scholarly journals Analysis of horse breeding and equestrian sports in the Republic of Croatia

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-429
Author(s):  
M. Baban ◽  
M. Sakac ◽  
N. Korabi ◽  
B. Antunovic ◽  
P. Mijic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Period ◽  
Therapeutic Riding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Central Register ◽  
Total Proportion ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Show Jumping

Horse breeding in the Republic of Croatia, before its entrance into European Union, is in the transitional period. In the breeding sense, Croatian horse breeding is set according to the model of European countries and is trying to counteract with ?modern horse breeding countries?. Croatian Center for Horse Breeding - Djakovo and Lipik State Stud Farms (CCHB), with the Central register of equidae is, as the head national institution, responsible for running and maintaining national central equidae database (49 registers of horses and 27 registers of breeding types). Croatia has registered total of 21.796 equidae, from which 19.306 animals are horses. Registered horses according to groups make the total proportion of 37% warmblood horses, 59% coldblood horses and 4% ponies. Horse breeders are organized in breeders associations, which form federations of associations referring to separate horse breeds. Currently in Croatia there are four federations of breeders associations (with 43 associations and 11 private stud farms). Those verified breeding organizations are conducting independently breeding programs and fully maintain breeding and selection obligations for horse breeds for which they have approval of the Croatian Ministry. Native breeds in Croatia are Croatian Coldblood, Croatian Posavac and Medjimurje horse (Murinsulaner), while Lipizzan horse is considered as protected breed. Development of horse breeding is considerably supported with national subsidies. Internationally verified breeds which are bred in Croatia are Lipizzan horse, Pure Arabian horses, Thoroughbred, Haflinger and Gidran horses. The horse breeding in Croatia is developing in four different directions. Ecological breeding implies native horse breeds and is spread on the areas of protected nature resorts in Croatia. Croatians are through their history connected to horse breeding, which is even today irreplaceable in traditional cultural manifestations (Djakovacki vezovi, Vinkovacke jeseni, Sinjska alka, etc.), various horse shows and fairs and also in more ?modern? ways through recreation and entertainment. The third direction of development of horse breeding in Croatia is therapeutic riding, which includes 26 associations, over one hundred horses and over one thousand users organized under the Therapeutic Riding Association of Croatia. Sports horse breeding represents fourth direction in Croatian horse breeding. It is formed by four federations: Croatian Trotting Federation (trotting), Croatian Gallop Federation (gallop sport) and Croatian Equestrian Federation (endurance, dressage, military, show jumping, driving). Croatian Equestrian Federation includes 49 equestrian clubs. In the last four years between 455 and 582 competitors and between 495 and 581 horses (for show jumping 45%, dressage 31%, endurance 19%, driving 5% and military) were licensed annually. Croatia achieved noticeable results on the international scene in driving sports and in Paralympics. In all mentioned directions of Croatian horse breeding, the tendency should be directed to achieving higher breeding standards (nutrition, stabling, transport, training) and more rational using of horses. Such breeding and using of horses will lead to top bred horses and successful sport horses. This implies synchronized work through long period of time, respecting institutional and breeding rules.

scholarly journals Characteristics of development of Tajik jewelry art at the turn of the 21st century

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01226
Author(s):  
Zarrina Umarova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Folk Traditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Characteristic Features

The paper identifies and analyzes the characteristic features of the development of Tajikjewelry art in the late 20th - early 21st centuries. The author believes that at this time, after a long period of oblivion, there is a marked way to restoration of many lost and nearly forgotten folk traditions in Tajik jewelry art. This period of time can be distinguished as a transitional period in the history of Tajik jewelry art development. This issue carries a significant value in the history of Tajikistan because the jewelry art in the period from the 80ies ofthe 20th century to the early 20th century was previously not subjected to a dedicated study, which results in certain gaps in the research of modern Tajik jewelry art. Studying the characteristics of the development of jewelry art at the turn of the 21st century and of the problems faced by master jewelers (zargars) at that time will aid in the future to identify the most efficient ways of developing this industry and facilitate its becoming one of the export-oriented areas, taking into account that the Republic of Tajikistan possesses all the necessary natural resources.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF HERITABILITY OF RIDING HORSES IN VARIOUS DISCIPLINES OF EQUESTRIAN SPORT

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
A. N. Rudak
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Horse Riding ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection

