scholarly journals Multiple Hazard Uncertainty Visualization Challenges and Paths Forward

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lace Padilla ◽  
Sarah Dryhurst ◽  
Helia Hosseinpour ◽  
Andrew Kruczkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Uncertainty Visualization ◽  
Multiple Hazards ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Practical Guidance ◽  
Complex Relationships

Making decisions with uncertainty is challenging for the general public, policymakers, and even highly trained scientists. Nevertheless, when faced with the need to respond to a potential hazard, people must make high-risk decisions with uncertainty. In some cases, people have to consider multiple hazards with various types of uncertainties. Multiple hazards can be interconnected by location, time, and/or environmental systems, and the hazards may interact, producing complex relationships among their associated uncertainties. The interaction between multiple hazards and their uncertainties can have nonlinear effects, where the resultant risk and uncertainty are greater than the sum of the risk and uncertainty associated with individual hazards. Effectively communicating the uncertainties related to such complicated systems should be a high priority because the frequency and variability of multiple hazard events due to climate change continue to increase. However, the communication of multiple hazard uncertainties and their interactions remains largely unexplored. The lack of practical guidance on conveying multiple hazard uncertainties is likely due in part to the field’s vast expanse, making it challenging to identify entry points. Here, we offer a perspective on three critical challenges related to uncertainty communication across various multiple hazard contexts to galvanize the research community. We advocate for systematic considerations of multiple hazard uncertainty communication that focus on trade-offs between complexity and factors, including mental effort, trust, and usability.

scholarly journals Plain faces are more expressive: comparative study of facial colour, mobility and musculature in primates

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 20140275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharlene E. Santana ◽  
Seth D. Dobson ◽  
Rui Diogo
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Facial Nucleus ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Colour Patterns

Facial colour patterns and facial expressions are among the most important phenotypic traits that primates use during social interactions. While colour patterns provide information about the sender's identity, expressions can communicate its behavioural intentions. Extrinsic factors, including social group size, have shaped the evolution of facial coloration and mobility, but intrinsic relationships and trade-offs likely operate in their evolution as well. We hypothesize that complex facial colour patterning could reduce how salient facial expressions appear to a receiver, and thus species with highly expressive faces would have evolved uniformly coloured faces. We test this hypothesis through a phylogenetic comparative study, and explore the underlying morphological factors of facial mobility. Supporting our hypothesis, we find that species with highly expressive faces have plain facial colour patterns. The number of facial muscles does not predict facial mobility; instead, species that are larger and have a larger facial nucleus have more expressive faces. This highlights a potential trade-off between facial mobility and colour patterning in primates and reveals complex relationships between facial features during primate evolution.

Free-Viewpoint 3DTV

2013 ◽  
pp. 235-253
Author(s):  
S. Zinger ◽  
L. Do ◽  
P. H. N. de With ◽  
G. Petrovic ◽  
Y. Morvan
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Depth Image ◽  
Video Sequences ◽  
Depth Images ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Interpolation Problems ◽  
Depth Image Based Rendering ◽  
Interpolation Techniques

Free-ViewPoint (FVP) interpolation allows creating a new view between the existing reference views. Applied to 3D multi-view video sequences, it leads to two important applications: (1) FVP service provided to the user, which enables the possibility to interactively select the viewing point of the scene; (2) improved compression of multi-view video sequences by using view prediction for inter-view coding. In this chapter, the authors provide an overview of the essential steps for 3D free-view video communication, which consists of the free-viewpoint interpolation techniques, a concept for free-view coding and a scalable free-view video streaming architecture. For facilitating free-view to the user, the chapter introduces the free-viewpoint interpolation techniques and the concept of warping. The authors assume that 3D video is represented by texture and depth images available for each view. Therefore it is possible to apply Depth Image Based Rendering (DIBR), which uses the depth signal as a important cue for geometry information and 3D reconstruction. Authors analyze the involved interpolation problems, such as cracks, ghost contours and disocclusions, which arise from an FVP interpolation and propose several solutions to improve the image quality of the synthesized view. Afterwards, they present a standard approach to FVP rendering used currently by the research community and our FVP interpolation. Additionally, authors show the use of FVP rendering for the multi-view coding and streaming and discuss the gains and trade-offs of it. At the end of the chapter are the state-of-the-art achievements and challenges of FVP rendering and a vision concerning the development of free-viewpoint services.

