scholarly journals Analysis of Selected Water Quality Indicators from Runoff during Potato Cultivation after Natural Precipitation

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1220
Author(s):  
Petra Oppeltová ◽  
Pavel Kasal ◽  
František Krátký ◽  
Jana Hajšlová
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Accredited Laboratory ◽  
Application Requirements ◽  
Precipitation Events

When growing wide-row crops on sloped lands, there is significant surface runoff. In relation to the runoff process, potatoes are classified as a risk crop. This study aimed to grow potatoes in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, where the protection zone of the water supply reservoir of Švihov is also located. At selected experimental areas, water samples were taken after precipitation events when surface runoff and water erosion occurred. These samples were analysed (nitrates, total P, and selected pesticides used for potato growing) in an accredited laboratory. We located three different variants of nitrogen fertilisation in each experimental area. Precipitation and the amount of water from surface runoff after each higher precipitation event were also measured in the experimental areas. By knowing the acreage of each experimental area, the volume of surface runoff water and the concentration of nitrates, phosphorus, and pesticides, it was possible to calculate the balance of these substances. We also calculated the percentage of surface runoff. The results imply that a new potato cultivator in the technology of stone windrowing should be designed for weed control as part of a weed control system with reduced herbicide application requirements. Innovative agrotechnical processes reducing pollution of water sources by phosphorus and nitrates should also be enhanced. These are based on a precise application of mineral fertiliser into the root area of plants within the period of an intensive intake of nutrients.

scholarly journals Reduction of surface runoff on sloped agricultural land in potato cultivation in de-stoned soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
Daniel Vejchar ◽  
Josef Vacek ◽  
David Hájek ◽  
Jiří Bradna ◽  
Pavel Kasal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Surface Water Runoff

Regarding the increased surface runoff from production areas, wide-row crops grown on slopes are considered risk crops. By reducing the surface runoff, it is possible to mitigate the negative effects on both the soil and the plants and positively influence the subsequent production, e.g., after application of de-stoning before planting. During this research, the tied ridging method was applied during planting by a two-row planter in both central and tractor trail furrows in potato rows and on the slope of 8.8% compared to a control plot without this treatment. Rainfall and surface water runoff were monitored, and the crop yields were compared. During three monitored years, up to 86% of the runoff water in the central furrows was saved compared to the control, whereas it was up to 72% in the wider furrows for tractor travel. The total yield was increased on the treated area, however, the increase could not be statistically proven.

Landfarming of Oily Wastes: Design and Operation

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Groundwater Protection ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Oily Waste ◽  
Waste Degradation ◽  
Ground Characterization ◽  
Area Of Application

The technology of treatment through landfarming for oily wastes has been more and more often utilized in Brazil, always successfully. The definition, the processes which occur, as well as the factors which affect its performance are herein presented. Design parameters, such as location, ground characterization, dimensioning of the area of application, groundwater protection, drainage, treatment of surface runoff water and percolated liquid, among others, are presented. Operational procedures and quality monitoring of effluents and environment are also described. PETROBRÁS is already operating two landfarming systems and has several others in the design stage. We present data from these projects and report that oily waste degradation has been achieved in around six months. Finally, we expect to be contributing to the affirmation and development of this technology in our Country.

Modelling of Solute Transfer to Surface Runoff

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1851-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Lai ◽  
K. S. L. Lo
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Mixing Depth ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Solute Transfer ◽  
The Media

A mixing-based model for describing solute transfer to overland flow was developed. This model included a time-dependent mixing depth of the top layer and a complete-mixed surface runoff zone. In a series of laboratory experiments, runoff was passed at various velocities and depths over a medium bed. The media were saturated with uniform concentration of potassium chloride solution. Runoff water was sampled at the beginning and end of the flume and the potassium chloride concentration analyzed. Using this model, dimensionless ultimate mixing depth and dimensionless change rate of mixing depth from experimental data were investigated and implemented. The results showed that the Reynolds number and relative roughness are two important factors.