Raising the competitiveness of horses of reared breeds, as well as reaching the European level is impossible without accelerated improvement of their breeding traits based on the modern breeding methods. Joint performances in various disciplines of equestrian sports of horses of Belarusian breeds with the best horses of foreign countries showed that the domestic livestock is significantly inferior in terms of performance. In this regard, there is an urgent need for a thorough assessment and development of fundamentally new methods of horse breeding according to performance based on the use of achievements of population genetics in the horse riding industry of the republic. The aim of the research was to determine the genetic parameters (repeatability and heritability) of performance traits and assessment of the exterior of riding horses in various equestrian disciplines. The research was carried out at the leading farm for breeding horses of Trakehner, Hannover and other riding breeds – Institution “Republican Center for Olympic Training of Equestrian Sports and Horse Breeding” of the Minsk district in the Minsk region. The summary protocols of the results of its factory tests were the materials for assessing the motor, jumping, and athletic traits of young riding horses. The coefficient of heritability of traits was calculated by the method of constructing one-way dispersion complexes, with gradations of phenotypic traits of the progeny of the used producing stallions. Heritability coefficients were as follows: assessment of the exterior – 0.109, performance – 0.365***, measurements (height at the withers) – 0.175**. Thus, as a result of calculations, a relatively low heritability of the studied traits of riding horses was determined, especially according to the results of evaluating the exterior and measurements, which was due to the relatively small number of horses in groups, biological characteristics of the experimental material and the effect of external factors. The coefficients of rank correlation of the evaluation indicators of riding horses are determined, participating in competitions in various disciplines of equestrian sports and having passed factory tests at the age of 2 years. It was determined that coefficient of rank correlation of performance was the highest in schooling competitions (rs = 0,484**). This indicates that a moderate direct positive relationship reliably exists between the test results of riding horses at young age and their performance in sports. The lowest correlation coefficient was in triathlon (rs = 0,164). It was determined that a significant effect on athletic performance is made not only by many genetic factors that determine the required inclinations of an animal, but also by the quality of the horse's preparation during the training process, its character and temperament, etc. In this regard, the correlation between the results of factory tests of young animals in terms of performance and their future sports career was studied. It was determined that the horses that received the highest score at young age according to the results of their factory tests were also the most successful in sport, were prize-winners of international competitions in triathlon. Most of the horses that performed in sports were horses with an assessment of athletic performance at young age of 8.0 scores – 37.4%, only 29.7% were horses with rating of 9.0 scores at factory tests, 55.5% were horses with rating of 5.0 to 7.0 scores. The results of the studies prove that the coefficients of heritability and repeatability of the assessment of performance indicators of riding horses remain quite low. Correlation is positive, but not strong enough, which reduces the efficiency of selection of horses at young age to use them in sports in the future. Thus, it is necessary to follow the way of both increasing the number of horses tested at young age, and their rigorous selection at all stages of the breeding process.

A retrospective investigation of the impact of ‘eventing phase (dressage, show-jumping and cross-country)’ on pre-competition anxiety and self-confidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-281
Author(s):  
S. McGinn ◽  
D. Alcock ◽  
L.J. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Psychological Skills ◽  
Competitive Anxiety ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Equestrian Sport ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Show Jumping ◽  
The Impact

Working in the discipline of eventing (the triathlon of equestrian sport), the present study aims to extend current literature on the use of psychological skills within equestrian sports, by understanding and identifying differences in levels of self-confidence and competitive anxiety. Each eventing phase (dressage, show-jumping and cross-country) was considered and its impact on anxiety and self-confidence analysed. Level of competition was considered a covariate and its effect on specific eventing phases and any associated influence on anxiety and self-confidence within eventing phase was analysed. An experimental, 3×3 factorial, within-subjects design was used. 57 participants (52 female and 5 male; 18 professional, 36 amateur and 3 undefined) completed the Revised Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory 2 (CSAI-2R), a 17-item questionnaire measuring anxiety and self-confidence. Descriptive statistics identified the show-jumping phase had the largest impact on rider somatic anxiety (SA) and cognitive anxiety (CA). The cross-country phase had the highest self-confidence mean score. Spearman’s rank correlations showed both SA and CA were debilitative for all competition levels. Both SA and CA were found to be more debilitating in the show-jumping phase when self-confidence was low. MANCOVA analysis showed that eventing phase had significant effect on anxiety and self-confidence when controlling for level of competition. Dependent on the eventing phase riders are competing in, they experience different levels of arousal and self-confidence. When SA and CA are a debilitative source of anxiety, this could result in rider muscle tension which is not conducive to effective horse-rider communication. Coaches or sports psychologists should consider how to help riders manage their anxiety levels in relation to the competition phase, with the intention of enhancing self-confidence and enabling facilitative SA and CA in preparation for eventing performance.

