scholarly journals The Descriptions and Attitudes of Riders and Arena Owners to 656 Equestrian Sport Surfaces in Sweden

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agneta Egenvall ◽  
Lars Roepstorff ◽  
Michael Peterson ◽  
Marcus Lundholm ◽  
Elin Hernlund
Keyword(s):  
Surface Properties ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Usage Frequency ◽  
Equestrian Sport ◽  
Show Jumping ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Ideal

Horses in equestrian sports are commonly trained in arenas with prepared footing. Information on the number and variants of such arenas is generally unknown. This paper provides an overview of the primary construction types of riding surfaces in Sweden including details on composition, constructions principles, usage frequency, maintenance, and cost of operation as well as to investigate rider perception of the ideal arena properties using a large population of riders. Data on 656 equestrian surfaces in Sweden obtained up to 2014 are presented, of which 373 were outdoor and 283 were indoor arenas. Dressage and show-jumping were the main disciplines conducted in the arenas. Sand-mineral arenas were most common outdoors and sand-woodchips arenas most common indoors, followed by sand-fibre arenas and even fewer synthetic arenas. Comparing the three most common arena types, dragging was most often done on sand-woodchips and sand-fibre arenas. Harrowing was less often done on sand-mineral arenas compared to sand-woodchips and sand-fibre arenas. Combining dragging, harrowing, deep harrowing, and rolling, arenas with higher usage were maintained more frequently, compared to those used less frequently. It was commonly claimed that the top-layer needs renovation every other-4th year or every 5th to 10th year. Few respondents allocated more than 10,000 SEK in yearly maintenance costs, with the exception for sand-woodchips and sand-fibre arenas followed by synthetic arenas. The shortest duration perceived between required renovations was found for sand-woodchips top-layer arenas. Ideal surface properties were evaluated by 3,158 riders. Dressage and show-jumping riders differed somewhat regarding ideal spans of functional arena properties: for impact firmness, responsiveness, and grip. The current study likely included well-utilised arenas, compared to those less well-utilised. The resources necessary to keep an arena consistent over time seemed underestimated. Knowledge of maintenance and priorities for arenas are important to users and arenas managers, be they construction companies or arena managers in order to maximise the outcome of efforts for arena improvement and optimise locomotor health for horses that use them. Further, many arenas were new and research into organic arena management is important, especially if equestrians continue to build and renew arena surfaces.

A retrospective investigation of the impact of ‘eventing phase (dressage, show-jumping and cross-country)’ on pre-competition anxiety and self-confidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-281
Author(s):  
S. McGinn ◽  
D. Alcock ◽  
L.J. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Psychological Skills ◽  
Competitive Anxiety ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Equestrian Sport ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Show Jumping ◽  
The Impact

Working in the discipline of eventing (the triathlon of equestrian sport), the present study aims to extend current literature on the use of psychological skills within equestrian sports, by understanding and identifying differences in levels of self-confidence and competitive anxiety. Each eventing phase (dressage, show-jumping and cross-country) was considered and its impact on anxiety and self-confidence analysed. Level of competition was considered a covariate and its effect on specific eventing phases and any associated influence on anxiety and self-confidence within eventing phase was analysed. An experimental, 3×3 factorial, within-subjects design was used. 57 participants (52 female and 5 male; 18 professional, 36 amateur and 3 undefined) completed the Revised Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory 2 (CSAI-2R), a 17-item questionnaire measuring anxiety and self-confidence. Descriptive statistics identified the show-jumping phase had the largest impact on rider somatic anxiety (SA) and cognitive anxiety (CA). The cross-country phase had the highest self-confidence mean score. Spearman’s rank correlations showed both SA and CA were debilitative for all competition levels. Both SA and CA were found to be more debilitating in the show-jumping phase when self-confidence was low. MANCOVA analysis showed that eventing phase had significant effect on anxiety and self-confidence when controlling for level of competition. Dependent on the eventing phase riders are competing in, they experience different levels of arousal and self-confidence. When SA and CA are a debilitative source of anxiety, this could result in rider muscle tension which is not conducive to effective horse-rider communication. Coaches or sports psychologists should consider how to help riders manage their anxiety levels in relation to the competition phase, with the intention of enhancing self-confidence and enabling facilitative SA and CA in preparation for eventing performance.

scholarly journals Trends in the Prevalence of Dementia in Japan

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroko H. Dodge ◽  
Teresa J. Buracchio ◽  
Gwenith G. Fisher ◽  
Yutaka Kiyohara ◽  
Kenichi Meguro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Large Population ◽  
National Level ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Dementia Prevalence ◽  
Over Time

