scholarly journals Development of the N400 for Word Learning in the First 2 Years of Life: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Junge ◽  
Marlijne Boumeester ◽  
Debra L. Mills ◽  
Mariella Paul ◽  
Samuel H. Cosper
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Early Language ◽  
Know How ◽  
Large Heterogeneity ◽  
N400 Component ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
Task Parameters ◽  
Processing Steps

The N400 ERP component is a direct neural index of word meaning. Studies show that the N400 component is already present in early infancy, albeit often delayed. Many researchers capitalize on this finding, using the N400 component to better understand how early language acquisition unfolds. However, variability in how researchers quantify the N400 makes it difficult to set clear predictions or build theory. Not much is known about how the N400 component develops in the first 2 years of life in terms of its latency and topographical distributions, nor do we know how task parameters affect its appearance. In the current paper we carry out a systematic review, comparing over 30 studies that report the N400 component as a proxy of semantic processing elicited in infants between 0 and 24 months old who listened to linguistic stimuli. Our main finding is that there is large heterogeneity across semantic-priming studies in reported characteristics of the N400, both with respect to latency and to distributions. With age, the onset of the N400 insignificantly decreases, while its offset slightly increases. We also examined whether the N400 appears different for recently-acquired novel words vs. existing words: both situations reveal heterogeneity across studies. Finally, we inspected whether the N400 was modulated differently with studies using a between-subject design. In infants with more proficient language skills the N400 was more often present or showed itself here with earlier latency, compared to their peers; but no consistent patterns were observed for distribution characteristics of the N400. One limitation of the current review is that we compared studies that widely differed in choice of EEG recordings, pre-processing steps and quantification of the N400, all of which could affect the characteristics of the infant N400. The field is still missing research that systematically tests development of the N400 using the same paradigm across infancy.

scholarly journals Zumba®, Fat Mass and Maximum Oxygen Consumption: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Manuel Chavarrias ◽  
Santos Villafaina ◽  
Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez ◽  
Jorge Carlos-Vivas ◽  
Eugenio Merellano-Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Mass Percentage ◽  
Large Heterogeneity

Background and objectives: Obesity or overweight is associated with many health risk factors and preventable mortality. Even people with normal weight and without history of obesity or overweight should avoid weight gain to reduce health risks factors. In this regard Latin aerobic dances involved in Zumba® practice make this modality motivating for people. Apart from weight loss and VO2peak benefits, Zumba practice is also interesting by the increase in adherence which can also avoid weight regain. The aim was to systematically review the scientific literature about the effects of any randomized intervention of Zumba® practice on total fat mass (%) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak), besides establishing directions for the clinical practice. Evidence acquisition: Two systematic searches were conducted in two electronic databases following the PRISMA guidelines. The eligibility criteria were (a) outcomes: body mass or VO2peak data including mean and standard deviation (SD) before and after Zumba® intervention, (b) study design: randomized controlled trial (RCT) and (c) language: English. GRADE guidelines were used to assess the quality of evidence. A meta-analysis was performed to determine mean differences. Nine and four studies were selected for fat mass percentage and VO2peak in the systematic review, respectively. However, only eight studies for fat mass percentage and three for VO2peak could be included in the meta-analysis. Evidence synthesis: The overall standardized mean difference for fat mass was −0.25 with a 95% CI from −0.67 to 0.16 with a p-value of 0.69, with large heterogeneity. On the other hand, the overall effect size for VO2peak was 0.53 (95% CI from 0.04 to 1.02 with a p-value of 0.03) with large heterogeneity. Conclusions: Based on the evidence, we cannot conclude that Zumba® is effective at reducing body mass but it may improve VO2peak. However, the limited number of studies that met the inclusion criteria makes it too early to reach a definite conclusion, so more research is needed.

scholarly journals Studies on semantic priming effects in right hemisphere stroke: A systematic review

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163
Author(s):  
Juliana de Lima Müller ◽  
Jerusa Fumagalli de Salles
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Right Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Hemisphere Stroke

ABSTRACT The role of the right cerebral hemisphere (RH) associated with semantic priming effects (SPEs) must be better understood, since the consequences of RH damage on SPE are not yet well established. Objective: The aim of this article was to investigate studies analyzing SPEs in patients affected by stroke in the RH through a systematic review, verifying whether there are deficits in SPEs, and whether performance varies depending on the type of semantic processing evaluated or stimulus in the task. Methods: A search was conducted on the LILACS, PUBMED and PSYCINFO databases. Results: Out of the initial 27 studies identified, 11 remained in the review. Difficulties in SPEs were shown in five studies. Performance does not seem to vary depending on the type of processing, but on the type of stimulus used. Conclusion: This ability should be evaluated in individuals that have suffered a stroke in the RH in order to provide treatments that will contribute to their recovery.

