Effects of Dietary Energy Level on Performance, Plasma Parameters, and Central AMPK Levels in Stressed Broilers

This study aimed to characterize the effects of diets with different energy levels on the growth performance, plasma parameters, and central AMPK signaling pathway in broilers under dexamethasone (DEX)-induced stress. A total of 216 1-day-old male broiler chickens were allocated to groups fed with high (HED), National Research Council-recommended (control), or low (LED) energy diets. At 10 days old, chickens were treated with or without dexamethasone (DEX, 2 mg/kg body weight) for 3 consecutive days. HED increased broiler average daily gain (ADG) at 10 days old, compared with the LED (P < 0.05), while average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) decreased as the dietary energy level increased (P < 0.05). Chickens fed a HED had higher total protein (TP) content, albumin (ALB), glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TCHO), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, compared with the control group (P < 0.05). At 13 days old, DEX decreased ADG and increased FCR in broilers fed with different energy diets (P < 0.05). The DEX-HED group had a higher ADFI than non-DEX treated HED group chickens. In addition, TP, ALB, triglycerides (TG), TCHO, HDL, and LDL content levels in the DEX group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The uric acid (UA) content of the LED group was higher than that of the HED group (P < 0.05). Further, gene expression levels of liver kinase B1, AMP-activated protein kinase α1, neuropeptide Y, and GC receptor in the hypothalamus were increased in chickens treated with DEX (P < 0.05). There was a trend toward interaction between plasma TCHO and hypothalamic LKB1 expression (0.05 < P < 0.1). In conclusion, this study suggests that HED improves growth performance, plasma glucose and total cholesterol at 10 days old broilers, but had no significant effect on performance, plasma parameters, and central AMPK in stressed broilers.

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Effects of dietary energy level on appetite and central adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in broilers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz312 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (11) ◽

pp. 4488-4495 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xiyi Hu ◽

Yufeng Wang ◽

Ardashir Sheikhahmadi ◽

Xianlei Li ◽

Johan Buyse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Energy Level ◽

Mrna Level ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Adenosine Monophosphate ◽

High Energy ◽

Signal Pathway ◽

Control Group ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Feed Conversion

Abstract Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a sensor of cellular energy changes and is involved in the control of food intake. A total of 216 1-d-old broilers were randomly allotted into 3 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 12 broilers in each cage. The dietary treatments included 1) high-energy (HE) diet (3,500 kcal/kg), 2) normal-energy (NE) diet (3,200 kcal/kg), and 3) low-energy (LE) diet (2,900 kcal/kg). The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy level on appetite and the central AMPK signal pathway. The results showed that a HE diet increased average daily gain (ADG), whereas a LE diet had the opposite effect (P < 0.05, N = 6). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the chickens fed the LE diet was significantly higher than that of the control (P < 0.05, N = 6). Overall, the feed conversion rate gradually decreased with increasing dietary energy level (P < 0.05, N = 6). Moreover, the chickens fed the LE and HE diets demonstrated markedly improved urea content compared with the control group (P < 0.0001, N = 8). The triglyceride (TG) content in the LE group was obviously higher than that in the HE group but showed no change compared with the control (P = 0.0678, N = 8). The abdominal fat rate gradually increased with increased dietary energy level (P = 0.0927, N = 8). The HE group showed downregulated gene expression levels of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the hypothalamus compared with the control group (P < 0.05, N = 8). However, LE treatment significantly increased the mRNA level of AMP-activated protein kinase α2 (AMPKα2) compared with other groups (P = 0.0110, N = 8). In conclusion, a HE diet inhibited appetite and central AMPK signaling. In contrast, a LE diet activated central AMPK and appetite. Overall, the central AMPK signal pathway and appetite were modulated in accordance with the energy level in the diet to regulate nutritional status and maintain energy homeostasis in birds.

