scholarly journals Super-Small Predators in Soils: Who Are They and What Do They Do?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Geisen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

There are millions of species living in soils. Most of this biodiversity is made up of bacteria and fungi, tiny organisms that make up what is called the soil microbiome. The size and composition of the soil microbiome is mainly controlled by two groups of predators: protists and nematodes. Protists are tiny single-celled organisms, while nematodes are tiny worms and the most numerous animals on Earth. Protists and nematodes together weight more than all the other animals on Earth! Protists and nematodes keep the soil microbiome in balance, which helps plants to grow and keeps soils functioning properly. Without protist and nematode soil predators, the functions and services provided by soils would change so much that it could even affect the Earth’s climate. So, let us not forget the importance of these tiny soil organisms!

scholarly journals Contamination of Anaesthetic Tubing – a Real Hazard?

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Ibrahim ◽  
A. K. Perceval
Keyword(s):  
Anaesthetic Machine ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Viridans Streptococci ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Anaesthetic Gases ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

This study aimed to find whether a patient placed on an anaesthetic machine could contaminate the tubing resulting in possible cross-infection to subsequent patients. Twenty randomly chosen anaesthetic circuits were collected after use during operations and cultured for bacteria and fungi. These were compared with ten circuits which had been washed and dried. Another ten washed circuits were attached to an anaesthetic machine and each circulated with air for four hours before similar cultures were performed. No accepted respiratory pathogens were found contaminating the tubing in any of the above situations. Cleaned circuits purposely seeded with either ‘viridans streptococci’ or staphylococcal bacteriophage were attached to an anaesthetic machine, the other end being held over an air sampler to collect organisms which might be blown out. Seeded tubing did not contaminate the air passing through it, demonstrating that dry anaesthetic gases do not facilitate pick-up and carriage of microorganisms.

scholarly journals Testing the Antimicrobial Characteristics of Wood Materials: A Review of Methods

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tanveer Munir ◽  
Hélène Pailhories ◽  
Matthieu Eveillard ◽  
Mark Irle ◽  
Florence Aviat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Wood Material ◽  
Antimicrobial Potential ◽  
Microbial Survival ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Inert Surfaces

Some wood species have antimicrobial properties, making them a better choice over inert surfaces in certain circumstances. However, the organic and porous nature of wood raises questions regarding the use of this material in hygienically important places. Therefore, it is reasonable to investigate the microbial survival and the antimicrobial potential of wood via a variety of methods. Based on the available literature, this review classifies previously used methods into two broad categories: one category tests wood material by direct bacterial contact, and the other tests the action of molecules previously extracted from wood on bacteria and fungi. This article discusses the suitability of these methods to wood materials and exposes knowledge gaps that can be used to guide future research. This information is intended to help the researchers and field experts to select suitable methods for testing the hygienic safety and antimicrobial properties of wood materials.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL BACTERIA WITH SIMPLE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND THOSE REQUIRING AMINO ACIDS

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. B. Payne ◽  
J. W. Rouatt ◽  
A. G. Lochhead
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Single Case ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Specific Amino Acid ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Maximum Development

Twenty-two of 30 representative soil bacteria having simple nutritional requirements, in that they showed maximum development in a medium of inorganic salts and sugar, were found to be able to synthesize a variety of amino acids, though in no single case were more than four ninhydrin-positive substances found. The culture filtrates permitted the growth of amino-acid-requiring bacteria to the extent that they contained the specific amino acid or acids required by strains of the latter group. The findings point to an associative action between these nutritional groups of soil organisms and suggest that the preferential stimulation in the rhizosphere of bacteria requiring amino acids may be ascribed in part to the ability of the other group of bacteria, which are numerically increased in the rhizosphere, to synthesize amino acids.

scholarly journals 015 PERFORMANCE OF TWELVE STRAWBERRY GENOTYPES IN FUMIGATED AND NONFUMIGATED SOIL

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 429f-429
Author(s):  
Kirk D. Larson ◽  
Douglas V. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plantation Establishment ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Performance Traits ◽  
Main Effects