scholarly journals Semantic Processing in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review of the N400 Differences

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 770
Author(s):  
Marilyne Joyal ◽  
Charles Groleau ◽  
Clara Bouchard ◽  
Maximiliano A. Wilson ◽  
Shirley Fecteau
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
N400 Effect ◽  
Pathological Aging ◽  
Healthy Elderly

Semantic deficits are common in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These deficits notably impact the ability to understand words. In healthy aging, semantic knowledge increases but semantic processing (i.e., the ability to use this knowledge) may be impaired. This systematic review aimed to investigate semantic processing in healthy aging and AD through behavioral responses and the N400 brain event-related potential. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analyses suggested an overall decrease in accuracy and increase in response times in healthy elderly as compared to young adults, as well as in individuals with AD as compared to age-matched controls. The influence of semantic association, as measured by N400 effect amplitudes, appears smaller in healthy aging and even more so in AD patients. Thus, semantic processing differences may occur in both healthy and pathological aging. The establishment of norms of healthy aging for these outcomes that vary between normal and pathological aging could eventually help early detection of AD.

scholarly journals How long do anti-predator interventions remain effective? Patterns, thresholds and uncertainty

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 190826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Khorozyan ◽  
Matthias Waltert
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Supplemental Feeding ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Trend Line ◽  
Know How ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Mammalian Predators ◽  
Over Time

Human–predator conflicts are globally widespread, and effective interventions are essential to protect human assets from predator attacks. As effectiveness also has a temporal dimension, it is of importance to know how long interventions remain most effective and to determine time thresholds at which effectiveness begins to decrease. To address this, we conducted a systematic review of the temporal changes in the effectiveness of non-invasive interventions against terrestrial mammalian predators, defining a temporal trend line of effectiveness for each published case. We found only 26 cases from 14 publications, mainly referring to electric fences ( n = 7 cases) and deterrents ( n = 7 cases). We found electric fences and calving control to remain highly effective for the longest time, reducing damage by 100% for periods between three months and 3 years. The effectiveness of acoustical and light deterrents as well as guarding animals eroded quite fast after one to five months. Supplemental feeding was found to be counter-productive by increasing damage over time instead of reducing it. We stress that it is vital to make monitoring a routine requirement for all intervention applications and suggest to standardize periods of time over which monitoring can produce meaningful and affordable information.

scholarly journals Modulation of the N400 component in relation to hypomanic personality traits in a word meaning ambiguity resolution task

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 637-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Raucher-Chéné ◽  
Sarah Terrien ◽  
Pamela Gobin ◽  
Fabien Gierski ◽  
Arthur Kaladjian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Ambiguity Resolution ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
N400 Component

scholarly journals Context-dependent Semantic Processing in the Human Brain: Evidence from Idiom Comprehension

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 762-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joost Rommers ◽  
Ton Dijkstra ◽  
Marcel Bastiaansen
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Unrelated Word ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Idiom Comprehension ◽  
Late Positivity ◽  
Gamma Frequency ◽  
Band Power ◽  
Power Increase

Language comprehension involves activating word meanings and integrating them with the sentence context. This study examined whether these routines are carried out even when they are theoretically unnecessary, namely, in the case of opaque idiomatic expressions, for which the literal word meanings are unrelated to the overall meaning of the expression. Predictable words in sentences were replaced by a semantically related or unrelated word. In literal sentences, this yielded previously established behavioral and electrophysiological signatures of semantic processing: semantic facilitation in lexical decision, a reduced N400 for semantically related relative to unrelated words, and a power increase in the gamma frequency band that was disrupted by semantic violations. However, the same manipulations in idioms yielded none of these effects. Instead, semantic violations elicited a late positivity in idioms. Moreover, gamma band power was lower in correct idioms than in correct literal sentences. It is argued that the brain's semantic expectancy and literal word meaning integration operations can, to some extent, be “switched off” when the context renders them unnecessary. Furthermore, the results lend support to models of idiom comprehension that involve unitary idiom representations.

scholarly journals Expert System in Accuracy to Identify Gingivitis in Humans Using the Certainty Factor Method