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Combined administration of bacteriocin- -producing, probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium CCM7420 with Eleutherococcus senticosus and their effect in rabbits

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.2478/pjvs-2013-0089 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 619-627 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M. Pogány Simonová ◽

A. Lauková ◽

L. Chrastinová ◽

I. Plachá ◽

V. Strompfová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Probiotic Strain ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Control Group ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Eleutherococcus Senticosus ◽

Commercial Diet ◽

And Control

Abstract The effect of Enterococcus faecium CCM7420 (EF) - enterocin-producing and probiotic strain of rabbit origin, Eleutherococcus senticosus extract (ES) and their combination (ES+EF) was determined on selected bacteria in faeces and caecum content, leukocytes phagocytosis, blood biochemistry and growth performance. Ninety-six weaned rabbits were divided into 3 experimental (ES, EF, ES+EF) and control group (CG). The rabbits in the groups ES and EF+ES were fed commercial diet enriched with E. senticosus extract (30 g/100 kg feed), rabbits in groups EF and CG were fed untreated diet. The rabbits in the EF and ES+EF groups were administered with an overnight culture of E. faecium CCM7420 strain (500 μl/animal/day into water, 109 CFU/ml). The treatment period lasted 21 days. The microbiological examinations in faecal samples confirmed the presence of E. faecium CCM7420 strain. In groups EF and ES+EF, the reduction of faecal coliforms, Pseudomonas-like sp., Clostridium-like sp. and S. aureus was recorded. Leucocyte phagocytosis significantly increased in all experimental groups (P<0.0001) compared to CG. The lowest GPx values were measured in the ES+EF group. Higher total protein, triglycerides and calcium concentrations were detected in experimental groups compared to CG. The cholesterol concentration decreased in the ES group. The highest average daily gain was recorded in EF group; in ES+EF the better feed conversion ratio and no mortality was recorded. These results indicated that the dietary supplementation with the E. faecium CCM7420 and E. senticosus extract stimulate the leukocytes phagocytosis and reduces the potential pathogens in rabbits digestive tract without oxidative stress and improve the growth performance.

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By-products of apricot processing in quail feed: Effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat physicochemical quality

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2021.878-883 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 878-883

Author(s):

Fatma Boubekeur ◽

Rafik Arbouche ◽

Yasmine Arbouche ◽

Fodil Arbouche

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Live Weight ◽

Partial Substitution ◽

Control Group ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Carcass Yield ◽

By Products

Background and Aim: The rearing of quails can have a stronger attraction for the breeders if we lower the cost prices by introducing by-products in their feed formulas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the partial substitution of soybean meal by apricot kernel cake (AKC) in the diet of quails, applied either sequentially or during all phases of rearing, on their growth performances, carcass characteristics, and meat physicochemical composition. Materials and Methods: A total of 600 one-day-old quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), with equal sex ratio and weighing on average 7±0.2 g, were randomly distributed in one control group and three experimental groups, the latter being designed according to the rate of application of AKC in either sequential or non-sequential mode in different rearing phases. Each group was divided into five replicates of 30 quails, randomly distributed according to either substitution rate of soybean meal by the AKC (0%, 10%, 20%, or 30%) or farming phase. Results: The average daily gain from the 1st to 45th days (average daily gain1–45d) was found to be the highest (4.24 g/d/subject, p=0.021) for the 30% AKC-supplemented feed lot in either starter or finish incorporation (DFTAA), having an optimum final live weight of 193.4 g (p=0.028), a lowest feed conversion ratio of 3.08 (p=0.001), and a daily feed intake of 860 g (p=0.01). Carcass yield was recorded the highest (74.4%, p=0.02) with an optimum meat protein level (30.6%, p=0.024) and the lowest fat content (2.26%, p=0.001) for the same group as well. Conclusion: The partial substitution of soybean meal by AKC in the quails' fattening feeding, during the finishing phase and for all rearing phases, led to a better growth performance, a better carcass yield, and an improved chemical composition of meat.