Performance traits for twelve strawberry genotypes (Fragaria × ananassa) were evaluated in annual hill culture, with and without preplant soil fumigation (methyl bromide/ Chloropicrin 67:33, 350#/A) at two location. One trial followed several cycles of strawberry plantation whereas the other had not been planted to strawberries for over 20 years. Plant mortality was less than 3%. thus the main effects of fumigation treatment in these experiments must be due to sublethal effects of soil organisms. Plants grown in nonfumigated soil yielded 57% and 51% of the fruit produced by plants on adjacent fumigated soil, for “new” and “old” strawberry ground respectively. Highly significant (P<0.01) differences were also detected for fruit weight (88% and 93%) and leaf number after plantation establishment (73% and 80%). Significant genotype × fumigation interaction was not detected for any of the Performance traits. These results demonstrate that strawberry productivity is substantially increased by fumigation, even in the absence of lethal pathogens. More importantly, little opportunity exists for developing cultivars specifically adapted to nonfumigated soils.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Chemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide: A Green Route to Carbonylated Heterocycle Synthesis

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Dalpozzo ◽  
Nicola Della Ca’ ◽  
Bartolo Gabriele ◽  
Raffaella Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Fixation ◽  
Cyclic Carbonates ◽  
Heterocycle Synthesis ◽  
Green Industry ◽  
Green Route ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
Fixation Of Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide produced by human activities is one of the main contributions responsible for the greenhouse effect, which is modifying the Earth’s climate. Therefore, post-combustion CO2 capture and its conversion into high value-added chemicals are integral parts of today’s green industry. On the other hand, carbon dioxide is a ubiquitous, cheap, abundant, non-toxic, non-flammable and renewable C1 source. Among CO2 usages, this review aims to summarize and discuss the advances in the reaction of CO2, in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates, carbamates, and ureas appeared in the literature since 2017.

scholarly journals Bacterial farming by the fungus Morchella crassipes

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1773) ◽  
pp. 20132242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Pion ◽  
Jorge E. Spangenberg ◽  
Anaele Simon ◽  
Saskia Bindschedler ◽  
Coralie Flury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fungus ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Model Soil ◽  
Common Criteria ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Mutualistic Association ◽  
Morchella Crassipes

The interactions between bacteria and fungi, the main actors of the soil microbiome, remain poorly studied. Here, we show that the saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal soil fungus Morchella crassipes acts as a bacterial farmer of Pseudomonas putida , which serves as a model soil bacterium. Farming by M. crassipes consists of bacterial dispersal, bacterial rearing with fungal exudates, as well as harvesting and translocation of bacterial carbon. The different phases were confirmed experimentally using cell counting and 13 C probing. Common criteria met by other non-human farming systems are also valid for M. crassipes farming, including habitual planting, cultivation and harvesting. Specific traits include delocalization of food production and consumption and separation of roles in the colony (source versus sink areas), which are also found in human agriculture. Our study evidences a hitherto unknown mutualistic association in which bacteria gain through dispersal and rearing, while the fungus gains through the harvesting of an additional carbon source and increased stress resistance of the mycelium. This type of interaction between fungi and bacteria may play a key role in soils.

scholarly journals The AFWA Dust Emissions Scheme for the GOCART Aerosol Model in WRF-Chem

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. LeGrand ◽  
Chris Polashenski ◽  
Theodore W. Letcher ◽  
Glenn A. Creighton ◽  
Steven E. Peckham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dust Emission ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Dust Emissions ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Weather Modeling ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Gocart Model

Abstract. Airborne particles of mineral dust play a key role in Earth's climate system and affect human activities around the globe. The numerical weather modeling community has undertaken considerable efforts to accurately forecast these dust emissions. Here, for the first time in the literature, we thoroughly describe and document the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) dust emission scheme for the GOCART aerosol model within the Weather Research and Forecasting Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model and compare it to the other dust emission parameterizations available in WRF-Chem. The AFWA dust emission scheme addresses some shortcomings experienced by the earlier GOCART-WRF parameterization. Improved model physics are designed to better handle emission of fine dust particles by representing saltation bombardment. Model performance with the improved parameterization is evaluated against observations of dust emission in southwest Asia and compared to emissions predicted by the other parameterizations built into the WRF-Chem GOCART model. Results highlight the relative strengths of the available schemes, indicate the reasons for disagreement between the models, and demonstrate the need for improved soil source data.

