scholarly journals Accepting Restrictions and Compliance With Recommended Preventive Behaviors for COVID-19: A Discussion Based on the Key Approaches and Current Research on Fear Appeals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Andaç Demirtaş-Madran
Keyword(s):  
Fear Appeals ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Face ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All

COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) is a novel coronavirus which was first detected in late December 2019 in the Wuhan Province of China. This novel coronavirus, caused by a zoonotic beta-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-), is described as highly infectious. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the novel coronavirus as COVID-19 on February 11, 2020, and declared it as a “pandemic.” Almost all countries have undertaken wide-scale precautions so as to prevent or limit the spread of the virus, with most having practiced some form of “lockdown” along with “social distancing,” as well as dispensed recommendations for proper hand washing, avoiding touching the face, wearing facemasks, and using disposable tissues when either coughing or sneezing. Whereas it is well known that slowing the spread of this new epidemic requires the cooperation of all citizens, some people still seem to willfully disregard the rules and guidelines, and thereby ignore the health risks posed to both themselves and to others they come into contact with. People have responded differently to lockdown rules and social distancing practices. Whilst the majority follow the rules and recommendations with great care, others are more lax or simply refuse to comply. These differences might be accounted for according to a number of factors including personal, social, cultural, mental, and economic variables. Being persuaded to comply with preventive rules, especially those concerned with health-related behaviors, also bring certain other factors into play. Fear is one of those factors, and is one of the most powerful. It is well known that fear-based appeals can be effective in inculcating health behaviors, with many theories having been developed in this area. However, both the content of the message (the level of the fear it contains) and certain personal variables can determine the persuasive power of the fear appeal. It can even have an adverse effect if not properly applied. Many theories have been developed to address the persuasive effectiveness of the fear appeal (e.g., fear-drive theory, protection-motivation theory), and this study aims to discuss these individual differences in precautionary and preventive measures for the COVID-19 pandemic within the framework of the basic assumptions of these theoretical approaches.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Face Masks in Reducing the Spread of COVID-19: A Model-Based Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272989X2110190
Author(s):  
Isabelle J. Rao ◽  
Jacqueline J. Vallon ◽  
Margaret L. Brandeau
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mask Effectiveness

Background The World Health Organization and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that both infected and susceptible people wear face masks to protect against COVID-19. Methods We develop a dynamic disease model to assess the effectiveness of face masks in reducing the spread of COVID-19, during an initial outbreak and a later resurgence, as a function of mask effectiveness, coverage, intervention timing, and time horizon. We instantiate the model for the COVID-19 outbreak in New York, with sensitivity analyses on key natural history parameters. Results During the initial epidemic outbreak, with no social distancing, only 100% coverage of masks with high effectiveness can reduce the effective reproductive number [Formula: see text] below 1. During a resurgence, with lowered transmission rates due to social distancing measures, masks with medium effectiveness at 80% coverage can reduce [Formula: see text] below 1 but cannot do so if individuals relax social distancing efforts. Full mask coverage could significantly improve outcomes during a resurgence: with social distancing, masks with at least medium effectiveness could reduce [Formula: see text] below 1 and avert almost all infections, even with intervention fatigue. For coverage levels below 100%, prioritizing masks that reduce the risk of an infected individual from spreading the infection rather than the risk of a susceptible individual from getting infected yields the greatest benefit. Limitations Data regarding COVID-19 transmission are uncertain, and empirical evidence on mask effectiveness is limited. Our analyses assume homogeneous mixing, providing an upper bound on mask effectiveness. Conclusions Even moderately effective face masks can play a role in reducing the spread of COVID-19, particularly with full coverage, but should be combined with social distancing measures to reduce [Formula: see text] below 1. [Box: see text]

scholarly journals Comprehensive physiotherapy management in covid-19 – a narrative review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 38030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deivendran Kalirathinam ◽  
Raj Guruchandran ◽  
Prabhakar Subramani
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk