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Effects of lipopolysaccharide on the growth performance, nitrogenmetabolism and immunity in preruminant calves

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.v0iof.6831 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

N. Zhan ◽

H. Li ◽

C. Jiang ◽

Y. Tu ◽

D. Diao

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Control Group ◽

Urinary Concentration ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Sterile Saline ◽

E Coli ◽

Lps Challenge

To investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the growth performance, nitrogen metabolism and immunity in preruminant calves, forty Chinese Holstein male calves were randomly divided into two groups and injected intraperitoneally with 2.5 mg/kg BW of sterile saline or E. coli LPS (Escherichia coli O55:b55) on day 24, 26, and 28. The LPS challenge decreased average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency compared with control group (p less than0.05). The urinary concentration of nitrogen (pless than0.05) increased, whereas the nitrogen retention decreased (pless than0.05) after LPS-challenge. Injection of LPS increased body temperature, serum concentration of IL-1, TNF-a, IL-2 and IgG of calves. In conclusion, LPS-challenge activated immune responses, decreased utilization efficiency of nitrogen, and negatively impacted growth performance of preruminant calves.

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The growth performance and immunity of broiler chickens affected by dietary chitosan oligosaccharides

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17914/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hang Zhao ◽

Saikun Pan

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Control Group ◽

High Dose ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Chitosan Oligosaccharides ◽

Feeding Trials ◽

Factor Α ◽

Necrosis Factor

Abstract Background: The present study aimed to explore the effects of dietary chitosan oligosaccharides (COs) on the growth performance and immunity of broiler chickens.Methods: Four test diets were supplemented with different doses of COs (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) and formulated. Triplicate groups of broiler chickens were fed with one of the diets ad libitum for 6 weeks. Results: After the end of the feeding trials, oral CO administration improved average daily gain; the activities of digestive amylase, lipase and protease; the activities of serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase; serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IgG, IgM and IgA levels; and reduced feed conversion ratio and malondialdehyde level compared with those of the control group. However, a high dose of CO (150 g/kg) did not further increase its efficiency compared with the moderate dose of CO (100 g/kg). Conclusions: Oral CO administration improved the growth performance and immunity of juvenile broiler chickens and could be used as a feed supplement.

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Dietary Laminaria japonica Polysaccharide Regulates Systemic Defence Property of Weaned Piglets Improving Growth Performance under High Temperature Condition

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-1340 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

C.W. Wang ◽

Y. Jiang ◽

W.N. Chen ◽

Q. Liu ◽

X.F. Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Laminaria Japonica ◽

Control Group ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Heat Stress Resistance ◽

High Temperature Condition

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary LJP supplementation on growth performance, heat stress resistance and immune status of weaned piglets raised in a high-temperature environment (34 ± 3°C).Methods: A total of 72 Barkshire × Licha Black crossbred piglets were weaned at 30 days of age (BW, 5.88 ± 0.16 kg) and fed either without or with 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg LJP in a completely randomized design, with 3 pens per diet (6 pigs per pen). On day 21, a total of 12 piglets were selected to collect blood samples.Result: The results showed that 200 and 400 mg/kg LJP supplementation decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of piglets compared to the control group (P = 0.037) and dietary LJP linearly increased average daily gain and decreased FCR of piglets (P = 0.037 and 0.011, respectively). In addition, adding 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg LJP reduced the serum HSP70 content compared to the control group (P = 0.019) and dietary LJP linearly and quadratically decreased the serum HSP70 content of piglets (P = 0.030 and 0.011, respectively). Moreover, supplementation of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg LJP increased the serum (NO) and nitric oxide acid phosphatase (ACP) content compared to the control group (P = 0.019; P = 0.003) and dietary LJP linearly increased the serum lysozyme, NO and ACP contents (P = 0.039; P = 0.005; P = 0.001). In conclusion, dietary LJP has potential to regulate systemic defence property of weaned piglets raised in a high temperature condition, accompanied by increased growth performance.

