scholarly journals Disgust Sensitivity Among Women During the COVID-19 Outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Miłkowska ◽  
Andrzej Galbarczyk ◽  
Magdalena Mijas ◽  
Grazyna Jasienska

The emotion of disgust is suggested to be an adaptation that evolved to keep us away from sources of infection. Therefore, individuals from populations with greater pathogen stress should have a greater disgust sensitivity. However, current evidence for a positive relationship between disgust sensitivity and the intensity of infectious diseases in the environment is limited. We tested whether disgust and contamination sensitivity changed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Disgust was assessed in 984 women in 2017 (before pandemic) and 633 women in 2020 (during pandemic) by a set of photographs depicting sources of infection and Pathogen and Moral of Three-Domain Disgust Scale. Further, contamination sensitivity among participants in two waves was measured by Contamination Obsessions and Washing Compulsions Subscale of Padua Inventory. State anxiety was measured with the Polish adaptation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) only during the second wave of data collection. Women from the COVID-19 pandemic group assessed the photographs depicting sources of infection as more disgusting, scoring higher on Padua Inventory, but lower on Moral Disgust Domain as compared to women from before the pandemic. In addition, anxiety levels during pandemic positively correlated with scores from Pathogen Disgust Domain, Padua Inventory, and the ratings of the photographs. The participants of the study scored higher in state anxiety than the norms determined for the Polish population. Summarizing, we present evidence for differences in individual levels of disgust sensitivity in relation to pathogen stress, supporting the idea that disgust evolved to serve as protection from pathogens.

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilma J. Knox ◽  
Ricardo Grippaldi

Upon entering a VA domiciliary Ss were given the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and WAIS subtests, Arithmetic ( A), Similarities ( S) and Digit Span ( DS). Two analyses of variance were carried out among WAIS weighted scores on the three subtests for three groups of different state or trait anxiety levels (high, medium, and low). Analyses showed significant interactions between WAIS scaled scores and anxiety: p < .05 for state anxiety and p < .001 for trait anxiety. The high-anxiety group in each instance showed the classical expectation of a lower A and DS in comparison to S; performance on DS was highest for each medium anxiety group. The study of curvilinear relationships and interaction effects in anxiety was discussed.


2004 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Yoshinobu Kiyohara ◽  
Lilian Kakumu Kayano ◽  
Lorena Marçalo Oliveira ◽  
Marina Uemori Yamamoto ◽  
Marco Makoto Inagaki ◽  
...  

PURPOSE: Patients preparing to undergo surgery should not suffer needless anxiety. This study aimed to evaluate anxiety levels on the day before surgery as related to the information known by the patient regarding the diagnosis, surgical procedure, or anesthesia. METHOD: Patients reported their knowledge of diagnosis, surgery, and anesthesia. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure patient anxiety levels. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-nine patients were selected, and 82 females and 38 males were interviewed. Twenty-nine patients were excluded due to illiteracy. The state-anxiety levels were alike for males and females (36.10 ± 11.94 vs. 37.61 ± 8.76) (mean ± SD). Trait-anxiety levels were higher for women (42.55 ± 10.39 vs. 38.08 ± 12.25, P = 0.041). Patient education level did not influence the state-anxiety level but was inversely related to the trait-anxiety level. Knowledge of the diagnosis was clear for 91.7% of patients, of the surgery for 75.0%, and of anesthesia for 37.5%. Unfamiliarity with the surgical procedure raised state-anxiety levels (P = 0.021). A lower state-anxiety level was found among patients who did not know the diagnosis but knew about the surgery (P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Increased knowledge of patients regarding the surgery they are about to undergo may reduce their state-anxiety levels.


2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 2722
Author(s):  
Tulay Kavlak ◽  
Filiz Hisar

Purpose:This study was carried out in order to determine the anxiety levels of menopausal women on their sexual satisfaction.Method and material:This descriptive study. The study was carried out at a menopause clinic of a state hospital between June and August 2011. Data were collected by questionnaire: the Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS) and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory.     Results:The mean age of the participants was 49.2±7.6 years old and nearly half of the women 46-50 age group. Half of the women in our sample had a chronic disease, 46.4% of women had sexual intercourse twice a week and 85.1% of them were housewives.  In our research it was found that the women’s sexual satisfaction was low, and their state anxiety levels were moderate level. There was a moderate positive correlation between the women’s sexual satisfaction scores and their anxiety levels. Increased levels of both state and trait anxiety in women reduces their sexual satisfaction. Conclusion:In this study, it was shown that women’s anxiety levels were middle and their sexual satisfactions were decreased during menopause. For this reason menopausal women’s should recommended give information about sexual and psychological consultancy services.