There is a paucity of data regarding trends in dementia and its subtype prevalence in Japan. Our aims in the current paper are to: (1) summarize epidemiological studies of dementia in Japan including relevant details of study protocol and diagnostic criteria, (2) compare the age-specific prevalence of all-cause dementia among studies, and (3) assess the trends in Alzheimer's disease (AD) versus vascular dementia (VaD) over time. We reviewed diagnostic criteria, all-cause dementia prevalence, and the AD/VaD ratio from 8 large population studies of dementia in Japan. Compared with the Okinawa 1992 study, studies conducted in 1994, 1998, 2005, and 2008 had a higher prevalence of all-cause dementia using Poisson regression models, after controlling for age and sex. In contrast to the US and some European countries, all-cause dementia prevalence is increasing in Japan. The prevalence of AD as opposed to VaD seems to be increasing over time, but large variability in diagnostic criteria, possible regional variability, and differences in prevalence of subtypes of dementia between men and women make it difficult to draw a conclusion about this trend at the national level. Further studies, for example, comparing the population attributable risk of vascular diseases to the prevalence and incidence of dementia could help to clarify the regional variations in etiological subtypes.

scholarly journals Patterns of Survival Among Patients With Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Diagnosed in Sweden From 1973 to 2008: A Population-Based Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (24) ◽  
pp. 2995-3001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Hultcrantz ◽  
Sigurdur Yngvi Kristinsson ◽  
Therese M.-L. Andersson ◽  
Ola Landgren ◽  
Sandra Eloranta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Over Time

PurposeReported survival in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) shows great variation. Patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) have substantially reduced life expectancy, whereas patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) have moderately reduced survival in most, but not all, studies. We conducted a large population-based study to establish patterns of survival in more than 9,000 patients with MPNs.Patients and MethodsWe identified 9,384 patients with MPNs (from the Swedish Cancer Register) diagnosed from 1973 to 2008 (divided into four calendar periods) with follow-up to 2009. Relative survival ratios (RSRs) and excess mortality rate ratios were computed as measures of survival.ResultsPatient survival was considerably lower in all MPN subtypes compared with expected survival in the general population, reflected in 10-year RSRs of 0.64 (95% CI, 0.62 to 0.67) in patients with PV, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.71) in those with ET, and 0.21 (95% CI, 0.18 to 0.25) in those with PMF. Excess mortality was observed in patients with any MPN subtype during all four calendar periods (P < .001). Survival improved significantly over time (P < .001); however, the improvement was less pronounced after the year 2000 and was confined to patients with PV and ET.ConclusionWe found patients with any MPN subtype to have significantly reduced life expectancy compared with the general population. The improvement over time is most likely explained by better overall clinical management of patients with MPN. The decreased life expectancy even in the most recent calendar period emphasizes the need for new treatment options for these patients.

scholarly journals Effects of body protection vests and experience levels in prevention of equestrian injuries

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A Andres ◽  
Adrienne M Bushau-Sprinkle ◽  
Michael E Brier ◽  
Yvette R Seger
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Safety Equipment ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Experience Levels ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
Show Jumping

ObjectivesTo investigate the risk reduction and benefit of wearing body protection/safety vests in equestrian sports.MethodsA comparison of equestrians wearing body protective vests and those not wearing vests was performed using incident report data of 718 participants in the United States Pony Clubs during 2011–2017. Data obtained included age, gender, certification level of member, type of activity, description of incident, description of injuries, what protective equipment was worn and other possible contributing factors.ResultsWhile wearing body protective vests when riding on the flat or for show jumping was not correlated with a decrease in injuries, wearing vests for cross country was correlated with decrease in reported injuries (p=0.036) and showed a trend towards a lower incident severity level (p=0.062). Wearing body protection during cross country reduced the relative risk of injury by 56%. While the volume of incidents varied with a rider’s experience level, the number of serious injuries did not appear to correlate with lesser equestrian experience.ConclusionsWhile equestrian sports are considered to have a certain degree of risk associated with them, there are ways to make them safer. Wearing safety equipment, such as helmets and body protection, and obtaining education and experience can lessen the chance of incurring serious injuries.

scholarly journals Analysis of horse breeding and equestrian sports in the Republic of Croatia

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-429
Author(s):  
M. Baban ◽  
M. Sakac ◽  
N. Korabi ◽  
B. Antunovic ◽  
P. Mijic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Period ◽  
Therapeutic Riding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Central Register ◽  
Total Proportion ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Show Jumping

