Gender Differences in Peer Influence on Autistic Traits in Special Needs Schools—Evidence From Staff Reports

Children and adolescents with an intellectual disability (ID) and autistic traits often attend special needs schools where they are surrounded by peers with diverse characteristics. Given the role that peers can play in social development, we examined whether autistic traits development in students with ID and high levels of such characteristics are influenced by the level of autistic traits among the schoolmates they like most. Furthermore, we investigated the degree to which this peer influence susceptibility depends on students’ gender. A longitudinal design, with data collection points at the beginning and the end of a school year, was used. Staff reported on 330 students with high levels of autistic traits (20.6% girls; age 10.17 years, SD = 3.74) who attended 142 classrooms in 16 Swiss special needs schools. Results showed that students’ future individual level of autistic traits (T2) was not predicted by the autistic traits level of preferred peers (T1), controlling for individual autistic traits at T1, level of general functioning, gender, and age. However, the peer effect was significantly moderated by students’ gender, indicating that girls but not boys were susceptible to peer influence. These findings are discussed in terms of implications for understanding autistic traits development and directions of support for children and adolescents in their peer context.

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Concussion in sports in children and adolescents – to play or not to play?

Swiss Sports & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.34045/ssem/2017/18 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Return To Sport ◽

Consensus Conference ◽

Return To School ◽

The Novel ◽

International Consensus ◽

Persistent Symptoms ◽

New Findings

A lot has been published on the topic concussion in sports during the last years, conscience was sharpened, much was structured and defined more precisely, help tools were developed and rules changed. This article summarizes the fifth edition of the recently published guidelines of the “International Consensus Conference on Concussion in Sport”. In addition, new findings regarding gender differences and recovery will be presented, as well as the modified “return-to-sport” and the novel “return-to-school” protocols. Despite increased knowledge many questions remain such as the therapy of persistent symptoms or long-term sequelae of recurrent concussions.

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The True Believers

10.1093/oso/9780199324385.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Barbara J. Risman

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Social Networks ◽

Social Life ◽

Gender Ideology ◽

Macro Level ◽

Individual Level ◽

Gender Differentiation ◽

The World ◽

The Individual ◽

Gendered Expectations

This is the first data chapter. In this chapter, respondents who are described as true believers in the gender structure, and essentialist gender differences are introduced and their interviews analyzed. They are true believers because, at the macro level, they believe in a gender ideology where women and men should be different and accept rules and requirements that enforce gender differentiation and even sex segregation in social life. In addition, at the interactional level, these Millennials report having been shaped by their parent’s traditional expectations and they similarly feel justified to impose gendered expectations on those in their own social networks. At the individual level, they have internalized masculinity or femininity, and embody it in how they present themselves to the world. They try hard to “do gender” traditionally.

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Behavioral and Electrophysiological Correlates of Performance Monitoring and Development in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci10020079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 79 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yanni Liu ◽

Gregory L. Hanna ◽

Barbara S. Hanna ◽

Haley E. Rough ◽

Paul D. Arnold ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Child Behavior Checklist ◽

Performance Monitoring ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

Flanker Task ◽

Developmental Trajectory ◽

Time Variability ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

The pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves deficits in performance monitoring and adaptive adjustments. Yet, the developmental trajectory and underlying neural correlates of performance monitoring deficits in youth with ADHD remain poorly understood. To address the gap, this study recruited 77 children and adolescents with ADHD and 77 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC), ages 8–18 years, who performed an arrow flanker task during electroencephalogram recording. Compared to HC, participants with ADHD responded more slowly and showed larger reaction time variability (RTV) and reduced post-error slowing; they also exhibited reduced error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity effects, and reduced N2 and P3 congruency effects. Age effects were observed across groups: with increasing age, participants responded faster, with less variability, and with increased post-error slowing. They also exhibited increased ERN effects and increased N2 and P3 congruency effects. Increased RTV and reduced P3 amplitude in incongruent trials were associated with increased ADHD Problems Scale scores on the Child Behavior Checklist across groups. The altered behavioral and ERP responses in ADHD are consistent with the pattern associated with younger age across groups. Further research with a longitudinal design may determine specific aspects of developmental alteration and deficits in ADHD during performance monitoring.