scholarly journals Effects of body protection vests and experience levels in prevention of equestrian injuries

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A Andres ◽  
Adrienne M Bushau-Sprinkle ◽  
Michael E Brier ◽  
Yvette R Seger
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Safety Equipment ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Experience Levels ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
Show Jumping

ObjectivesTo investigate the risk reduction and benefit of wearing body protection/safety vests in equestrian sports.MethodsA comparison of equestrians wearing body protective vests and those not wearing vests was performed using incident report data of 718 participants in the United States Pony Clubs during 2011–2017. Data obtained included age, gender, certification level of member, type of activity, description of incident, description of injuries, what protective equipment was worn and other possible contributing factors.ResultsWhile wearing body protective vests when riding on the flat or for show jumping was not correlated with a decrease in injuries, wearing vests for cross country was correlated with decrease in reported injuries (p=0.036) and showed a trend towards a lower incident severity level (p=0.062). Wearing body protection during cross country reduced the relative risk of injury by 56%. While the volume of incidents varied with a rider’s experience level, the number of serious injuries did not appear to correlate with lesser equestrian experience.ConclusionsWhile equestrian sports are considered to have a certain degree of risk associated with them, there are ways to make them safer. Wearing safety equipment, such as helmets and body protection, and obtaining education and experience can lessen the chance of incurring serious injuries.

scholarly journals Phenotypic diversity of horse breeds used in sports activities, employing multivariate analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. e0401
Author(s):  
Marcos P. G. Rezende ◽  
Julio C. Souza ◽  
Carlos H. M. Malhado ◽  
Paulo L. S. Carneiro ◽  
Johnny I. M. Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Canonical Variables ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Quarter Horse ◽  
Euclidean Distances

Aim of study: Sports involving horses have notable financial importance. Breeds are evaluated to find the best-suited ones for a specific sport category. Phenotypic diversity using biometric markers was evaluated for Quarter Horse (QH), Arabic (AR), English Thoroughbred (ET), and Brazilian Equestrian (BE) horse breeds.Area of study: Mato Grosso do Sul-Brazil.Material and methods: Lengths, widths, and circumference measures of 268 horses were collected. These measures were used to estimate conformation indexes. The size-free canonical discriminant analysis was used to remove the size effect on the animal's shape. The similarity among breeds (by sex) was evaluated employing multivariate analysis (canonical analysis, MANOVA, principal components, Euclidean distances, and grouping through complete linkage), considering all linear measures and conformation indexes (included in the analysis of principal components).Main results: Four canonical variables (CANs), each one representing an equation to interpret the morpho-functionality of breeds “sustentation”, “structure”, “frame”, and “equilibrium”, were retained. The breeds presented differences when the CANs were simultaneously considered. Differences mainly were the size and the thickness of the body as well as the ability of the animal to move. ET, QH, and BE demonstrate a well-defined biometric profile. These three breeds clustered separately from AR breed.Research highlights: Canonical variables allow to verify the functional aptitudes since the responses were close to conformation indices commonly used as horse skill estimators. The implementation of these variables as selection criteria in horse breeding programs require further studies in larger populations of horses for a confirmation of the present results.

Influence of zeolite and zeolite-sapropel feed additives on the milk productivity of mares and the quality of kumiss under the conditions of Central Yakutia

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
V. V. Pankratov ◽  
A. A. Sidorov
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Central Yakutia ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Economic Experiment ◽  
The Republic

