Investigating Care Dependency and Its Relation to Outcome (ICARE): Results From a Naturalistic Study of an Intensive Day Treatment Program for Depression

Background: This study explores the association of experienced dependency in psychotherapy as measured with the CDQ (Care Dependency Questionnaire) and treatment outcome in depression. Furthermore, the course of care dependency and differences in the CDQ scores depending on the received type of treatment, MCT (metacognitive therapy), or CBASP (cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy), were investigated.Methods: The study follows a prospective, parallel group observational design. Patients suffering from depression received an 8-week intensive day clinic program, which was either CBASP or MCT. The treatment decision was made by clinicians based on the presented symptomatology and with regard to the patients' preferences. The patients reported depressive symptoms with the QIDS-SR16 (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology) and levels of experienced care dependency with the German version of the CDQ on a weekly basis. Mixed-model analyses were run to account for the repeated-measures design.Results: One hundred patients were included in the analyses. Results indicate that higher levels of care dependency might predict a less favorable outcome of depressive symptomatology. Levels of care dependency as well as depressive symptoms decreased significantly over the course of treatment. There was no significant between-group difference in care dependency between the two treatment groups.Conclusion: The results suggest that care dependency might be associated with a worse treatment outcome in depressed patients. In general, care dependency seems to be a dynamic construct, as it is changing over time, while the levels of care dependency seem to be independent from the received type of treatment. Future research should continue investigating the mechanisms of care dependency in a randomized controlled design.Clinical Trial Registration:https://www.drks.de/drks_web/, identifier: DRKS00023779.

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Power of Modified Brown-Forsythe and Mixed-Model Approaches in Split-Plot Designs

Methodology ◽

10.1027/1614-2241/a000124 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 9-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pablo Livacic-Rojas ◽

Guillermo Vallejo ◽

Paula Fernández ◽

Ellián Tuero-Herrero

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Statistical Power ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Covariance Structure ◽

Simulation Method ◽

Future Research ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Fixed And Random Effects ◽

Split Plot ◽

High Level

Abstract. Low precision of the inferences of data analyzed with univariate or multivariate models of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in repeated-measures design is associated to the absence of normality distribution of data, nonspherical covariance structures and free variation of the variance and covariance, the lack of knowledge of the error structure underlying the data, and the wrong choice of covariance structure from different selectors. In this study, levels of statistical power presented the Modified Brown Forsythe (MBF) and two procedures with the Mixed-Model Approaches (the Akaike’s Criterion, the Correctly Identified Model [CIM]) are compared. The data were analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation method with the statistical package SAS 9.2, a split-plot design, and considering six manipulated variables. The results show that the procedures exhibit high statistical power levels for within and interactional effects, and moderate and low levels for the between-groups effects under the different conditions analyzed. For the latter, only the Modified Brown Forsythe shows high level of power mainly for groups with 30 cases and Unstructured (UN) and Autoregressive Heterogeneity (ARH) matrices. For this reason, we recommend using this procedure since it exhibits higher levels of power for all effects and does not require a matrix type that underlies the structure of the data. Future research needs to be done in order to compare the power with corrected selectors using single-level and multilevel designs for fixed and random effects.

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Emotional Stroop Interference for Depression-Related Stimuli in a United Arab Emirates Student Population

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.2010.38.5.597 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 597-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Justin Thomas ◽

Carol Campbell ◽

Belkeis Altareb ◽

Ahmed Yousif

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Stroop Task ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Depressive Symptomatology ◽

Arabic Language ◽

Student Population ◽

Emotional Stroop ◽

Emotional Stroop Task ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

English Speaking

A bilingual Arabic-speaking student population performed an emotional Stroop task designed to assess the interference effects of depressive stimuli. The aim was to replicate the findings of previous studies with English-speaking participants in which slower color-naming responses were reported for depression-related stimuli, with speed negatively correlated with increasing levels of depressive symptomatology. We used repeated measures design measuring any slowing of naming for the emotional words, while Pearson's r was used to explore the relationship between emotional Stroop performance decrease and extent of depressive symptoms. University students (N = 261) completed a computerized, Arabic-language version of the emotional Stroop task, along with a questionnaire (the Beck Depression Inventory) measure of depressive symptoms. The response time differential for depression related (RT depressive – RT normal), but not neutral (RT neutral – RT normal), words were positively correlated with depressive symptom scores. The findings were consistent with studies reporting mood-congruent information processing biases in English-speaking populations. The emotional Stroop task may prove useful as a culturally-neutral adjunct in the implicit assessment of depressive symptoms or vulnerabilities.