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Dietary Energy Levels Affect Growth Performance through Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in Yak (Bos grunniens)

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9020039 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 39 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chao Yang ◽

Jianbo Zhang ◽

Anum Ahmad ◽

Pengjia Bao ◽

Xian Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Energy Level ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Growth Hormone Receptor ◽

Energy Levels ◽

High Energy ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽

Feed Conversion

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different dietary energy levels on serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), as well as gene expression of their associated binding proteins and receptors in yak. Fifteen adult male yaks with BW of 276.1 ± 3.5 kg were allotted in three dietary groups and were fed with low (LE), medium (ME), and high energy (HE) level diet having different NEg of 5.5 MJ/kg, 6.2 MJ/kg, 6.9 MJ/kg, respectively. The effects of these treatments on ADG, BW, ADFI, and feed conversion ratio were significant (p < 0.05) throughout the experimental period. Serum GH concentration decreased (p < 0.05) with an increase in dietary energy level on d 30 and d 60. While IGF-1 concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in ME group, as compared to LE and HE groups on d 60. The expression level of growth hormone receptor (GHR) was decreased (p < 0.001) and IGF-1 was increased with the increase in the dietary energy level. The relative expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) was higher (p < 0.001) in ME and HE groups, except the LE group. In conclusion, our findings provide a first insight into the combined effect of GH and IGF-1 in controlling the metabolism and productivity of yak. It also showed that medium energy level diet contributed to promote growth performance of yak during the cold season.

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Algae-Derived Polysaccharides Promote Growth Performance by Improving Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Barrier Function in Broiler Chickens

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2020.601336 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wen-Chao Liu ◽

Yan Guo ◽

Zhi-Hui Zhao ◽

Rajesh Jha ◽

Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Control Group ◽

Gut Health ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Villus Height ◽

Final Body Weight

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of dietary algae-derived polysaccharides (ADPs) from Enteromorpha on growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal permeability, and antioxidant capacity in serum, liver, and intestinal mucosa of broilers. Three hundred and ninety six day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments containing 0 (Control), 1,000, 2,500, 4,000, 5,500, and 7,000 mg ADP/kg basal diet in a 35 day feeding trial. During day 1–21, compared with the control group, dietary 1,000–7,000 mg/kg ADP supplementation improved the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Overall (day 1–35), dietary inclusion of 1,000 mg/kg ADP increased the final body weight and ADG (p < 0.05). Besides, on day 21, dietary 2,500 mg/kg ADP supplementation increased the serum catalase (CAT) and liver total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities (p < 0.05), whereas dietary 1,000–5,500 mg/kg ADP supplementation decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in serum and liver (p < 0.05). On day 35, supplementation of 1,000 mg/kg ADP increased the serum glutathione peroxidase and CAT activities and liver T-SOD activities (p < 0.05). It decreased the MDA level of serum and liver (p < 0.05). Also, dietary 2,500 mg/kg ADP increased the villus height of jejunum and ileum on day 21 (p < 0.05), and dietary 4,000 mg/kg ADP increased the villus height of duodenum and ileum on day 35 (p < 0.05). On day 21, dietary 4,000 mg/kg ADP increased the CAT activities of the duodenum and T-SOD activities of jejunum and ileum and decreased the MDA contents in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p < 0.05). On day 35, dietary inclusion of 1,000–7,000 mg/kg ADP reduced MDA contents of duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05). Furthermore, dietary inclusion of ADP at 1,000–7,000 mg/kg decreased serum DAO activities at day 21 and day 35 (p < 0.05), and the serum D-lactic acid concentration was reduced by dietary supplementation of 1,000, 2,500, and 7,000 mg/kg ADP on day 21. In conclusion, dietary ADP exerted beneficial effects on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and gut health in broilers; based on the studied parameters, the appropriate recommended dose is 1,000–4,000 mg/kg. These findings provided new insights into the potential application of ADP as natural growth promoters in broilers.

