scholarly journals Narrative Review Comparing Principles and Instruments Used in Three Active Surveillance and Control Programmes for Non-EU-regulated Diseases in the Danish Cattle Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen ◽  
Hans Houe ◽  
Søren Saxmose Nielsen

The objective of this paper is to provide a comparative review of three active surveillance and control programmes in the Danish cattle sector to highlight important differences for decision makers to develop successful programmes. The focus is on differences in purpose, principles, design and instruments applied to achieve the goals stated for each programme for bovine viral diarrhoea (BVDV), paratuberculosis and Salmonella Dublin. The purposes of the programmes are to reduce economic consequences and improve animal welfare, and for S. Dublin also to prevent zoonotic risk, with varying importance as motivation for the programmes over time. The targets of the BVDV and S. Dublin programmes have been to eradicate the diseases from the Danish cattle population. This goal was successfully reached for BVDV in 2006 where the programme was changed to a surveillance programme after 12 years with an active control programme. The S. Dublin dairy herd-level prevalence decreased from 25% in 2003 to 6% in 2015, just before the milk quota system was abandoned. Over the last 5 years, the prevalence has increased to 8–9% test-positive dairy herds. It is mandatory to participate, and frequent updates of legislative orders were used over two decades as critical instruments in those two programmes. In contrast, participation in the paratuberculosis programme is voluntary and the goals are to promote participation and reduce the prevalence and economic and welfare consequences of the disease. The daily administration of all three programmes is carried out by the major farmers' organisation, who organise surveillance, IT-solutions and other control tools, projects and communication in collaboration with researchers from the universities, laboratories and, for BVDV and S. Dublin, the veterinary authorities. Differences among the programme designs and instruments are mainly due to the environmental component of paratuberculosis and S. Dublin, as the bacteria able to survive for extended periods outside the host. This extra diffuse source of infection increases the demand for persistent and daily hygiene and management efforts. The lower test sensitivities (than for BVDV) lead to a requirement to perform repeated testing of herds and animals over longer time periods calling for withstanding motivation among farmers.

1995 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Chan ◽  
H. L. Guyatt ◽  
D. A. P. Bundy ◽  
M. Booth ◽  
A. J. C. Fulford ◽  
...  

SummaryMathematical models are potentially useful tools to aid in the design of control programmes for parasitic diseases. In this paper, a fully age structured epidemiological model of human schistosomiasis is developed and parameterized, and used to predict trends in infection prevalence, intensity and prevalence of heavy infections over age and time during several rounds of mass and age targeted treatment. The model is validated against data from a Schistosoma mansoni control programme in Kenya.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Henry Obol ◽  
Reema Harrison ◽  
Sophia Lin ◽  
Mark James Obwolo ◽  
Robyn Richmond

Abstract Background Uganda has one of the highest burdens of cervical cancer globally. In 2010 the Ugandan Ministry of Health launched the Strategic Plan for Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control with the hope of developing cervical cancer policy in Uganda. This study explored the beliefs of senior key informants in Uganda about cervical cancer prevention, the control programme, and the relevance of cervical cancer policy. Methods We conducted 15 key informant interviews with participants from six organisations across Northern and Central Uganda. Participants were drawn from district local government health departments, St. Mary’s Hospital Lacor, Uganda Nurses and Midwifery Council, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and Ministry of Health in Kampala, Uganda. The interview recordings were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Results Seven themes emerged relating to the cervical cancer prevention and control programmes in Uganda: (1) policy frameworks for cervical cancer, (2) operationalising cervical cancer prevention and control, (3) financial allocation and alignment, (4) human resources and capability, (5) essential supplies and vaccines, (6) administrative data and resource distribution, and (7) cervical cancer services. Conclusions The key informants perceive that the lack of a cervical cancer policy in Uganda is hindering cervical cancer prevention and control programmes. Therefore, the Ministry of Health and stakeholders need to work together in coming up with an effective policy framework that will accelerate efforts towards cervical cancer prevention and control in Uganda.


2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 217-220

This report provides an overview of the 2017 official control activities on pesticide residues carried out in the European Union (EU) Member States, Iceland and Norway. It summarises the results of both the 2017 EU-coordinated control programme (EUCP) and the national control programmes (NP). While the NPs are mostly risk based (so called enforcement samples) focusing on pesticides or products originating from countries where a number of exceedances have been observed in the past, the EUCP aims to present a statistically representative snapshot of the situation of pesticide residues in food products that are mostly consumed in the EU following a random sampling procedure. The report includes the outcome of a dietary risk assessment based on the results of the overall 2017 control programmes. The comprehensive analysis of the results of all reporting countries provides risk managers with sound-based evidence for designing future monitoring programmes, in particular for taking decisions on which pesticides and food products should be targeted in risk-based national programmes.