Transport of herbicides and nutrients in surface runoff from corn cropland in southern Ontario

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Bowman ◽  
G. J. Wall ◽  
D. J. King
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Surface Transport ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Runoff Losses ◽  
Water Quality Objectives

The risk of surface-water contamination by herbicides is greatest following application to cropland when the active ingredients are at the maximum concentration and the soil is the most vulnerable to erosion following cultivation. This study determined the magnitude of surface runoff losses of herbicide and nutrients at, and subsequent to, application. The first of three weekly 10-min, 2.6-cm rainfalls were simulated on triplicated 1-m plots (a set) on which corn had been planted and the herbicide (metolachlor/atrazine, 1.5:1.0) and fertilizer (28% N at 123 kg ha−1) had just been applied. Identical simulations were applied to two other adjacent plot sets (protected from rainfall) 1 and 2 wk following herbicide application. Runoff (natural, simulated) was monitored for soil, nutrient and herbicide losses. Concentrations of total phosphorus in surface runoff water and nitrate N in field-filtered samples were not significantly influenced by the time of the rainfall simulation but exceeded provincial water-quality objectives. Atrazine and metolachlor runoff losses were greatest from simulated rainfall (about 5% loss) immediately following application. Subsequent simulated rainfall usually resulted in < 1% herbicide runoff losses. Herbicide concentrations in all plot runoff samples exceeded provincial drinking-water quality objectives. Since herbicide surface transport is primarily in the solution phase (not via association with soil particles), water-management conservation technologies are the key to retaining these chemicals on cropland. Key words: Herbicide, runoff, rainfall simulation, partitioning, water quality

Post-emergence weed control through abrasion with an approved organic fertilizer

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Forcella ◽  
Trevor James ◽  
Anis Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Effective Form ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Fine Quartz

AbstractCorn gluten meal (CGM) is an approved organic fertilizer and pre-emergence herbicide that can be manufactured in the form of grit. This grit was tested for its ability to abrade seedlings of the summer annual weedy grass, Setaria pumila, when plants were in the 1- to 5-leaf stages of growth. CGM was propelled at air pressures of 250–750 kPa at distances of 30–60 cm from the plants. Established seedlings of S. pumila were controlled more effectively when grit was applied at 500 and 750 kPa than at 250 kPa, as well as when the applicator's nozzle was 30 cm from the plants compared to 60 cm distance. Seedling growth and dry weights were greatly reduced by exposures to grit at 60 cm and 500 kPa for 2 s or less, and seedlings were nearly completely destroyed at 30 cm distance and 750 kPa. CGM, a soft grit, was as effective for abrading seedlings as fine quartz sand, a hard grit. CGM had little pre-emergence herbicidal effect on S. pumila. Although regrowth can occur in S. pumila after abrasion by grit, the initial grit-induced stunting is sufficient to allow competing crop plants, like maize, to escape competition and suppress the weed. Consequently, CGM may be an effective form of soft grit for post-emergence abrasion of seedlings of summer annual grass weeds in organic row crops, while simultaneously supplying the crop with fertilizer.

Patterns of roof runoff contamination and their potential implications on practice and regulation of treatment and local infiltration

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Förster
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Metal Surfaces ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Roof Runoff ◽  
Negative Exponential Function ◽  
Subsequent Decrease ◽  
First Flush Effect ◽  
Negative Exponential

Roof runoff water was sampled from an experimental roof system and from house roofs in the city of Bayreuth, Germany. Samples were analysed for organic micropollutants, heavy metals and sum parameters. The pollution level and the shape of the runoff profiles are dependent on the individual properties of the precipitation event and the roof, but patterns with high concentrations at the beginning of the event and a subsequent decrease (first flush effect) are very typical. For dissolved substances, the profile can often be well described by a negative exponential function. Metal surfaces on the roofs cause extreme runoff pollution with heavy metals (Cu, Zn) that constitutes an environmental hazard. It is concluded that there is a need for the development of flexible drainage strategies for surface runoff and that metal surfaces should be avoided on roofs.

scholarly journals Impacts of conservation tillage on the hydrological and agronomic performance of <i>Fanya juus</i> in the upper Blue Nile (Abbay) river basin

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 4725-4735 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Temesgen ◽  
S. Uhlenbrook ◽  
B. Simane ◽  
P. van der Zaag ◽  
Y. Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Eragrostis Tef ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Blue Nile ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Water Logging

