scholarly journals Distracted? Blame Your Claustrum!

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonatan Fatal ◽  
Ami Citri
Keyword(s):  
Attention Disorders ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Important Clue ◽  
The Brain

To succeed in reading these sentences, your brain must ignore a variety of distractions—sights, sounds, and smells. Resisting distractions is a vital ability for our daily lives, and it poses a unique challenge for people who are dealing with attention disorders. In a recent study, we asked whether an area in the brain called the claustrum supports the ability to ignore distractions. We developed methods that allowed us to silence the claustrum in mice. We challenged these mice with tasks requiring them to pay attention. We found that mice whose claustra were silenced were especially sensitive to distractions. These results provide an important clue about the function of the claustrum, and we hope that they will contribute to the development of new methods that will assist people dealing with attention disorders.

Confronting the grey zone after severe brain injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Peterson ◽  
Adrian M. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Severe Brain Injury ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Legal Decision Making ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Brain

In recent years, rapid technological developments in the field of neuroimaging have provided several new methods for revealing thoughts, actions and intentions based solely on the pattern of activity that is observed in the brain. In specialized centres, these methods are now being employed routinely to assess residual cognition, detect consciousness and even communicate with some behaviorally non-responsive patients who clinically appear to be comatose or in a vegetative state. In this article, we consider some of the ethical issues raised by these developments and the profound implications they have for clinical care, diagnosis, prognosis and medical-legal decision-making after severe brain injury.

Possession and Repetition

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 243-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohan Yoo
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Sacred Texts ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lay Buddhists ◽  
Iconic Status ◽  
And Function ◽  
To Receive

This article demonstrates the need for the iconic status and function of Buddhist scripture to receive more attention by illuminating how lay Korean Buddhists try to appropriate the power of sutras. The oral and aural aspects of scripture, explained by Wilfred Cantwell Smith, provide only a limited understanding of the characteristics of scripture. It should be noted that, before modern times, most lay people, not only in Buddhist cultures but also in Christian and other traditions, neither had the chance to recite scriptures nor to listen to their recitations regularly. Several clear examples demonstrate contemporary Korean Buddhists’ acceptance of the iconic status of sutras and their attempt to appropriate the power and status of those sacred texts. In contemporary Korea, lay Buddhists try to claim the power of scriptures in their daily lives by repeating and possessing them. Twenty-first century lay believers who cannot read or recite in a traditional style have found new methods of repetition, such as internet programs for copying sacred texts and for playing recordings of their recitations. In addition, many Korean Buddhists consider the act of having sutras in one’s possession to be an effective way of accessing the sacred status and power of these texts. Hence, various ways of possessing them have been developed in a wide range of products, from fancy gilded sutras to sneakers embroidered with mantras.

A Neuromarketing Perspective for Assessing the Role and Impact of Typefaces on Consumer Purchase Decision

2020 ◽  
pp. 208-228
Author(s):  
Nihal Toros Ntapiapis ◽  
Çağla Özkardeşler
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Consumer Behaviors ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Consumer Neuroscience ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Given increasing knowledge about how consumers communicate with texts, our understanding of how brain processes information remains relatively limited. Besides that, in today's world, advancing neuroscience-related technology and developments have changed the understanding of consumer behavior. In this regard, in the 1990s, consumer neuroscience and neuromarketing concepts were revealed. This new concept has brought a multi-disciplinary approach and new perceptions of human cognition and behavior. For measuring consumer behaviors through a new alternative method, research has started combining traditional marketing researches with these new methods. This chapter explores how typeface knowledge from the brain functions using neuroscience technology and the importance neurosciences methodologies have for readability research. Moreover, this chapter will evaluate how typefaces affect the purchase decision of the consumers and offer an integrative literature review.

scholarly journals Recent advances in functional neuroimaging analysis for cognitive neuroscience

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 239821281775272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Williams ◽  
Richard N. Henson
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Temporal Data ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Scientific Questions ◽  
The Brain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging and electro-/magneto-encephalography are some of the main neuroimaging technologies used by cognitive neuroscientists to study how the brain works. However, the methods for analysing the rich spatial and temporal data they provide are constantly evolving, and these new methods in turn allow new scientific questions to be asked about the brain. In this brief review, we highlight a handful of recent analysis developments that promise to further advance our knowledge about the working of the brain. These include (1) multivariate approaches to decoding the content of brain activity, (2) time-varying approaches to characterising states of brain connectivity, (3) neurobiological modelling of neuroimaging data, and (4) standardisation and big data initiatives.

scholarly journals Cerebral Substrates for Controlling Rhythmic Movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 514
Author(s):  
Naho Konoike ◽  
Katsuki Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
The Brain

Our daily lives are filled with rhythmic movements, such as walking, sports, and dancing, but the mechanisms by which the brain controls rhythmic movements are poorly understood. In this review, we examine the literature on neuropsychological studies of patients with focal brain lesions, and functional brain imaging studies primarily using finger-tapping tasks. These studies suggest a close connection between sensory and motor processing of rhythm, with no apparent distinction between the two functions. Thus, we conducted two functional brain imaging studies to survey the rhythm representations relatively independent of sensory and motor functions. First, we determined brain activations related to rhythm processing in a sensory modality-independent manner. Second, we examined body part-independent brain activation related to rhythm reproduction. Based on previous literature, we discuss how brain areas contribute rhythmic motor control. Furthermore, we also discuss the mechanisms by which the brain controls rhythmic movements.

scholarly journals Splendours and miseries of the brain

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1392) ◽  
pp. 2053-2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zeki
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Enormous Success

In this speculative essay, I examine two evolutionary developments underlying the enormous success of the human brain: its capacity to acquire knowledge and its variability across individuals. A feature of an efficient knowledge–acquiring system is, I believe, its capacity to abstract and to formulate ideals. Both attributes carry with them a clash between experience of the particular and what the brain has developed from experience of the many. Both therefore can lead to much disappointment in our daily lives. This disappointment is heightened by the fact that both abstraction and ideals are subject to variability in time within an individual and between individuals. Variability, which is a cherished source for evolutionary selection, can also be an isolating and individualizing feature in society. Thus the very features of the human brain which underlie our enormous evolutionary success can also be a major source of our misery.