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Pattern of Changes during Treatment: A Comparison between a Positive Psychology Intervention and a Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Clinical Depression

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/sjp.2017.44 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Irene Lopez-Gomez ◽

Covadonga Chaves ◽

Gonzalo Hervas ◽

Carmelo Vazquez

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Positive Psychology ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Behavioral Treatment ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Well Being ◽

Clinical Depression ◽

Cognitive Behavioral ◽

Cognitive Behavioral Treatment ◽

Gradual Improvement

AbstractResearch on psychotherapy has traditionally focused on analyzing changes between the beginning and the end of a treatment. Few studies have addressed the pattern of therapeutic change during treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the pattern of changes in clinical and well-being variables during a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program compared with an integrative positive psychology interventions program for clinical depression IPPI-D. 128 women with a diagnosis of major depression or dysthymia were assigned to the CBT or PPI group. A measure of depressive symptoms (i.e., Beck Depression Inventory) and well-being (i.e., Pemberton Happiness Index) were administered four times: at the beginning and end of the treatment, as well as during treatment (at sessions 4 and 7). Through mixed-model repeated measures ANOVAs, both depressive symptoms (p < .001, partial η2 = .52) and well-being (p < .001, partial η2 = .29) showed a significant improvement through the four assessment times. No significant interactions between time and treatment modality were found (ps > .08). The percentage of improvement in depressive symptoms in the first treatment period was higher than in the later ones (ps < .005). On the contrary, well-being showed a more gradual improvement (p = .15). These results highlight the importance of assessing the pattern of changes in symptoms and well-being separately.

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A-07 Examining the Performance of Depressed Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) on a Delayed Memory Task

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acaa068.07 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 797-797

Author(s):

Lopez D ◽

Lopez A ◽

Quintana A ◽

Gibson D ◽

Arguelles-Borge S

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Transient Ischemic Attack ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Depressive Symptomatology ◽

Memory Task ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Future Research ◽

Late Life Depression ◽

Logical Memory ◽

Ischemic Attack

Abstract Objective To determine whether depression plays a role in delayed memory in patients with a history of Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA). Method The data from this study was derived from a large de-identified database from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center containing neuropsychological information for transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients (1,585) who completed a Logical Memory-Delay. The sample was divided into two groups: those that related to depression (n = 473; mean age = 84.61; SD = 6.01) as determined by the etiologic diagnosis of the cognitive disorder-Depression and those that did not (n = 769; mean age = 87.47; SD = 6.37). Results An Independent-sample-t-test showed a performance difference in performance between those who endorsed depressive symptomatology [F(1,043) = 4.96,p < 0.001], than those who did not report depressive symptoms. Conclusions These findings suggest a link between Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), depression and poor performance on delayed memory among older adults. Logical Memory-Delayed assesses long-term narrative memory. Based on research, depressive symptoms endorsed after a TIA can affect cognitive functioning. Specifically, studies have found that a decline in verbal memory can be in part, attributed to late-life depression. This cognitive decline may result from impaired executive functioning during the learning phase of the recall task, which then impacts their delayed recall. Given that cognitive weaknesses and psychological distress can impact considerably a patient after TIA, future studies should focus on understanding their relationship in terms of treatment outcomes. Additionally, since the effects of TIAs are typically short-lasting, future research should examine whether the observed cognitive effects are maintained over time when depression continues to be present.

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Carbohydrate-Induced Insulin Signaling Activates Focal Adhesion Kinase: A Nutrient and Mechanotransduction Crossroads

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12103145 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 3145 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dylan T. Wilburn ◽

Steven B. Machek ◽

Thomas D. Cardaci ◽

Darryn S. Willoughby

Keyword(s):

Focal Adhesion Kinase ◽

Focal Adhesion ◽

Insulin Signaling ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Future Research ◽