One of the main branches of agriculture in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is productive horse breeding. In this regard, we can use the valuable raw materials that the horse gives due to its high adaptability to local conditions. The development of productive horse breeding in particular dairy horse breeding under the conditions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) would allow providing the population with natural, dietary food and more efficient use of land resources. The purpose of the work is to study the effect of zeolite and zeolite-sapropel feed additives in the ration of mares of Megezhek breed on the milk productivity and quality of kumiss under the conditions of Central Yakutia. Two scientific and economic experiments have been carried out where the influence of zeolite from the Suntar deposit (experiment 1) and zeolite-sapropel feed additives (experiment 2) on the milk productivity and physiological parameters of mares of Megezhek breed has been studied. The optimal doses of the effect of zeolite and zeolite-sapropel feed additives on the profi tability of kumiss production have been determined. It has been found in the first scientific and economic experiment that when adding 0,4 g of zeolite per 1 kg of live weight to the daily ration of lactating mares the level of profi tability of milk production increased to 20,4 %, and when adding 0,5 g per 1 kg of live weight the profi tability index increased to 21,5 %, compared to 13,7 % in the control group. In the second scientific and economic experiment the infl uence of the zeolite-sapropel feed additive on the intensity of digestion and assimilation of nutrients in the mares’ rations has been determined. The analysis of the experimental data indicates a high economic efficiency of using zeolite-sapropel feed additive in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups of mares, where the level of profi tability of production was equal to 27,34 and 32,33 %, respectively, compared to 16,09 % in the control group.

scholarly journals Combining Threshold, Thurstonian and Classical Linear Models in Horse Genetic Evaluations for Endurance Competitions

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Cervantes ◽  
Juan Pablo Gutiérrez ◽  
Silvia García-Ballesteros ◽  
Luis Varona
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Genetic Evaluation ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
Systematic Effects ◽  
Genetic Evaluations

The racing time and rank at finish traits are commonly used for endurance horse breeding programs as a measure of their performance. Even so, given the nature of endurance competitions, many horses do not finish the race. However, the exclusion of non placed horses from the dataset could have an influence on the prediction of individual breeding values. The objective of the present paper was to develop a multitrait model including race time (T), rank (R) and placing (P), with different methodologies, to improve the genetic evaluation in endurance competitions in Spain. The database contained 6135 records from 1419 horses, with 35% of the records not placed. Horse pedigree included 10868 animals, with 52% Arab Horses. All models included gender, age and race effect as systematic effects and combined different random effects beside the animal and residual effects: rider, permanent environmental effect, and interaction horse-rider. The kilometers per race was included as a covariate for T. Heritabilities were estimated as moderately low, ranging from 0.06 to 0.14 for T, 0.09 to 0.15 for P, and 0.07 to 0.17 for R, depending on the model. T and R appeared mostly as inverse measures of the same trait due to their high genetic correlation, suggesting that T can be ignored in future genetic evaluations. P was the most independent trait from the genetic correlations. The possibility of simultaneously processing the threshold, Thurstonian and continuous traits has opened new opportunities for genetic evaluation in horse populations, and much more practical genetic evaluations can be done to help a proper genetic selection.

scholarly journals Integration of genomic information into sport horse breeding programs for optimization of accuracy of selection

animal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 1369-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Haberland ◽  
U. König von Borstel ◽  
H. Simianer ◽  
S. König
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Information ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Horse Breeding

scholarly journals Modified Legal Framework and Opening of the Liner Shipping Market in the Republic of Croatia to Shipping Companies from the European Economic Area

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
Nikola Mandić
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Liner Shipping ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Republic

Generally speaking, public transport is the transport of persons and cargo available for use to the general public, performed on the basis of a transport contract. Public transport costal liner shipping is the transport of passengers, cargo and vehicles in the internal marine waters and territorial sea ofthe Republic of Croatia performed on pre-established lines in compliance with the published terms and conditions of the sailing schedule and services pricelist. The Act on Transport in Liner Shipping and Occasional Costal Maritime Transport established the public transport system in the Republic of Croatia, ensuring regular connection of inhabited islands with the mainland and other inhabited islands, as well as between coastal towns, with an appropriate number of daily two-way connections, to improve the conditions of island life and stimulate their development. Prior to the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union, the maritime liner shipping market in the Republic of Croatia was reserved primarily for Croatian shipping companies. Now, following the expiry of the transitional period negotiated in pre-accession negotiations with the European Union and the expiry of previously concluded concession contracts, the market is opening up to shipping companies from the European Economic Area. Hence, over the last couple of years, the Republic of Croatia was required to modify its legal framework regulating this subject matter. This paper presents novelties in the legal framework introduced in 2016 and 2017, which directly affect the opening of the maritime liner shipping market in the Republic of Croatia to shipping companies from the European Economic Area, with the critical analysis of the new solutions.

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