of M. Klein’s theory of object relations. It is shown that the existential essence of this syndrome consists in the difficulty of accepting the social situation of adult development and challenges of uncertainty and complexity. We suggest that the existential nature of this syndrome is associated with the expectation of meeting with the beautiful, with an aesthetic situation that will change the person’s life for the better without an effort of will, without difficult preliminary work on learning the language of art and without further understanding of the aesthetic experience received. In conclusion, we analyze the most important theme of A. Tarkovsky’s film “Solaris”, that is, returning to childhood, to the origins, to the foundations of being, to a spiritual rebirth.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN NYERI YANG TERJADI 24 JAM PASCA OPERASI PADA PENDERITA YANG DIBERIKAN ANESTESIA UMUM DAN ANESTESIA SPINAL

e-CliniC ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiska M. Muhammad ◽  
Lucky Kumaat ◽  
Iddo Posangi
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
P Value ◽  
Inhalation Anesthesia ◽  
Vas Score ◽  
Post Operative Pain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anesthesia Spinal

Abstract: Pain can be described as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with tissue damage which has already occured or potentially will be occurred. General anesthesia is oftenly perfomed on a wide range of surgical procedures. There are two techniques of general anesthesia: inhalation anesthesia and intravenous anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia is one of the simplest and most reliable of regional anesthesia technique. This study aimed to compare the pain between general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia 24 hours post operative. This was an analytical prospective study. Samples were 24 patients consisting of 12 patients with general anesthesia and 12 patients with spinal anesthesia. The inclusion criteria were patients aged 20-60 years old, duration of operation 1-4 hours, and the operations were caesarean section and hysterectomy. The pain assessment used VAS score as well as blood pressure, pulse, and respiration. Data were statistically analyzed by using the Mann-Whitney test and showed a p-value 0.876. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in 24-hour-post-operative pain using VAS score among patients with general anesthesia and with spinal anesthesia.Keywords: VAS scores, general anesthesia, spinal anesthesia.Abstrak: Nyeri dapat digambarkan sebagai suatu pengalaman sensorik dan emosional yang tidak menyenangkan yang berkaitan dengan kerusakan jaringan yang sudah atau berpotensi terjadi. Anestesia umum sering dilalukan pada berbagai macam prosedur pembedahan dan terbagi atas anestesia inhalasi dan anestesia intravena. Anestesia spinal merupakan salah satu anestesia yang paling sederhana dan paling dapat diandalkan dari tehnik anestesia regional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan nyeri pada pemberian anestesia umum dan anestesia spinal 24 jam pasca operasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik prospektif. Terdapat 24 sampel yang terbagi atas 12 penggunaan anestesia umum dan 12 penggunaan anestesia spinal, dengan kriteria rentang umur pasien 20-60 tahun, lama operasi 1-4 jam serta jenis pembedahan seksio sesarea dan histerektomi. Penilaian nyeri menggunakan skor VAS serta tekanan darah, nadi dan respirasi. Data diolah dengan menggunakan program SPSS versi 20. Hasil uji statistik Mann-Whitney mendapatkan nilai p= 0,876 yang menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dari skor VAS. 24 jam pasca operasi dengan anestesia umum dan anestesia spinal. Simpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna nyeri 24 jam pasca operaasi dinilai dengan skor VAS pada pemberian anestesia umum dan anestesia spinal.Kata kunci: Skor VAS, anestesia general, anestesia spinal

scholarly journals Behavioral and neural dissociation of social anxiety and loneliness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Lieberz ◽  
Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory ◽  
Nira Saporta ◽  
Alisa Kanterman ◽  
Timo Esser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Social Feedback ◽  
Social Situations

Loneliness is a public health concern with detrimental effects on physical and mental well-being. Given phenotypical overlaps between loneliness and social anxiety, cognitive behavioral interventions targeting social anxiety might be adopted to reduce loneliness. However, it is still elusive whether social anxiety and loneliness share the same underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. The current study aimed at investigating to what extent known behavioral and neural correlates of social avoidance in social anxiety are evident in loneliness. We used a pre-stratified approach involving 42 participants with high and 40 control participants with low loneliness scores. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the participants completed a social gambling task to measure the subjective value of engaging in a social situation and responses to positive and negative social feedback. Uni- and multivariate analyses of behavioral and fMRI data replicated known task effects across groups. However, although lonely participants were characterized by increased social anxiety, loneliness was associated with a response pattern clearly distinct from social anxiety. Specifically, Bayesian analyses revealed moderate evidence for equal subjective values of engaging in social situations and comparable amygdala responses to social decision-making and striatal responses to positive social feedback in both groups. Conversely, lonely participants showed significantly altered behavioral responsiveness to negative feedback and opposing striatal brain activity and connectivity compared to controls. Our findings suggest that loneliness is associated with altered emotional reactivity to social situations rather than behavioral tendencies to withdraw from social interactions. Thus, established interventions for social anxiety should be adjusted when targeting loneliness.

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