scholarly journals Peanut Germplasm Evaluation for Agronomic Traits and Disease Resistance under a Two-Season Cropping System in Taiwan

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1277
Author(s):  
Hsin-I Kuo ◽  
Hung-Yu Dai ◽  
Yong-Pei Wu ◽  
Yu-Chien Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Core Collection ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Germplasm Evaluation ◽  
Cultivated Peanut ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important crop worldwide, and peanut germplasm is an important genetic resource for peanut breeding. The two-season cropping system is common in tropical and subtropical regions, which are the main peanut production areas. The weather in the two cropping seasons is usually distinct and makes germplasm evaluation challenging. In this study, random stratified sampling based on market type was applied to build a core collection. Comparisons between the original entire collection and core collection were conducted. Two seasons field trials were performed with additional three seasons rust resistance evaluation trials. Principal component analysis and genotype-by-trait biplots were utilized as selection tools. Which-won-where/what and stability plot relationships were determined to provide breeders with an easy and efficient method for selection. Rust resistance simple sequence repeat and single nucleotide polymorphism markers were used to screen the germplasm. Some resistant accessions showed susceptible phenotypes, indicating that under Taiwan’s environment, the favored rust physiological races are different from those of other areas. Some potential rust resistance lines were discovered and validated, which can survive under variable weather conditions in a two-season cropping system. A set of markers was developed for utilization for rust resistance screening in Taiwan.

Agronomic performance of autumn- and winter-cropped Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in response to varying levels of nitrogen fertiliser

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-95
Author(s):  
Bent Al-Hoda Asghari ◽  
Mohsen Yousefi ◽  
Katarzyna Możdżeń ◽  
Joanna Puła ◽  
Peiman Zandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern) cultivation is suggested for regions with short seasons and low rainfall. Although there have been many studies conducted on agronomic production of mustard in Iran, the information regarding the interactive impact of cropping seasons and nitrogen fertiliser on growth characteristics and yield quality of mustard plant is still insufficient and requires further investigation. This study focused on the possible implications of different cropping seasons and different nitrogen levels on selected agronomic traits in mustard. In this experiment, five different doses of nitrogen and two sowing periods were used to assess for their combined effects on the growth parameters, seed yield and agronomic characteristics of mustard in the semi-arid climatic conditions of Takestan. The results revealed that cultivation seasons and nitrogen rates had a significant effect on plant height, biomass yield, number of siliques per plant, seed oil content and seed yield.

scholarly journals Map-Based Cloning of Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Lr21 From the Large and Polyploid Genome of Bread Wheat

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 164 (2) ◽  
pp. 655-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Huang ◽  
Steven A Brooks ◽  
Wanlong Li ◽  
John P Fellers ◽  
Harold N Trick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Leaf Rust Resistance ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Rust Resistance Gene ◽  
Leaf Rust Resistance Gene

Abstract We report the map-based cloning of the leaf rust resistance gene Lr21, previously mapped to a generich region at the distal end of chromosome arm 1DS of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Molecular cloning of Lr21 was facilitated by diploid/polyploid shuttle mapping strategy. Cloning of Lr21 was confirmed by genetic transformation and by a stably inherited resistance phenotype in transgenic plants. Lr21 spans 4318 bp and encodes a 1080-amino-acid protein containing a conserved nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domain, 13 imperfect leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), and a unique 151-amino-acid sequence missing from known NBS-LRR proteins at the N terminus. Fine-structure genetic analysis at the Lr21 locus detected a noncrossover (recombination without exchange of flanking markers) within a 1415-bp region resulting from either a gene conversion tract of at least 191 bp or a double crossover. The successful map-based cloning approach as demonstrated here now opens the door for cloning of many crop-specific agronomic traits located in the gene-rich regions of bread wheat.

scholarly journals Effect of cropping system and age of plant at harvest on tuber rot and performance of elite cassava varieties in derived savannah