scholarly journals The Effect of Preservation on the Shelf Life of Laboratory Processed Biscuit

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-570
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria

This study has been conducted to investigate the influence of preservatives(sodium propionate and potassium sorbate) at different levels to extend the storage life of laboratory processed biscuit.The results have shown that When%0.10 sodium propionate was added bacteria and fungi was not found for three months while found in the fourth month of storage.However bacteria and mold didnot grow until the sixth month of storage as %0.20 and %0.30 concentration was used. On the other side as %0.03 potassium sorbate was used,the growth of bacteria was cheched for 3 months and 4 months for molds..When %0.06 potassium sorbate was used no growth of bacterial or mold was found until the sixth month of storage . Three types of bacteria have been appeared in processed biscuit, namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Esherichia coli. In different percentage. and two genera of mold have been found with different rates ,they were Aspergillus and Penicillium. The sensory evaluation of processed biscuit stored for 6 months showed that treatment with %0.30 sodium propionate and %0.10 potassium sorbate were superior as compared to control, they obtained the highest over all acceptance which valued 4.9, 4.7 respectively, while the control treatment obtained 4.1 .

scholarly journals Testing the effectiveness of disinfectant protocols for soiled footwear

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 384-384
Author(s):  
S.D. Young ◽  
M.R. McNeill ◽  
D.J. Saville
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
The Other ◽  
Polysorbate 80 ◽  
Culturable Bacteria ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Better Than

Footwear carried by international air travellers arriving in New Zealand is subject to inspection and if necessary cleaning and disinfecting by MAFBNZ quarantine inspectors A study to evaluate the effectiveness of disinfectant treatment was carried out on three different types of footwear (running shoes gumboots and tramping boots) cleaned following observed MAFBNZ procedure (dip) and following a 10 minute soak Two disinfectant treatments (VirkonTM and TriGene AdvanceTM) were compared with a surfactant (polysorbate 80) and water only Soles were swabbed for microbes before and after washing and culturable bacteria and fungi per cm2 were enumerated Disinfectant treatments reduced bacteria numbers by 99 compared with 98 for both water and surfactant treatments VirkonTM was the best treatment for bacteria both with the standard dip and the 10 minute soak but it was not significantly better than the other treatments Soaking also reduced bacterial numbers compared to the dip treatment but not significantly For fungi the two disinfectants surfactant and water yielded similar reductions (97) Soaking reduced fungal numbers compared to the dip treatment but this was not quite significant (P0051)

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF 3- (1- (3- HYDROXYPHENYL) AMINO) ETHYLIDENE) CHROMAN-2,4-DIONE AND ITS CORRESPONDING PALLADIUM(II) COMPLEX

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edina Avdović ◽  
◽  
Žiko B. Milanović ◽  
Milanka Radulović ◽  
Dušan S. Dimić
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Coumarin Derivative ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

In this manuscript, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the previously synthesized coumarin derivative 3- (1- (3-hydroxyphenyl) amino) ethylidene) chroman-2,4-dione (L) and its corresponding palladium (II) complex (C) were examined. Their antimicrobial activity was screened against four strains of bacteria Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778) G+; Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 13709) G+; Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 27736) G-; and Escherichia coli (ATCC 2592) G-) and three strains of fungi (Aspergillus flavus (ATCC15517); Candida albicans (ATCC 10231); Fusarium oxysporum (ATCC 695) using disc diffusion and microdilution method. The obtained minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by microdilution method for ligand and complex are similar for all tested bacteria and fungi, which means that both compounds have a similar antimicrobial effect. On the other hand, analysis of zone of inhibition (ZI) values for the tested compounds shows that the complex is generally somewhat more active than the ligand.

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