Horse breeding in the Republic of Croatia, before its entrance into European Union, is in the transitional period. In the breeding sense, Croatian horse breeding is set according to the model of European countries and is trying to counteract with ?modern horse breeding countries?. Croatian Center for Horse Breeding - Djakovo and Lipik State Stud Farms (CCHB), with the Central register of equidae is, as the head national institution, responsible for running and maintaining national central equidae database (49 registers of horses and 27 registers of breeding types). Croatia has registered total of 21.796 equidae, from which 19.306 animals are horses. Registered horses according to groups make the total proportion of 37% warmblood horses, 59% coldblood horses and 4% ponies. Horse breeders are organized in breeders associations, which form federations of associations referring to separate horse breeds. Currently in Croatia there are four federations of breeders associations (with 43 associations and 11 private stud farms). Those verified breeding organizations are conducting independently breeding programs and fully maintain breeding and selection obligations for horse breeds for which they have approval of the Croatian Ministry. Native breeds in Croatia are Croatian Coldblood, Croatian Posavac and Medjimurje horse (Murinsulaner), while Lipizzan horse is considered as protected breed. Development of horse breeding is considerably supported with national subsidies. Internationally verified breeds which are bred in Croatia are Lipizzan horse, Pure Arabian horses, Thoroughbred, Haflinger and Gidran horses. The horse breeding in Croatia is developing in four different directions. Ecological breeding implies native horse breeds and is spread on the areas of protected nature resorts in Croatia. Croatians are through their history connected to horse breeding, which is even today irreplaceable in traditional cultural manifestations (Djakovacki vezovi, Vinkovacke jeseni, Sinjska alka, etc.), various horse shows and fairs and also in more ?modern? ways through recreation and entertainment. The third direction of development of horse breeding in Croatia is therapeutic riding, which includes 26 associations, over one hundred horses and over one thousand users organized under the Therapeutic Riding Association of Croatia. Sports horse breeding represents fourth direction in Croatian horse breeding. It is formed by four federations: Croatian Trotting Federation (trotting), Croatian Gallop Federation (gallop sport) and Croatian Equestrian Federation (endurance, dressage, military, show jumping, driving). Croatian Equestrian Federation includes 49 equestrian clubs. In the last four years between 455 and 582 competitors and between 495 and 581 horses (for show jumping 45%, dressage 31%, endurance 19%, driving 5% and military) were licensed annually. Croatia achieved noticeable results on the international scene in driving sports and in Paralympics. In all mentioned directions of Croatian horse breeding, the tendency should be directed to achieving higher breeding standards (nutrition, stabling, transport, training) and more rational using of horses. Such breeding and using of horses will lead to top bred horses and successful sport horses. This implies synchronized work through long period of time, respecting institutional and breeding rules.

scholarly journals The Influence of Romantic Rejection on Change in Ideal Standards, Ideal Flexibility, and Self-Perceived Mate Value

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolyn Charlot ◽  
Rhonda Nicole Balzarini ◽  
Lorne Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Formation Processes ◽  
Mate Value ◽  
Relationship Formation ◽  
Partner Characteristics ◽  
Ideal Standards ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Ideal

Research has shown that ideal romantic standards predict future partner characteristics and influence existing relationships, but how standards develop and change among single individuals has yet to be explored. Using the Ideal Standards Model, the present study sought to determine whether repeated experiences of romantic rejection and acceptance over time influence ideal standards, ideal flexibility, and self-perceived mate value (N = 208). Per expectations, results suggest repeated experiences of rejection result in decreases in ideal standards and self-perceived mate value and increases in ideal flexibility, though no effects emerged for acceptance. Given the predictive nature of ideal standards and the influence rejection has on such, findings from this study contribute to a greater understanding of relationship formation processes. OSF: osf.io/qy93h/

scholarly journals Stability of dental implants with sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) and modified (SLActive) surfaces during the osseointegration period

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-231
Author(s):  
Gulsum Sayin Ozel ◽  
Ozgur Inan ◽  
Asli Secilmis Acar ◽  
Gamze Alniacik Iyidogan ◽  
Dogan Dolanmaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implants ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Resonance Frequency Analysis ◽  
Implant Stability ◽  
Osteoprogenitor Cells ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
Modified Surfaces ◽  
Surface Measurements ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

Background. The surface properties of implants are effective factors for increasing the osseointegration and activity of osteoprogenitor cells. This study compared the stability of dental implants with sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) and modified surfaces (SLActive) using the resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Methods. In a split-mouth design, 50 dental implants with either SLA surface properties (n=25) or modified (SLActive) surface properties (n=25) were placed in the mandibles of 12 patients with a bilateral posterior edentulous area. Implant stability was measured using RFA (Osstell) at implant placement time and every week for 1, 2, and 3 months before the conventional loading time. Results. One week following the implantation, implant stability increased from 70 to 77.67 for SLA and from 71.67 to 79 for SLActive (P<0.05). Stability improved each week except in the 4th week in SLActive surface measurements. No significant differences were observed between the groups at 2 and 3 months (P>0.05). Conclusions. For both implant surfaces, increased stability was observed over time, with no significant differences between the groups.