The 2019 novel coronavirus officially named as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by the World Health Organization, has spread to more than 180 countries. The ongoing global pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which causes COVID-19, spread to the United Kingdom (UK) in January 2020. Transmission within the UK was confirmed in February, leading to an epidemic with a rapid increase in cases in March. As on April 25- 2020, there have been 148,377 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the UK and 20,319 people with confirmed infection have died. Survival of critically ill patients is frequently associated with significant functional impairment and reduced health-related quality of life. Early physiotherapy and community rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients has recently been identified as an essential therapeutic tool and has become a crucial evidence-based component in the management of these patients. This comprehensive narrative review aims to describe recent progress in the application of physiotherapy management in COVID 19 patients. Assessment and evidence- based treatment of these patients should include prevention, reduction of adverse consequences in immobilization, and long-term impairment sequelae. A variety of techniques and modalities of early physiotherapy in intensive care unit are suggested by clinical research. They should be applied according to the stage of the disease, comorbidities, and patient’s level of cooperation.

scholarly journals Modelling and Simulating the Novel Coronavirus with Implications of Asymptomatic Carriers

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ghassane Benrhmach ◽  
Khalil Namir ◽  
Jamal Bouyaghroumni
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriers ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization declared that the total number of confirmed cases tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2, affecting 210 countries, exceeded 3 million on 29 April 2020, with more than 207,973 deaths. In order to end the global COVID‐19 pandemic, public authorities have put in place multiple strategies like testing, contact tracing, and social distancing. Predictive mathematical models for epidemics are fundamental to understand the development of the epidemic and to plan effective control strategies. Some hosts may carry SARS‐CoV‐2 and transmit it to others, yet display no symptoms themselves. We propose applying a model (SELIAHRD) taking in consideration the number of asymptomatic infected people. The SELIAHRD model consists of eight stages: Susceptible, Exposed, Latent, Symptomatic Infected, Asymptomatic Infected, Hospitalized, Recovered, and Dead. The asymptomatic carriers contribute to the spread of disease, but go largely undetected and can therefore undermine efforts to control transmission. The simulation of possible scenarios of the implementation of social distancing shows that if we rigorously follow the social distancing rule then the healthcare system will not be overloaded.

scholarly journals Coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19 and impacts on medical education: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Kelly Kelly ◽  
Lie Rebecca Yen Hwei ◽  
Gilbert Sterling Octavius
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Threat

Since the beginning of 2020, the world has been affected by the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic. The virus’ infectious nature pushed all sectors to implement social distancing measures in an effort to limit its transmission, including the education sector. We searched PubMed and Science Direct on June 12th and found 24 papers that are relevant to our review. After the World Health Organization announced that COVID-19 is a global threat, various countries took a variety of measures to limit the disease spread such as social distancing, self-quarantine, and closing public facilities that hold large gatherings, including universities and schools. Hospitals started to prioritize services for COVID-19 cases. Medical education programs are also affected by this disease, but not continuing in-person classes outweighs any benefit from traditional teaching methods. The previous Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) pandemics have shown ways to shift medical education to online platforms. In the current pandemic, online meetings are being used to hold lectures, classes, laboratory practices, and clinical skills classes. For clerkship students, online platforms might not be feasible because this eliminates patient-doctor relationships, but it appears for now to be the only option. Some institutions have involved medical students in the frontlines altogether. We encourage all parties to constantly evaluate, review, and improve the efforts of continuing medical education, especially during this pandemic. Further research is needed to evaluate students’ performance after adopting e-learning and to discover the best methods in medical education in general and clerkship education in particular.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Pandemic Leading Crisis in Tourism Industry of Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 108-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimesh Ulak
Keyword(s):  
Health Sector ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
World Tourism Organization ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tourism Organization ◽  
United Nation

The aim of this paper is to explore and illuminate the preliminary impacts of novel coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) in tourism industry of Nepal. The spillover impact of pandemic has been seen in almost every sector globally. Many scholars and practitioners have already started rethinking and researching in different disciplines based on issues regarding COVID-19. Some of the disciplines are International tourism, health sector, international economy, global politics, human civilization, sustainability and so on. The United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and World Health Organization (WHO) are closely cooperating for understanding the severe impact of escalation of coronavirus on the human health and damage in the world economy as well as tourism sector (UNWTO, 2020). There are uncountable job losses recorded in tourism industry due to stranded traveller’s mobility after many nations including Nepal declared lockdown as a strategy to control the spread of virus Therefore, devastating Airlines, shuttered borders, halt of transportation means and cancellation of rooms in hotels have a vigorous impact on tourism industry than the COVID-19 outbreak itself. It is obvious to experience changes in tourism industry; tourist’s behavior and their reluctance to travel for few years. However, travel of humans for any motives will provide spectrum to tourism mobility. The epidemic has drastically turned into pandemic as the virus has transferred to almost all the nations of the globe without visa so far.