CURRENT AND TRADITIONAL VIEWS ON THE BRAIN WORKS

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-212
Author(s):  
Bożydar L.J. Kaczmarek ◽  
Katarzyna Markiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
New Methods ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
The Brain

The present paper argues that the development of a new methodology in studying the brain has resulted in a change of our views on the way it works, has seen the emergence of new ideas, and a considerable modification of traditionally accepted theories. The most significant are neuroplasticity, negative activity network (NAT), the nature of aphasic disorders, and the approach to the localization of brain functions. New brain imaging techniques have confirmed also the ability to change the neuronal circuits by mental force. Moreover, new techniques have brought about a rise in new methods for both the diagnosis and rehabilitation of individuals with various brain disorders. Most valuable in this respect has proved to be neurofeedback. We have concentrated on the most important contributions of Prof. Pąchalska in the implementation and development of these new ideas on brain functioning. We also emphasize the fact that her theoretical considerations are firmly based upon her extensive (forty years) work with brain damaged patients.

scholarly journals EXAMINATION OF PNG IMAGE OF CORONA VIRUS BASED ON BENFORD’S LAW

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
M.Z.A.M. Jaffar ◽  
A.H.H. Hamid ◽  
L.F.L. Joey
Keyword(s):  
Image Manipulation ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Forensic Evidence ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
Effective Use

The global crisis caused by the Corona virus is making everyone search for new ways to eliminate this danger that threatens people’s lives. The addition of new methods for detecting the infection of people makes the prevention process fast and not expensive at all. Waiting hours or days for people’s test results is both expensive and dangerous. The use of the JPEG format for images (the most common in our daily lives) and Benford’s law when they work together makes this possible. This method has been validated by the discovery of digital image manipulation and its effective use in forensic evidence and is known to be highly sensitive. Moreover, the availability of high-resolution microscopes with optical zoom made it possible to take real and clear images of the Corona virus, and therefore the use of this method saves time, effort and risk.

scholarly journals PROGRAM LAYANAN BIMBINGAN KONSELING PRIBADI SOSIAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN DAYA JUANG SISWA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
YOSEP SETIAWAN
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Multiple Intelligence ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Integrative Learning ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
The Brain

Educational institution is an institution of the brain industry. Therefore, education is a vehicle for mental exercise. With education will be able to sharpen the brain to form human beings quality. Qualified people are intelligent human beings comprehensive and competitive savvy are reflected in personal moral, creative, and productive and full responsibility in living our daily lives. But the spotlight and complaints against educational institutions still occur, various perceived problems among students learn the lower interest. Students tend to subjects who tested nationally (National Examination), the methods used by teachers in teaching the more commonly used methods of lecture and question and answer, sometimes the discussion so that the lessons seem monotonous and less innovative, subjects received more students cederung nature doctrine in the form of memorization alone and rarely developed in the context of everyday life so that lessons just more leads to mastery of concepts and tend to train cognitive abilities-intellectual, not a lot of touching the realm of other intelligence in accordance with the potential of the students. The other problem is the tendency of the still rampant behavior is not commendable at this time in various forms, for example, students commit suicide because they do not pass the exam, involved in drugs, fighting between students, the behavior of cheating, careless, style punky, smoking, going out, and so become a reason for choosing this topic as study materials. The problem is what strengthens the belief writers to examine and assess the importance of the development of multiple intelligence through integrative learning-based game in an attempt to develop students' potential intelligence to realize a comprehensive and intelligent smart students competitive. This paper formulated into some discussion that begins with an introduction that lists reasons for the importance of this issue is discussed, and then forwarded to the review of the concept of multiple intelligence. Followed by a study on the definition, purpose and benefits of the games, the development of multiple intelligence through integrative learning-based games and ending with examples of games in integrative learning process.

scholarly journals The Neural Basis of Shared Preference Learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Farmer ◽  
Uri Hertz ◽  
Antonia Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
The Self ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
The Brain

AbstractDuring our daily lives, we often learn about the similarity of the traits and preferences of others to our own and use that information during our social interactions. However, it is unclear how the brain represents similarity between the self and others. One possible mechanism is to track similarity to oneself regardless of the identity of the other (Similarity account); an alternative is to track each confederate in terms of consistency of the similarity to the self, with respect to the choices they have made before (consistency account). Our study combined fMRI and computational modelling of reinforcement learning (RL) to investigate the neural processes that underlie learning about preference similarity. Participants chose which of two pieces of artwork they preferred and saw the choices of one confederate who usually shared their preference and another who usually did not. We modelled neural activation with RL models based on the similarity and consistency accounts. Data showed more brain regions whose activity pattern fits with the consistency account, specifically, areas linked to reward and social cognition. Our findings suggest that impressions of other people can be calculated in a person-specific manner which assumes that each individual behaves consistently with their past choices.

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