1983 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory P. Bauer ◽  
Robert S. Schlottmann ◽  
J. Vance Bates ◽  
Mark A. Masters

This study investigated the effects of state and trait anxiety on subjects' imitation of prestigious models. Female undergraduates were administered the Trait-anxiety scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and were then subjected either to anxiety inductions or relaxation procedures to manipulate state-anxiety levels. Four groups of 30 subjects each were obtained: high trait-high state, low trait-low state, high trait-low state, and low trait-high state. Subjects were then exposed to either a model of high prestige, one of low prestige, or a no-model condition. A visual fixation measure was taken to determine the amount of time subjects actually spent observing the model. A significant correlation was found between time spent observing the model and time taken to complete the maze. Subjects observing the model of high prestige tended to imitate the model's response style more than subjects observing one low in prestige. Highly trait-anxious subjects imitated more than low trait-anxious subjects when exposed to the model high in prestige. Since this study used only females, inferences to males should be made cautiously.


2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Nayane Cavalcante Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Bruno Rocha da Silva ◽  
Hélvia Menezes Vasconcelos ◽  
Patrícia Maria Costa de Oliveira ◽  
Edson Holanda Teixeira ◽  
...  

The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile of dental students and its relationship to anxiety levels. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was applied to 207 first- to fifth-year undergraduates enrolled in the dentistry program at the School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. Participants were aged 17 to 29 years, and the maiority were women (57.5%). Students had a weekly workload of up to 40 hours and performed at least two complementary activities, in addition to their undergraduate training. Almost all students (95.7%) had attended private high schools and 80.6% lived with their parents or spouses. Regarding parental education, 59.4% of mothers and 55.6% of fathers had a higher education degree. Most students showed medium levels of anxiety according to measurements of state anxiety (53.1%) and trait anxiety (81.6%). It can be concluded that more than 50% of students in the Dentistry graduation course of the Federal University of Ceará showed an average level of anxiety, and that the excessive workload and enrichment activities necessary to obtain the undergraduate degree in Dentistry probably can be influencing the anxiety levels of students, however, more studies and statistical tests should be performed to identify the root causes in order to preserve the mental health of these future dentists.


Author(s):  
Antonio Zayas García ◽  
Paloma Gil-Olarte Márquez ◽  
Cristina Guerrero Rodríguez ◽  
Rocío Guil Bozal

Abstract.RESILIENCE AND ANXIETY IN MOTHERS OF CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood and adolescence according to the American Diabetes Association (2009). This disease requires complex treatment, which involves a constant attention from children’s caretakers, especially their mothers (Garcia- Campayo, Sanz-Carrillo, & Tazon-Ansola, 2009). This attention implies an overload for the mother that involves a risk for the mother’s wellbeing. Type-1-diabetes children (T1DC) increase anxiety simptoms among their mothers. Hence, this work aims to know the level of both state/trait anxiety and resilience of mothers with T1DC; and the predictive relationship between resilience and anxiety of mother’s T1DC. A sample of 54 mothers with mean age 42,40 (SD=5,1), of T1DC from the Association of Diabetics of Jerez (ADIJE, Spain) filled the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970, 1982) and the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (1988). Outcomes showed that the participants presented medium-high levels of state anxiety and high trait anxiety. Mother’s T1DC scored moderate levels of resilience. Regarding the relationship between resilience and anxiety, Equanimity predicted a negative relationship to state anxiety levels, Confidence was negative related to trait anxiety levels. This work suggests that promoting resilience in mothers with T1DC can help to manage the anxiety symptoms among mothers. However, it is necessary to increase studies that include psychosocial variables that may would be involved in the anxiety regulation abilities of mothers with T1DC.Keywords: childhood diabetes, informal caregivers, anxiety, and resilience.Resumen.La diabetes tipo 1 es una de las enfermedades crónicas más comunes en la infancia y la adolescencia según la American Diabetes Association (2009). Requiere un tratamiento complejo que implica la atención constante por parte de los cuidadores principales, que suelen ser las madres (Garcia-Campayo, Sanz-Carrillo, & Tazon-Ansola, 2009). Esto a su vez supone una sobrecarga que determina el bienestar psicológico de estas cuidadoras, siendo muy frecuente la manifestación de sintomatología ansiosa. Nuestros objetivos con el presente trabajo es conocer el nivel de ansiedad estado/rasgo en este colectivo, estudiar sus niveles de resiliencia y analizar la relación y la posible capacidad explicativa y/o predictiva que la resiliencia pueda tener sobre los niveles de ansiedad en estas madres. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo se ha seleccionado un total de 54 madres de niños que padecen la enfermedad, con una media de edad de 42,40 años (DT=5,1), de la Asociación de Diabéticos de Jerez (ADIJE). Para la evaluación de las variables se ha administrado el State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970, 1982) y la Escala de Resiliencia de Wagnild y Young (1988). Los resultados arrojan niveles medios-altos de ansiedad estado y altos de ansiedad rasgo en las madres. Asimismo, muestran niveles moderados de resiliencia. Respecto a la relación entre la resiliencia y la ansiedad se ha hallado que la dimensión Ecuanimidad de la variable Resiliencia tiene una capacidad predictiva en los niveles de ansiedad estado, y la dimensión Confianza en sí mismo presenta una capacidad predictiva en los niveles de ansiedad rasgo. Concluimos con la importancia de fomentar la resiliencia en madres de menores con diabetes tipo 1 al fin de prevenir la sintomatología ansiosa, así como consideramos necesario continuar estudiando en profundidad las variables psicosociales que puedan evitar la aparición de cuadros psicopatológicos en esta población.Palabras claves: diabetes infantil, cuidadores informales, ansiedad y resiliencia.