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Cyntia Lasmi Andesti ◽  
Sumijan Sumijan ◽  
Gunadi Widi Nurcahyo
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Certainty Factor ◽  
Know How ◽  
Factor Method ◽  
Accuracy Level ◽  
Processing Steps

Gingivitis is a common inflammatory disease of the gums, which is a condition where bacteria develop in the mouth that causes damage to the connective tissue cells that are attached to the teeth. Lack of awareness in caring for teeth will have a negative impact not only on dental health but also on the health of the body. At present many people do not know how to accurately identify gingivitis in humans so that the condition is worsened and can even cause the paralysis of the existing connective tissue. This study aims to determine the level of accuracy in identifying gingivitis by using the Certainty Factor method precisely and accurately. The data processed in this study are fifty data sourced from expert interviews at Rahmatan Lil Alamin Clinic, Padang Indonesia. There are several types Symptoms refer to gingivitis in humans. The data is obtained from the results of medical records of patients who carry out examinations in the clinic. The data will be processed to identify the type of gingivitis based on the direction of the expert. The processing steps are solving rules, determining the weight value of each symptom and calculating the Certainty Factor value. The results of the processing were continued by calculating the level of accuracy. The results of the testing of this method were that 96% of them had gingivitis, the type most often suffered by marginal gingivitis patients. Based on the signs entered by the user. The results of this test have been able to specifically identify gingivitis, using the Certainty Factor method, the results of the accuracy level obtained are quite accurate and can be recommended to help dentists improve their accuracy in identifying gingivitis in humans.

scholarly journals Conceptualisation of parenting in research on young children with or at elevated likelihood of autism: A systematic review of observational measures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Madarevic ◽  
Karla Van Leeuwen ◽  
Petra Warreyn ◽  
Ilse Noens
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Observational Measures ◽  
Large Heterogeneity ◽  
Consensus Decision Making ◽  
Consensus Decision

Research on emergent autism spectrum disorder increasingly uses observational measures to investigate parenting of young children with or at elevated likelihood of autism. This systematic review analysed 21 papers narratively, including 13 unique “coding approaches” and 63 parenting constructs. Through a comprehensive consensus decision-making process, parenting constructs were classified under nine overarching categories, identified based on prior categorisation: Warmth, Responsiveness, Scaffolding, Proactive Control, Intrusiveness, Negativity, Dyad, Other, Multiple. We found large heterogeneity in observational measures, and descriptions of parenting constructs lacked uniformity. The complex categorisation process demonstrates the need for a solid conceptual framework that can inform theory and practice. This review provides a first step, but further research should investigate applicability among young children of different ages.

scholarly journals Association between miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism and ischemic stroke : A systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Hong Liu ◽  
Mei Ling Liu ◽  
Rong Lin ◽  
Yaping Xing ◽  
Tingli Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Recessive Model ◽  
Dominant Model ◽  
Statistical Association ◽  
Large Heterogeneity ◽  
Allelic Model

Abstract Background: To explore the generic association between miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism and ischemic stroke (IS). Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the association quantitively. Results: A total of 6 studies (involving 2569 IS cases and 2645 controls) were included. miR-499 (rs3746444) polymorphism showed a statistically significant association with IS risk in the allelic model (G allele vs A allele), the dominant model (GG+AG vs AA), the recessive model (GG vs AG+AA) and the homozygote model (GG vs AA). ORs of the above 4 models were 1.20 (95%CI: 1.02, 1.40), 1.21 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.46), 1.40 (95%CI: 1.04, 1.88), 1.48 (95%CI: 1.10, 2.00) respectively. The I square of the allelic model and the dominant model was 58% and 59%, indicating large heterogeneity among included studies. By sensitivity analysis, I square of the two models dropped to 34.5% and 38.4%, the ORs were 1.26 (95%CI: 1.13, 1.42) and 1.28 (95%CI: 1.12, 1.46), there was still a statistical association between miR-499 (rs3746444) polymorphism and IS. The heterozygote model (AG vs AA) was not statistically significant, the OR was 1.18 (95%CI: 0.99, 1.42), the I square was 54%. Notably, by sensitivity analysis, I square of the heterozygote model dropped to 34.6%, the OR was 1.25 (95%CI: 1.08, 1.43), indicating a statistically significant association between miR-499 (rs3746444) polymorphism and IS. There was no publication bias for all the models by Egger's test. Conclusion: miR-499 (rs3746444) polymorphisms is associated with the increase of IS risk.

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