scholarly journals Balancing Rigor, Replication, and Relevance: A Case for Multiple-Cohort, Longitudinal Experiments

AERA Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 233285841987625 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Blazar ◽  
Matthew A. Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Education Research ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Single Study ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Teacher Coaching

Over the past 15 years, the education research community has advocated for rigorous research designs that support causal inferences, for research that provides more generalizable results across settings, and for the value of research-practice partnerships that inform the design of local programs and policies. We propose the multi-cohort, longitudinal experiment (MCLE) as one approach to balancing these three, sometimes competing goals in a single study. We describe our application of an MCLE design to evaluate a teacher coaching program, where we find that changes in program features related to personnel, content, and duration coincided with substantial differences in effectiveness across three cohorts of the experiment. Our analyses and corresponding recommendations can help researchers weigh the benefits and trade-offs of the MCLE design.

scholarly journals Cryosphere Services to Support SDGs in High Mountains

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 791
Author(s):  
Jinglin Zhang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Shiwei Liu ◽  
Weiming Kong
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Regional Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Goals

The cryosphere is able to provide a variety of services for the benefit of human well-being and underpins regional sustainable development. The cryosphere deterioration induced by climate change is impacting the services and will subsequently impede the efforts to meet sustainable development goals (SDGs) in high mountain societies. Here, we detail the context of cryosphere services and establish a dataset for its linkage to SDGs. This allows us to uncover its roles in supporting SDGs, directly by a causal connection and indirectly through either cascading effects or interconnection among SDGs. We find that the SDGs in association with the basic needs of high mountain societies are mostly affected by the cryosphere services. The different types of services pitch in with distinctions to be embraced by various SDGs, whilst some play a prominent role in the contribution to a broad range of SDGs. We further investigate how the services behave in their contributions to SDGs, by taking a view via the lens of a network that deciphers the relationship between the services and SDG targets as well as the interconnections among SDG targets. With an insight into the centrality and modularity of services in the network, we then delineate the inherent criticality of services to SDG targets as a whole, and reveal the specificity of services that co-contribute to a cluster of SDG targets in each network community. We take out the services from the network and maintain their interlinks to the targets of each underlying SDG system represented in six key entry points, so that the services critical to the transformation pathways in the entry points for SDGs in high mountains can be identified. Finally, we discuss the trade-offs that can occur in high mountains, which is unique for the cryosphere services. It creates more complexity in the assessment of overall benefits that the cryosphere services may provide to SDGs, and urges the balance that has to be maintained in attaining those services for the transformation.

Seismic diffusivity: The influence of fracture networks on the patterns of induced seismicity.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Haagenson ◽  
Harihar Rajaram
Keyword(s):  
Induced Seismicity ◽  
Fractured Rock ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Fracture Network ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
The People ◽  
Fault Structures ◽  
Stress States ◽  
The Impact

<p>It has been long understood that the injection of fluids into the subsurface, a common practice in several industries, often leads to seismic activity by altering the fluid pressures and stress states acting along fault structures. In some cases, this puts the people and infrastructure located nearby at considerable risk. The effective mitigation of this potential hazard relies heavily on understanding the physical mechanisms controlling the behavior of injection-induced seismicity. Here, we aim to better understand the spatiotemporal patterns of the seismicity through the concept of triggering fronts (i.e. the propagating front where the onset of seismicity occurs). Previously, triggering fronts have been studied mostly in the context of homogenous porous media. Here, field scale simulations of fluid injection into fractured rock are modeled as linear, uncoupled fluid flow. While injection-induced seismicity is certainly affected by poroelastic stressing and nonlinear hydraulic parameters of the rock, the focus of this study is to understand the impact of a discrete fracture network on patterns of seismicity. Therefore, poroelastic and nonlinear effects are ignored. Results indicate that the pathways of high permeability within the fracture network greatly influence the migration of the triggering front. While the triggering front clearly follows a diffusive process as expected, the corresponding diffusivity is found to be distinct from the effective hydraulic diffusivity of the domain. We, therefore, call this diffusivity the seismic diffusivity of the fractured rock. Understanding seismic diffusivity may help us better interpret datasets of injection-induced seismicity and potentially forecast the patterns of injection-induced seismicity in well-characterized formations.</p>