scholarly journals BERBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
Yuggo Afrianto ◽  
Novita Br Ginting ◽  
Indriyawati Indriyawati ◽  
Kalih Puspita Dewi ◽  
Muhamad Rizky Fahrezi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
The Face ◽  
Health Organization

Covid-19 is a new type of virus that was discovered in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in 2019. The new kind of virus was given the name coronavirus disease-2019, shortened to Covid-19. WHO declared this virus a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Various parties tried to in the prevention and control of COVID-19. However, the number of references offered and the variance of a policy in a study create problems again. People are confused to understand what efforts are suitable or recommended with trustworthy truths. Hence, this study uses Systematic Literature Reviews to find the most recommended efforts with reliable study sources, namely the Scopus journal and Google Scholar. The results of this study provide recommendations to the public about the efforts to prevent Covid-19, to reduce the spread of Covid-19, especially in Indonesia. 125 relevant journals were successfully reviewed, resulting in 37 Covid-19 prevention efforts. Based on the ranking method, 10 efforts are widely recommended in journals, namely: Social distancing, Quarantine/lockdown/LSSR (Large-scale social restrictions), WFH (Work From Home), Washing hands, Self-isolation, Wearing masks, Using handsanitizer, Spraying disinfectants, Maintaining immunity, and Not touch the face. The exciting thing that was also found in the research was that there were efforts that were not only built based on medical science but were also associated with beliefs such as Sawen Installation and Religious Ceremonies. Keywords: Covid-19; SLR; prevention of Covid-19. AbstrakCovid-19 merupakan virus jenis baru yang ditemukan di Wuhan, Hubei, China pada tahun 2019, virus ini diberi nama corona virus disease-2019 yang disingkat menjadi Covid-19, WHO (World Health Organization) menyatakan virus ini sebagai suatu pandemi pada 11 Maret 2020. Berbagai pihak berupaya dalam pencegahan dan penanggulangan Covid-19. Namun banyaknya referensi yang ditawarkan dan ketidak selarasan suatu kebijakkan dalam suatu studi, membuat permasalahan kembali di mana masyarakat bingung untuk mengerti upaya apa saja yang baik atau direkomendasikan dengan kebenaran yang dapat dipercaya.  Untuk menangani masalah tersebut maka dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Systematic Literature Reviews untuk mencari upaya yang paling banyak direkomendasikan dengan sumber studi yang terpercaya, yaitu jurnal Scopus dan Google Scholar. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi kepada masyarakat tentang apa saja upaya pencegahan Covid-19, untuk mengurangi penyebaran Covid-19 khususnya di Indonesia. 125 jurnal yang relevan berhasil direview, menghasilkan 37 Upaya pencegahan Covid-19. Berdasarkan metode pemeringkatan mendapatkan 10 upaya yang banyak direkomendasi dalam jurnal, yaitu: Social distancing, Karantina/lockdown/PSBB (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar), WFH (Work From Home), Mencuci tangan, Isolasi diri, Memakai masker, Memakai handsanitizer, Menyemprotkan disenfektan, Menjaga imun, dan Tidak menyentuh wajah. Hal menarik yang didapatkan juga dalam penelitian ternyata terdapat upaya yang tidak hanya dibangun berdasarkan ilmu medis, namun juga dikaitkan dengan kepercayaan seperti, Pemasangan Sawen dan Upacara Keagamaan.

scholarly journals Preventive measures against 2019 Coronavirus infection in healthcare personnel: experience of a healthcare structure dedicated to covid 19 in Morocco

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Care Staff ◽  
World Health ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Field Hospital ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Military

In March 2, 2020, the novel coronavirus disease 19 pandemic, declared in China at the end of 2019, made 88,948 confirmed cases worldwide, including 80,174 cases and 2,915 deaths in China, on this date Morocco recorded the first confirmed case. Given the magnitude of this pandemic, the World Health Organization has highlighted growing problems in the supply of personal protective equipment (PPE). Front-line health personnel are dangerously under-equipped to treat patients suffering from COVID-19. Morocco has learned from the evolution of the pandemic across various countries and has developed a National vigilance and Response Plan for covid 2019 aimed at upgrading hospital structures and supplying equipment for prevention and diagnosis In Morocco, deaths from covid 19 are few, At the level of the military field hospital where the study is being carried out, no case of infection has occurred. This observation shows the need for vigilance in the face of health epidemics and emergencies. The role of national institutions is devoted to the implementation of monitoring and response strategies that allow the management of human and logistical resources. Regarding care staff, continuous training and the provision of protection equipement and support is a fundamental point for proper functioning and better performance.