Author(s):  
Rashmi Pareek Ayatullah Hosne Asif ◽  
Nisha Kumari Ojha

Background: Anemia in adolescent girls possess greatest burden on their health as it leads to poor cognitive development, poor reproductive health and if not treated may lead to intrauterine growth retardation in their developing fetus. The prevalence of anemia among adolescent is 27% in developing country and 6% in developed country. The Government of India has launched National Anemia Control Programme, to prevent and control anaemia in children and adolescents. But the problem is still persisting because of many issues like - poor palatability, intolerance to the drug used, poor absorption of the drugs used, constipation, discoloration of stool, unpleasant odor and taste etc. result in poor compliance and therefore non adherence to the therapy which finally results in poor improvement. By looking at the magnitude of the problem, an Ayurveda drug Vajravatakmandura has been selected for the study and the present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of the trial drug in iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls. Material and methods: 100 subjects satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected and were randomly divided in two groups. In group A, the trial drug Vajravatakmaņdura was administered and in group B, IFA tablets were given for two month of duration with follow up at every fortnight. Result: Both the trial and control groups showed extremely significant result over subjective parameters. Trial drug Vajravatakmaņdura in group A was found more effective over the subjective parameters - weakness, palpitation, pallor and loss of appetite with % gain of 39.77%, 39.39%, 39.17%, 38.09% respectively. Statistical analysis between before and after treatment findings of objective parameters, extremely significant (P less than 0.0001) improvement was found in both groups in all parameters, except for RBC count in group A, which was significant. No adverse effects were reported during entire period of study by any of the patients in trial group treated with trial drug. Conclusion: The trial drug “Vajravatakmandura” is effective, safe and palatable for the management of iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls.


Global Heart ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e157
Author(s):  
Samantha Colquhoun ◽  
Akineti Nikuata ◽  
Joseph H. Kado ◽  
Kautu Bakatu ◽  
Teatao Tiira ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Veronica Malizia ◽  
Federica Giardina ◽  
Carolin Vegvari ◽  
Sumali Bajaj ◽  
Kevin McRae-McKee ◽  
...  

Abstract Background On 1 April 2020, the WHO recommended an interruption of all activities for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminths (STH), in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper investigates the impact of this disruption on the progress towards the WHO 2030 target for STH. Methods We used two stochastic individual-based models to simulate the impact of missing one or more preventive chemotherapy (PC) rounds in different endemicity settings. We also investigated the extent to which this impact can be lessened by mitigation strategies, such as semiannual or community-wide PC. Results Both models show that without a mitigation strategy, control programmes will catch up by 2030, assuming that coverage is maintained. The catch-up time can be up to 4.5 y after the start of the interruption. Mitigation strategies may reduce this time by up to 2 y and increase the probability of achieving the 2030 target. Conclusions Although a PC interruption will only temporarily impact the progress towards the WHO 2030 target, programmes are encouraged to restart as soon as possible to minimise the impact on morbidity. The implementation of suitable mitigation strategies can turn the interruption into an opportunity to accelerate progress towards reaching the target.


Author(s):  
Ifeoma Chioma Ibe ◽  
Eze Elijah Ajaegbu ◽  
Lame Younoussa ◽  
Simon Pierre Yinyang Danga ◽  
Christopher Obidike Ezugwu

Aedes aegypti (Culicidae) is the main vector for dengue which is endemic in Nigeria and Africa at large. Use of synthetic materials for the control of this vector has always proven abortive. The introduction of plant metabolites which is biodegradable maybe successful and safer to the human health in the control programme of this vector since plants are very rich in bioactive secondary metabolites. Hence, we evaluated the larvicidal activity of the crude methanol extract, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of Hannoa klaineana (Simaroubaceae) against the IV instar larvae of A. aegypti mosquitousing standard protocols. The most active fractions were  n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions with LC50 values of 1.006, 1.479, and 3.198 mg/ml respectively; n-hexane fraction having the highest property with LC50 value of 1.006 mg/ml and followed by chloroform fraction with LC50 value of 1.479 mg/ml. The evaluation has shown that the secondary metabolites of H. klaineana can be used as an alternative for the synthetic larvicides which its use has proven abortive in the vector control programmes.


Author(s):  
Kuldeep Tiwari ◽  
Dinesh Kumar

The right classification for diabetes mellitus (DM) allows a more adequate treatment and comprises four categories: type 1 DM, type 2 DM, other types, and gestational diabetes. Assigning a type of diabetes to an individual often depends on the circumstances present at the time of diagnosis, and many diabetic individuals do not easily fit into a single class. Diabetes mellitus and lesser forms of glucose intolerance, particularly impaired glucose tolerance, can now be found in almost every population in the world and epidemiological evidence suggests that, without effective prevention and control programmes, diabetes will likely continue to increase globally. These findings were confirmed in a similar study in India, in which the FPG and 2-h PG were each strongly and equally associated with retinopathy. For both the FPG and the 2-h PG, the prevalence of retinopathy was markedly higher above the point of intersection of the two components of the bimodal frequency distribution (FPG = 129 mg/dl [7.2 mmol/l] and 2- h PG = 207 mg/dl [11.5 mmol/l]). In the NHANES III, 2,821 individuals aged 40-74 years received an OGTT, a measurement of HbAlc, and an assessment of retinopathy by fundus photography.


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