Tensions in communication— Teachers and academic facilitators in a critical friendship

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Helene Zimmerman Nilsson ◽  
Ann-Christine Wennergren ◽  
Ulrika Sjöberg
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Academic Facilitators

This paper concerns the complex relationships between external facilitators and teachers in action research, as they work in a critical friendship to develop interaction in specific ways that open up rather than shut down communication and learning. The aim is to contribute with knowledge about interpersonal communication between academic facilitators and teachers in a development process where the teachers had a lack of influence in the initial phase of the project. The findings reveal that communication in a context of incompatible positions and professional distance did not lead to further communication, whereas communication in a context of confidence, mutual reliance, and challenge opened up possibilities for further dialogue. We identified three aspects affecting communication: absence of ownership of specific problems, trust without relationship, and courage before trust. Implication for the action research community is the importance of making strategies for critical friendship explicit. This assists for teachers to internalize the role.

scholarly journals Different Antenna Designs for Non-Contact Vital Signs Measurement: A Review

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Gouveia ◽  
Caroline Loss ◽  
Pedro Pinho ◽  
José Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Antenna Design ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
System Requirements

Cardiopulmonary activity measured through contactless means is a hot topic within the research community. The Doppler radar is an approach often used to acquire vital signs in real time and to further estimate their rates, in a remote way and without requiring direct contact with subjects. Many solutions have been proposed in the literature, using different transceivers and operation modes. Nonetheless, all different strategies have a common goal: enhance the system efficiency, reduce the manufacturing cost, and minimize the overall size of the system. Antennas are a key component for these systems since they can influence the radar robustness directly. Therefore, antennas must be designed with care, facing several trade-offs to meet all the system requirements. In this sense, it is necessary to define the proper guidelines that need to be followed in the antenna design. In this manuscript, an extensive review on different antenna designs for non-contact vital signals measurements is presented. It is intended to point out and quantify which parameters are crucial for the optimal radar operation, for non-contact vital signs’ acquisition.

scholarly journals Exploiting Synergy of Carbon Pricing and other Policy Instruments for Deep Decarbonization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Kirchner ◽  
Johannes Schmidt ◽  
Sebastian Wehrle
Keyword(s):  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Carbon Pricing ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Disruptive Change ◽  
Single Instrument

We address both weaknesses and strengths of recent arguments against carbon pricing . In our opinion, however, carbon pricing is one essential component of a mix of policy instruments, as no single instrument will bring about the disruptive change needed to meet the Paris Agreement goals and achieve deep carbonization. We urge the research community to assess synergies and trade-offs between different policy instruments and to take into account the important role of their social and political acceptance.

scholarly journals LoRaWANSim: A Flexible Simulator for LoRaWAN Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 695
Author(s):  
Riccardo Marini ◽  
Konstantin Mikhaylov ◽  
Gianni Pasolini ◽  
Chiara Buratti
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Performance Limits ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Physical Medium ◽  
Network Simulators ◽  
And Performance

Among the low power wide area network communication protocols for large scale Internet of Things, LoRaWAN is considered one of the most promising, owing to its flexibility and energy-saving capabilities. For these reasons, during recent years, the scientific community has invested efforts into assessing the fundamental performance limits and understanding the trade-offs between the parameters and performance of LoRaWAN communication for different application scenarios. However, this task cannot be effectively accomplished utilizing only analytical methods, and precise network simulators are needed. To that end, this paper presents LoRaWANSim, a LoRaWAN simulator implemented in MATLAB, developed to characterize the behavior of LoRaWAN networks, accounting for physical, medium access control and network aspects. In particular, since many simulators described in the literature are deployed for specific research purposes, they are usually oversimplified and hold a number of assumptions affecting the accuracy of their results. In contrast, our simulator has been developed for the sake of completeness and it is oriented towards an accurate representation of the LoRaWAN at the different layers. After a detailed description of the simulator, we report a validation of the simulator itself and we then conclude by presenting some results of its use revealing notable and non-intuitive trade-offs present in LoRaWAN. Such simulator will be made available via open access to the research community.

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