Placebo Condition ◽

Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Repeated Measures Design

Research has suggested that nutrient, exercise, and metabolism-related proteins interact to regulate mammalian target of rapamycin complex one (mTOR) post-exercise and their interactions needs clarification. In a double-blind, cross-over, repeated measures design, ten participants completed four sets to failure at 70% of 1-repitition maximum (1-RM) with 45 s rest on angled leg press with or without pre-exercise maltodextrin (2 g/kg) after a 3 h fast. Vastus lateralis biopsies were collected at baseline before supplementation and 1 h post-exercise to analyze Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (p70S6K), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. FAK and IRS-1 activity were only elevated 1 h post-exercise with carbohydrate ingestion (p < 0.05). PI3K and p70S6K activation were both elevated after exercise in both conditions (p < 0.05). However, AMPK activity did not change from baseline in both conditions (p > 0.05). We conclude that FAK does not induce mTOR activation through PI3K crosstalk in response to exercise alone. In addition, FAK may not be regulated by AMPK catalytic activity, but this needs further research. Interestingly, carbohydrate-induced insulin signaling appears to activate FAK at the level of IRS-1 but did not enhance mTOR activity 1 h post-exercise greater than the placebo condition. Future research should investigate these interactions under different conditions and within different time frames to clearly understand the interactions between these signaling molecules.

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Social Engagement and Depressive Symptoms Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in India

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igab046.815 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 212-213

Author(s):

Kasturi Banerjee ◽

Tamara Baker

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Social Engagement ◽

Cultural Landscape ◽

Indian Population ◽

Depressive Symptomatology ◽

Future Research ◽

Exact Nature ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

The Impact

Abstract Social networks and family support are known to have benefits for many older adults globally, and India is no exception. However, the exact nature of the impact of these factors on depression in the Indian population remains largely unexplored. Considering the aging Indian population and changing socio-cultural landscape, it is important to identify the role of social engagement and neighborhood factors in the mental health needs of these older adults. To address this need, this study aimed to identify predictors of depressive symptoms among individuals aged 45+ years from four states in India. Data were taken from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) pilot survey in 2010, focusing on the influence social activities, family factors and neighborhood satisfaction variables have on depressive symptomatology. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted and found that residing in a southern state (Karnataka and Kerala) (β=.178, p<0.05); lower life satisfaction (β= -.261, p<0.05); having more living children (β=.110, p<0.05), less frequently or never visiting friends and relatives (β=.079, p<0.05) and not liking the neighborhood (β=.072, p<0.05) were predictors of depressive symptoms. These findings are consistent with limited extant literature on the importance of family and social engagement as predictors of depressive symptoms in this population. Future research should focus on qualitatively examining the interaction between depressive symptoms and social engagement within this population, thereby helping develop targeted interventions, measure outcomes and long term, community engagement-based prevention programs.

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Assessment of depressive symptoms in severe smokers with minimal-mild depressive symptomatology receiving pre-smoking abstinence for integrated treatment: a randomized clinical trial

Salud Mental ◽

10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2015.058 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 433-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A Moreno-Coutiño ◽

◽

Fabiola García-Anguiano ◽

S Ruiz-Velasco ◽

María Elena Medina-Mora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Linear Mixed Model ◽

Depressive Symptomatology ◽

Psychological Treatment ◽

Nicotine Patch ◽

Random Effect ◽

Integrated Treatment ◽

Smoking Abstinence ◽

Treatment Settings

Abstract Introduction. Smoking and depression have a long-history documented of comorbidity. Objective. The objective of this study was to develop and test a treatment that could simultaneously achieve smoking abstinence and decrease depressive symptoms in a group of heavy smokers with minimal/mild depressive symptomatology. Method. Sixty smokers were randomly assigned to three different treatment settings. Treatment included a pre-abstinence phase, a psychological treatment phase, a pharmacotherapy phase and a follow-up stage. Smokers began the psychological treatment and the pharmacotherapy two weeks before the day they chosen to quit smoking, and monitoring was conducted over a year. Abstinence was confirmed by assessing the levels of urinary cotinine. Results. Using a linear mixed model with individual random effect, baseline data was compared with subsequent assessments; 46% of the patients achieved abstinence. For men, the three treatment settings significantly reduced depressive symptoms and helped smokers to achieve abstinence. For women, only the nicotine patch showed to be effective in the reducing depressive symptoms. Discussion and conclusion. Integral pre-abstinence treatment is effective in aiding smokers to achieve smoking abstinence and improve depressive symptoms.