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Are there mortality differences between men and women in all types of intracranial hemorrhages: subarachnoid, intraparenchymal and subdural? An analysis of the Spanish population

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2412 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

J Fernandez De Bobadilla Osorio ◽

J.R Rey-Blas ◽

N Gonzalez-Aguado ◽

B Fuentes ◽

P Masedo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Intracranial Hemorrhage ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Spanish Population ◽

Subdural Hemorrhage ◽

Men And Women ◽

Mediterranean Countries ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Relationship Of

Abstract Objectives There are 3 types of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH): 1) subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), CIE10:I60; 2) intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH), I61 and 3) subdural hemorrhage (SDH) I62. Epidemiological data on this field are scarce in Mediterranean countries. Our goal was to determine whether the relationship of ICH mortality with gender and age was different for the 3 types of HIC. Methods Data were retrospectively obtained from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. Deaths/100.000 population of SAH, IPH and SDH were assessed for the entire Spanish population since 2008 to 2017 (n=46,527,039). Year 2017 was the last available for analysis. Incidence was analyzed for men and women and for age strata (<1 years of age, 2–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60, 61–70, 71–80; >80). Results In order to fit in the abstract space, only data of 2017 are presented, although years 2008 to 2017 were also analyzed and results were similar. Mortality/100,000 of IPH stayed very low under 40 years of age and then grew exponentially in both, men and women, and was significantly higher for men for all age strata. Mortality of SDH was much lower but behaved in a similar way: exponential growth since 40s and lower incidence in women. SAH behaved differently: it started to be significant since 20 years of age and there were no gender differences. Conclusion Mortality of intraparenchymal and subdural hemorrhage increases exponentially since 40 years of age and is lower in women. On the contrary, mortality of subarachnoid hemorrhage increases earlier and there are no gender differences. Death/100.000 intracranial hemorrhage Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

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Personal Aging Is Political: A Feminist Perspective on Subjective Aging

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1827 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 556-556

Author(s):

Anne Barrett ◽

Cherish Michael ◽

Jessica Noblitt

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Feminist Perspective ◽

Social Embeddedness ◽

Extensive Literature ◽

Life Stages ◽

Age Identity ◽

Individual Level ◽

Level Characteristic ◽

Aging Anxiety ◽

Subjective Aging

Abstract An extensive literature examines subjective aging – a construct encompassing many aspects of individuals’ views of aging, such as age identity, aging anxiety, awareness of aging, and views of life stages. A factor receiving attention within this research is gender, with studies revealing much about gender differences not only in subjective aging but also its health and behavioral consequences. However, we argue that the literature is limited by its focus on gender as an individual-level characteristic – rather than a profoundly social element emerging within interactions, pervading institutions, and constituting a system of inequality that intersects with others, including age. Addressing this limitation, our chapter applies a feminist perspective to the study of subjective aging. This perspective draws into focus the implications for subjective aging of gender’s social embeddedness and provides an illustration of the interconnection between the personal and political spheres.

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Risperidone-treated Children and Adolescents with Behavioral Disorders: Do Drug Dose and Patients’ Gender and Age Relate to Drug and Metabolite Plasma Levels?

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.322 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S104-S104

Author(s):

D. Piacentino ◽

M. Grözinger ◽

A. Saria ◽

F. Scolati ◽

D. Arcangeli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Behavioral Disorders ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Linear Models ◽

Parent Drug ◽

Drug Dose ◽

Cut Elimination ◽

Younger Patients ◽

Gender And Age

IntroductionBehavioral disorders, such as conduct disorder, influence choice of treatment and its outcome. Less is known about other variables that may have an influence.Objectives/AimsWe aimed to measure the parent drug and metabolite plasma levels in risperidone-treated children and adolescents with behavioral disorders and investigate the role of drug dose and patients’ gender and age.MethodsWe recruited 115 children/adolescents with DSM-5 behavioral disorders (females = 24; age range: 5–18 years) at the Departments of Psychiatry of the Hospitals of Bolzano, Italy, and Innsbruck, Austria. We measured risperidone and its metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone plasma levels and the parent drug-to-metabolite ratio in the plasma of all patients by using LC-MS/MS. A subsample of 15 patients had their risperidone doses measured daily. We compared risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone plasma levels, as well as risperidone/9-hydroxyrisperidone ratio, in males vs. females and in younger (≤ 14 years) vs. older (15–18 years) patients by using Mann-Whitney U test. We fitted linear models for the variables “age” and “daily risperidone dose” by using log-transformation, regression analysis and applying the R2 statistic.ResultsFemales had significantly higher median 9-hydroxyrisperidone plasma levels (P = 0.000). Younger patients had a slightly lower median risperidone/9-hydroxyrisperidone ratio (P = 0.052). At the regression analysis, daily risperidone doses and metabolite, rather than parent drug–plasma levels were correlated (R2 = 0.35).ConclusionsGender is significantly associated with plasma levels, with females being slower metabolizers than males. Concerning age, younger patients seem to be rapid metabolizers, possibly due to a higher activity of CYP2D6. R2 suggests a clear-cut elimination of the metabolite.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Gender Differences in Proxemics: Taxi-Seat Choice

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1993.72.2.625 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 625-626 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andrew N. Kenner ◽

George Katsimaglis

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Gender And Age

Observations of seating choice by 648 urban Australian taxi passengers demonstrated that the preferred position within the vehicle was largely determined by the gender and age of the passenger.

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