Abstract P602: Stroke Risk Factors Among the Young Over Time in the GCNKSS

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy E Madsen ◽  
Jane C Khoury ◽  
Kathleen S Alwell ◽  
Opeolu M Adeoye ◽  
Felipe De Los Rios La Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Large Population ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Stroke Risk Factors ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Background: Data from the Greater Cincinnati Northern Kentucky Stroke Study (GCNKSS) have demonstrated stable or increasing stroke incidence rates in young adults with differences by sex and race, suggesting the need for targeted approaches to stroke prevention in the young. We aimed to describe trends over time in prevalence of stroke risk factors among adults ages 20-54 with stroke by sex and race. Methods: Cases of incident stroke (IS, ICH, SAH) occurring in those 20-54 years old and living in a 5-county area of southern Ohio/northern Kentucky were ascertained during 5 study periods (1993-1994, 1999, 2005, 2010, 2015). All physician-adjudicated inpatient events and a sampling of outpatient events were included, excluding nursing home events. Data on risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity (BMI≥30), and high cholesterol) diagnosed prior to stroke were abstracted from medical records, and prevalence of each risk factor was reported over time in race/sex groups. Trends over time were examined using the Cochran-Armitage test. Results: Over the 5 study periods, 1204 incident strokes were included; 49% were women, 33% were black, and mean age was 46 (SD 7) years. Premorbid hypertension increased over time in Black women (48% in 1993/4 to 76% in 2015, p=0.005) but not in any other race/sex group (all p>0.05). Premorbid high cholesterol increased significantly in all race/sex groups (Figure, all p<0.05) except for White men (p=0.06). There were no significant trends over time in pre-stroke diagnoses of diabetes or obesity in any of the race/sex groups (Figure). Conclusions: Among patients aged 20-54 with incident stroke in a large population-based study, the change in the prevalence of hypertension and high cholesterol differed by sex and race, while obesity and diabetes were stable over time in all race/sex groups. Future research is needed to address risk factor control at a population level and to understand the role of undiagnosed pre-stroke risk factors in the young.

Definitions of medication-overuse headache in population-based studies and their implications on prevalence estimates: A systematic review

Cephalalgia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 409-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria L Westergaard ◽  
Ebba Holme Hansen ◽  
Charlotte Glümer ◽  
Jes Olesen ◽  
Rigmor H Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Medication Overuse ◽  
Medication Overuse Headache ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Concurrent Medication ◽  
Over Time

Background Case definitions of medication-overuse headache (MOH) in population-based research have changed over time. This study aims to review MOH prevalence reports with respect to these changes, and to propose a practical case definition for future studies based on the ICHD-3 beta. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted to identify MOH prevalence studies. Findings were summarized according to diagnostic criteria. Results Twenty-seven studies were included. The commonly used case definition for MOH was headache ≥15 days/month with concurrent medication overuse ≥3 months. There were varying definitions for what was considered as overuse. Studies that all used ICHD-2 criteria showed a wide range of prevalence among adults: 0.5%–7.2%. Conclusions There are limits to comparing prevalence of MOH across studies and over time. The wide range of reported prevalence might not only be due to changing criteria, but also the diversity of countries now publishing data. The criterion “headache occurring on ≥15 days per month” with concurrent medication overuse can be applied in population-based studies. However, the new requirement that a respondent must have “a preexisting headache disorder” has not been previously validated. Exclusion of other headache diagnoses by expert evaluation and ancillary examinations is not feasible in large population-based studies.

A bivariate birth-death process which approximates to the spread of a disease involving a vector

1972 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
General Class ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Vector Model ◽  
Death Process ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Probability Of Extinction ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Birth Death

A simple model for a bivariate birth-death process is proposed. This model approximates to the host-vector epidemic situation. An investigation of the transient process is made and the mean behaviour over time is explicitly found. The probability of extinction and the behaviour of the process conditional upon extinction are examined and the probability distribution of the cumulative population size to extinction is found. Appropriate circumstances are suggested under which the model might possibly be applied to malaria. The host-vector model is classified within a general class of models which represent large population approximations to epidemics involving two types of infectives.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document