Author(s):  
Heron Fernando de Sousa GONZAGA ◽  
Lucinei Roberto de OLIVEIRA ◽  
Bruna Lavinas Sayed PICCIANI ◽  
Maria Lúcia Jorge de Sousa GONZAGA ◽  
Sílvia Angélica JORGE ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between FT and anxiety. Methods: The sample consisted of 95 participants categorized into two groups: a) G-FT, 48 patients with FT and b) CG, 47 healthy participants. All patients were submitted to complete oral and dermatological examinations. The anxiety levels were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Fourteen (30%) patients reported awareness of having FT and 9 (64%) were women. Symptoms like burning feeling were reported by 3 (6%) only patients, all of then women. None of the control group patients presented these symptoms. In both groups, control and FT, the average scores of trait-anxiety were slightly higher than state-anxiety. There were no statistically significant differences between the FT and the control group related to the state-anxiety (p=0.724) and the trait-anxiety (p=0.680) scores. Study limitations: This study was limited by the number of subjects. Conclusion: Although moderate state-anxiety and trait-anxiety scores were determined, anxiety, as an environmental factor may not play a significant role in the development of FT. Considering FT as a multifactorial disease, probably a genetic component is necessary for expression.


2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özden Çiftçi Çirpar ◽  
Nuray Bayar Muluk ◽  
Fulya Yalçinkaya ◽  
Osman Kürşat Arikan ◽  
Ömer Oğuztürk ◽  
...  

Objectives: In this study, we evaluated the continuous and state anxiety levels of mothers with children with language delay. Methods: The study group consisted of the mothers of 18 children with language delay. The control group consisted of the mothers of 29 healthy children without language delay. To gain data about mothers, a personal information form and Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) form were applied to determine continuous and state-trait anxiety levels. Results: State anxiety levels in the study group were significantly higher (by Student t-test) than that of the control group. For continuous anxiety level, no statistically significant difference was determined between two groups. In the study group, higher education levels of mothers and their husbands were associated with lower levels of both continuous and state anxiety. Conclusion: In the majority of the group of mothers with language delayed children and even mothers of children with normal language development, there were high levels concern. Mothers’ concerns and anxiety levels may decrease with increasing levels of their education levels. We recommend providing detailed information regarding language development to the families at all stages of the childs’ training programme.


1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Shandor Miles ◽  
Sandra G. Funk ◽  
Mary Ann Kasper

Many aspects of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are stressful to parents, including prolonged hospitalization, alterations in parenting, exposure to a technical environment, and the appearance of their small, fragile infant. To identify potential NICU stressors for parents, levels of stress these experiences engender, and their relationship to anxiety, parents of infants hospitalized in three NICUs were interviewed using the Parental Stressor Scale: NICU and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Alterations in parental role caused by the infant’s illness generated the greatest stress. The second highest areas of stress were the infant’s appearance and behavior. State anxiety levels were higher than normative means and significantly related to stress scores


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey M. Shain ◽  
Maryland Pao ◽  
Mary V. Tipton ◽  
Sima Zadeh Bedoya ◽  
Sun J. Kang ◽  
...  

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