Abstract. Adoption of soil conservation structures (SCS) has been low in high rainfall areas of Ethiopia mainly due to crop yield reduction, increased soil erosion following breaching of SCS, incompatibility with the tradition of cross plowing and water-logging behind SCS. A new type of conservation tillage (CT) involving contour plowing and the construction of invisible subsoil barriers using a modified Maresha winged "subsoiler" is suggested as a means to tackle these problems as an integral part of the SCS. We investigated the effect of integrating the CT with SCS on the surface runoff, water-logging, soil loss, crop yield and plowing convenience. The new approach of conservation tillage has been compared with traditional tillage (TT) on 5 farmers' fields in a high rainfall area in the upper Blue Nile (Abbay) river basin. Test crops were wheat [triticum vulgare] and tef [eragrostis tef]. Farmers found CT convenient to apply between SCS. Surface runoff appeared to be reduced under CT by 48 and 15%, for wheat and tef, respectively. As a result, CT reduced sediment yield by 51 and 9.5%, for wheat and tef, respectively. Significantly reduced water-logging was observed behind SCS in CT compared to TT. Grain yields of wheat and tef increased by 35 and 10%, respectively, although the differences were not statistically significant apparently due to high fertility variations among fields of participating farmers. Farmers who tested CT indicated that they will continue this practice in the future.

scholarly journals The latitudinal dependence in the trend of snow event to precipitation event ratio

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shangyong Shi ◽  
Guosheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Latitudinal Dependence ◽  
Low Latitudes ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Land Station ◽  
Pe Ratio ◽  
Precipitation Phase ◽  
Precipitation Events

AbstractPrecipitation phase is expected to shift from solid to liquid with temperature rising, which would in turn bring challenges to regional water resource management. Although in recent decades, consistent decreasing trends in the ratio of snowfall to precipitation rate in a warming climate have been found across multiple regions, a global view of the trends in the precipitation partitioning has not been established. In this study, we investigated the global trends of annual rain and snow frequency of occurrences and the ratio of number of snow events to number of precipitation events (SE/PE ratio) using land station and shipboard synoptic present weather reports from 1978 to 2019. Results show that when averaged over all qualified land stations and over the shipboard reports, both the annual rain frequency and snow frequency decrease over the 42 years. Over both land and ocean, the averaged SE/PE ratio has a significant decreasing trend. Moreover, the trend of SE/PE ratio shows a strong latitudinal dependence. At the mid- and low latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the SE/PE ratio has a decreasing trend. In contrast, at high latitudes, the SE/PE ratio has an increasing trend.

Minimising off-site movement of contaminants in furrow irrigation using polyacrylamide (PAM). II. Phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, and sediment

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle P. Oliver ◽  
Rai S. Kookana
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Mode Of Application

Off-site movement of nutrients and sediment from furrow-irrigated agriculture has been a concern in the Ord River Irrigation Area, Western Australia. After consultation with growers, a range of management strategies were tested to assess the effectiveness of various practices to minimise off-site movement of nutrients during irrigation. This paper reports on the effectiveness of the additions of high molecular weight, anionic, polyacrylamide (PAM) to irrigation water to minimise off-site movement of phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, and sediment. Surface runoff water quantity and quality from 4 separate irrigation bays, which contained 25 furrows per irrigation bay, was monitored over time for a single irrigation 35 days after sowing. Addition of PAM as a puck (cylindrical disc 55 mm diameter by 23 mm height) to the head of each irrigation furrow significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the average volume of surface runoff water leaving the irrigation bays by 54%, from 599 kL for the control irrigation bays to 277 kL for the PAM-treated irrigation bays. The addition of PAM also significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the average total suspended sediment load for the duration of the irrigation from 94.9 kg/ha for the control bays to 13.4 kg/ha for the PAM-treated irrigation bays. The concentrations of the different forms of N, P, and C measured in the runoff water were not significantly different between the 2 treatments. The amounts (g) of particulate (>0.45 µm) P and dissolved organic C were significantly (P < 0.01) less from the PAM-treated bays than from the control bays. There was a consistent trend for the addition of PAM to decrease the cumulative mass loss of all nutrients (N, P, and C) measured. However, significant decreases were only seen for particulate (>0.45 µm) P (by 94%), unfiltered (or total) N (by 56%), and unfiltered (or total) C (by 60%). This experiment demonstrated that the addition of PAM to irrigation waters has the potential to decrease the off-site movement of nutrients bound to colloidal material. However, in this study off-site movement of contaminants present in the ‘soluble’ (<0.45 µm) fraction is unlikely to be mitigated by the addition of PAM to irrigation water. The mode of application of PAM, however, may affect water infiltration and hence vertical movement of ‘soluble’ contaminants and requires further investigation to ensure that while off-site surface transport is being minimised, contamination of groundwater is not being increased. Other strategies to minimise off-site movement for contaminants in the dissolved phase also need investigation.

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