scholarly journals Breast Self-Examination: Attitudes and Knowledge Among Polish Nurses

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 196s-196s
Author(s):  
M. Panczyk ◽  
M. Woynarowska-Sołdan ◽  
P. Koczkodaj ◽  
L. Iwanow ◽  
G. Bączek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
World Health ◽  
Epidemiologic Data ◽  
Logistic Regression Method ◽  
The Face ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Point Total ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Self Examination ◽  
The Impact

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is 1 of the most challenging types of malignant cancer, both in Poland and in the world. Accordingly to the latest epidemiologic data, in Poland in 2015 BC was the most frequent cancer among women and was second leading cause of cancer deaths. World Health Organization highlights that BSE has significant role in empowering women to take responsibility for their own health and is recommended as an educational tool in raising women's awareness about BC risk. Appropriate knowledge level about BSE is especially crucial among nurses - in many cases nurses are the first and only source of knowledge about BSE and BC for women. Aim: To investigate level of knowledge about BSE among Polish nurses. Methods: To assess BSE correctness performed by nurses, authors used the scale based on 4 items. Each item referred to 1 following principle of appropriate BSE: regularity (once a month); BSE performed 2-3 days after menstruation among women in premenopausal age and within the set day among postmenopausal women; using both visual and palpation technique; examination in standing and lying position. For each principle respondent received 1 point. Total maximum number of points was 4. Among the variables characterizing the examined group of nurses potential qualitative and quantitative factors were identified, the impact of which on the correctness of BSE performance has been assessed. To evaluate the impact of specific factors on the probability of correct BSE performance the logistic regression method has been used. Results: In our study all nurses declared that they had performed BSE at least once in their life. However, less than half (41.1%) did this for the first time at the age of 20 or earlier. 56.7% of nurses regularly examined their breasts once a month. Among menstruating women (N = 1058) at the recommended time (2-3 days after the end of menstruation), BSE was performed by 67.3% of nurses, the others during different periods of the menstrual cycle. Among postmenopausal women (N = 184) 30.4% have been performing BSE on a specific day of the month. Almost all subjects (about 98%) used both - viewing and palpation method. 58.9% did it in 2 positions - standing and lying. The average number of points on the BSE correctness scale, including 4 items, was 2.8 points. BSE was fully correctly performed by 27.5% of women (4 p.) and almost fully correctly by 33.9% of nurses (3 p.). Less than 1% of nurses carried out BSE contrary to the 4 recommendations assessed during the study. Conclusion: Despite medical education only about 1/3 of nurses has performed BSE in a completely correct way. It shows the need of constant education in this matter which has significant meaning for same nurses but also for women educated by them. Moreover, in the face of alarming epidemiologic data on BC and unsatisfactory quality of performed BSE, devoting more attention in the nurses´ education process for BC issues should be considered.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Surgery Residency Program during COVID-19 pandemic:

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Guerreiro ◽  
Lucas Cardoso ◽  
Valdano Manuel ◽  
Aldo Benitez ◽  
Lucas Bonamigo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Training ◽  
World Health ◽  
New Professionals ◽  
Residency Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Surgery Residency Program ◽  
Based Medicine

In December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in China and spread rapidly around the world, resulting in a pandemic declared by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The disease has affected more than 11 million people in Brazil, with more than 265.000 deaths to date, as we are now facing a second wave of infections. Regarding medical assistance and training, it turned out to be a great challenge, since - among other things - many residents were relocated to respiratory units to treat patients with COVID-19. Even though the residency programs situation has become chaotic all around the world and the activities in almost all specialties nearly stopped (especially in surgical specialties), the need to reinvent the way of teaching was the best concern. Worldwide the “webinars fever” was an impulse to try new strategies to fulfill the gaps of knowledge of these future specialists. It is crucial to call to the responsibility put on medical training institutions to prepare these new professionals according the principles of evidence-based medicine, surgical proficiency and patient safety.

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