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Father absence and depressive symptoms in adolescence: findings from a UK cohort

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291713000603 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (12) ◽

pp. 2615-2626 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

I. Culpin ◽

J. Heron ◽

R. Araya ◽

R. Melotti ◽

C. Joinson

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Middle Childhood ◽

Depressive Symptomatology ◽

Father Absence ◽

Future Research ◽

Biological Father ◽

Adolescent Depressive Symptoms ◽

Parents And Children ◽

The Uk

BackgroundPrevious studies suggest a link between parental separation or divorce and risk of depression in adolescence. There are, however, few studies that have prospectively examined the effects of timing of biological father absence on risk for depressive symptoms in adolescence while controlling for a range of confounding factors.MethodWe examine the association between father absence occurring in early (the first 5 years) and middle childhood (5–10 years) and adolescent depressive symptoms in a sample comprising 5631 children from the UK-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Self-reported depressive symptoms at 14 years were assessed using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ). Father absence was assessed from maternal questionnaires completed at regular intervals from the birth of the study child up to 10 years.ResultsThere was evidence for an association between father absence in early childhood and increased odds of depressive symptoms at 14 years. This association was stronger in girls than in boys and remained after adjusting for a range of socio-economic, maternal and familial confounders assessed prior to the father's departure. Conversely, there was no evidence for an association between father absence in middle childhood and depressive symptoms at 14 years.ConclusionsFather absence in early childhood increases risk for adolescent depressive symptoms, particularly in girls. Future research should be aimed at identifying possible biological and psychosocial mechanisms linking father absence to depressive symptomatology to enable the development of family-based early prevention and intervention programmes targeting young children at risk.

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Investigating Parietal and Premotor Influence on Motor Cortical Excitability Associated with Visuomotor Associative Plasticity

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11040452 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 452

Author(s):

Paul J. Wolfe ◽

Lynea B. Kaethler ◽

W. Richard Staines

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Cortical Excitability ◽

Occipital Cortex ◽

Long Term Potentiation ◽

Future Research ◽

Reaching Movement ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Term Potentiation ◽

Motor Cortex Excitability

The brain changes in response to sensory signals it is exposed to. It has been shown that long term potentiation-like neuroplasticity can be experimentally induced via visual paired-associative stimulation (V-PAS). V-PAS combines afferent visual stimuli with a transcranial magnetic stimulation pulse to induce plasticity. Preparation of a reaching movement to generate activity in superior parietal occipital cortex (SPOC) was used in this study as an additional afferent contributor to modulate the resultant plasticity. We hypothesized that V-PAS with a reaching movement would induce greater cortical excitability than V-PAS alone and would exhibit facilitated SPOC to M1 projections. All four experiments enrolled groups of 10 participants to complete variations of V-PAS in a repeated measures design. SPOC to M1 projections facilitated motor cortex excitability following V-PAS regardless of intervention received. We did not observe evidence indicating extra afferent information provided an additive effect to participants. Investigation of PMd to M1 projections confirmed disinhibition and suggested interneuronal populations within M1 may be mechanistically involved. Future research should look to rule out the existence of an upper limit for effective afference during V-PAS and investigate the average influence of V-PAS on cortical excitability in the larger population.

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Self-Confidence and Perceptions of Athletic Training Students Following Simulated Experiences: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice ◽

10.46743/1540-580x/2021.1973 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hannah Stedge ◽

Valerie Herzog

Keyword(s):

Mixed Methods ◽

Athletic Training ◽

Clinical Education ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Real Life ◽

Future Research ◽

High Fidelity ◽

Athletic Training Students ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Self Confidence

Purpose: Athletic training clinical education provides students with a variety of real-life patient encounters under the supervision of a credentialed athletic trainer. However, clinical education experiences may not allow for all students to practice more invasive or less common skills such as rectal thermometry. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) determine the effect of a series of low to high-fidelity simulated rectal thermometry experiences on athletic training students’ self-confidence scores; and 2) through a phenomenological qualitative approach, explore athletic training students’ perceptions following the simulated rectal thermometry experiences. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental, mixed methods, one-group repeated measures design. Participants were nine first year professional Master of Athletic Training students who completed four simulated experiences on the skill of rectal thermometry. The outcome measures were The Athletic Trainer’s Self-Confidence Scale (ATSCS) and qualitative semi-structured open-ended interviews. Results: Friedman’s ANOVA revealed a statistically significant improvement from the participant’s baseline ATSCS scores to the last post-test scores. We identified three major themes following qualitative interviews: 1) Perception changes before and after participation; 2) Benefits of a series of four simulations; 3) Explanations for the improvements in confidence and competence. Conclusions: A series of simulated learning activities using high-fidelity and standardized patient interactions can help improve athletic training students’ self-confidence. Though future research is needed, athletic training education programs should consider implementing simulated experiences to equip athletic training students to transition to practice.

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