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PSIII-20 Inclusion of a Live Yeast to Mixed Cereal Diets Improves Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.288 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 170-171

Author(s):

Laura A Merriman ◽

Gustavo Cordero ◽

Pete Wilcock ◽

Joaquin Morales

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Yeast Product ◽

And Performance ◽

Live Yeast

Abstract As an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, live yeast supplementation has proven useful in reducing weaning stress and improving health and performance of piglets. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a high concentrated live yeast product (20 billion CFU/g) supplemented in post-weaning piglet diets without antibiotics. A total of 144 pigs Pietrain × [LW×Landrace] (average initial BW = 8.55 ± 1.5 kg) weaned at 28 days of life were used for a 6-week growth study to determine post-weaning performance. Pigs were assigned to 2 treatments; 0 (Control group; CT) and 1 g of live yeast/kg (Yeast Supplemented group; YS) feed to 12 replicate pens of 6 pigs (3 barrows; 3 gilts). Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated in pre-starter (days 0–14), starter (days 14–42) and in the whole nursery (days 0–42) periods. Data were analysed with ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS according to the completely randomized design. The model included initial BW as a covariant. Differences were deemed statistically significant when P ≤ 0.050 using a one tailed t-test. Live yeast supplementation improved ADG in starter (5.8%; P = 0.034) and in the whole nursery periods (7.0%; P = 0.045) compared with the CT group. Consequently, final BW was also higher in supplemented animals than in the CT (4.5%; P = 0.034). Differences in ADG were associated with differences in ADFI, higher in YS than in the CT group, both in starter (6.4%; P = 0.023) and in the whole nursery period (6.5%; P = 0.030). No differences were observed for FCR, mortality rate, and health incidences between dietary treatment groups. Therefore, supplementation of a live yeast to post-weaned piglets improved growth performance, confirming this product as an alternative to reduce antibiotic usage in nursery piglets.

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The High Level of Xylooligosaccharides Improves Growth Performance in Weaned Piglets by Increasing Antioxidant Activity, Enhancing Immune Function, and Modulating Gut Microbiota

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.764556 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Jiaman Pang ◽

Xingjian Zhou ◽

Hao Ye ◽

Yujun Wu ◽

Zhenyu Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Function ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Control Group ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Beneficial Bacteria ◽

Α Diversity ◽

High Level ◽

Weaning Piglets

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the high level of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) on growth performance, antioxidant capability, immune function, and fecal microbiota in weaning piglets. The results showed that 28 d body weight exhibited linear and quadratic increases (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary XOS level, as well as average daily feed intake (ADFI) on d 15–28, average daily gain (ADG) on d 15–28 and 1–28. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) between XOS levels and feed conversion rate (FCR) on d 1–14 and 1–28. Additionally, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) showed a linear increase (P < 0.05), while the malondialdehyde (MDA) level decreased linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05) with the increasing dietary level of XOS. Moreover, the XOS treatments markedly increased the levels of immunoglobulin A (Ig A) (linear, P < 0.05; quadratic, P < 0.05), IgM (quadratic, P < 0.05), IgG (linear, P < 0.05), and anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) (quadratic, P < 0.05) in serum, while the IL-1β (linear, P < 0.05; quadratic, P < 0.05) and IL-6 (linear, P < 0.05) decreased with increasing level of XOS. Microbiota analysis showed that dietary supplementation with 1.5% XOS decreased (P < 0.05) the α-diversity and enriched (P < 0.05) beneficial bacteria including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Fusicatenibacter at the genus level, compared with the control group. Importantly, linearly increasing responses (P < 0.05) to fecal acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were observed with increasing level of XOS. Spearman correlation analyses found that Lactobacillus abundance was positively correlated with ADG, acetate, propionate, and IgA (P < 0.05), but negatively correlated with IL-1β (P < 0.05). Bifidobacterium abundance was positively related with ADFI, total SCFAs, IgG, and IL-10 (P < 0.05), as well as g_Fusicatenibacter abundance with ADFI, total SCFAs, and IL-10. However, Bifidobacterium and Fusicatenibacter abundances were negatively associated with MDA levels (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary supplementation with XOS can improve the growth performance in weaning piglets by increasing antioxidant capability, enhancing immune function, and promoting beneficial bacteria counts.

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