2017 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Joy N Odedina ◽  
Sunday Ojo Adigbo ◽  
Peter Kulako ◽  
Peter Iluebbey ◽  
Thomas O Fabunmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Improved Varieties ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Tuber Rot ◽  
Cassava Varieties

Devastated tuber rot disease among farmers prompted the evaluation of the elite improved varieties in the intercrop and the practice of delaying harvesting when there is glut in the market necessitated this study. Trial was carried out at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta between 2011 and 2014 to evaluate yield performance of 21 elite cassava varieties planted as sole crop verse intercropped and harvested at different age. The 2 x 21 x 3 factorial experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The tuber yield obtained from sole plot in 2011/2012 cropping season was significantly higher than intercrop whereas those of 2012/2014 cropping season were similar. Land Equivalent Ratio was above one in both cropping seasons indicating that the performance of the improved varieties in intercrop was efficient. The pooled mean tuber yield showed that TMS 30572, 92/0326, 95/0211, 01/1371, 00/0338, 01/0046, 00/0098, 01/1097, 01/0085, 98/0581 and 98/510 were among the top eight varieties. Harvesting could be delayed up to 15 months after planting to reduce tuber rot.

scholarly journals Managing Bees for Delivering Biological Control Agents and Improved Pollination in Berry and Fruit Cultivation

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki M. T. Hokkanen ◽  
Ingeborg Menzler-Hokkanen ◽  
Marja-Leena Lahdenpera
Keyword(s):  
Crop Protection ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Dissemination Activity ◽  
Grey Mold ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Disease Pressure

<p>Targeted precision biocontrol and improved pollination were studied Europe-wide in the EU ERA-NET CORE ORGANIC 2 project BICOPOLL (Biocontrol and Pollination). A case study was conducted on the management of strawberry grey mold <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, with the biocontrol fungus, <em>Gliocladium catenulatum</em>, vectored by honey bees or bumble bees. A joint field trial carried out in five countries targeted strawberry cultivations in open field, and included four treatments: untreated control, chemical fungicide, entomovectored biocontrol, and chemical and biocontrol combined. In organic fields, no pesticide treatments were included. The proportion of moldy berries, and/or the marketable yield of healthy berries were recorded from each treatment, along with other parameters of local interest. A pilot study was started in Finland in 2006, and, by 2012, large commercial farms were using entomovectoring. In 2012, field trials were started in Estonia and in Italy, and in 2013-14, these experiments were expanded to Slovenia and Turkey. In total, 26 field tests were conducted using entomovectoring and <em>Gliocladium catenulatum</em> (Prestop<sup>®</sup> Mix) on strawberry, with five additional trials on raspberry. Efficacy results have been excellent throughout the field studies. The results show crop protection equalling or exceeding that provided by a full chemical fungicide program, under all weather conditions, and over a wide geographical range (from Finland to Turkey). Under heavy disease pressure, entomovectoring provided on average a 47% disease reduction, which was the same as multiple fungicide sprays. Under light disease pressure, biocontrol decreased grey mold by an average of 66%, which was greater than fungicide sprays. The concept has proven to be effective on strawberries, raspberries, pears, apples, blueberries, cherries, and grapes. A conservative estimate for Finland is that over 500 ha of strawberry cultivation currently use the technique (≈15% of the strawberry growing area). To make full use of the entomovectoring technique, organic berry and fruit growers are encouraged to (i) keep bees, or to hire the service from local beekeepers for entomovectoring; and (ii) manage vegetation within and around the target crop to support the activity of bees and other pollinators, which can help to disseminate the beneficial microbial populations within the crop. Beekeepers are encouraged to (i) market pollination and biocontrol services to fruit and berry growers, and (ii) ensure that all operations are effective in mananging bees and their microbe dissemination activity. Biocontrol product manufacturers are encouraged to further develop products and their formulations specifically for entomovectoring, because current formulations are suboptimal as they are initially optimized for other uses (e.g., mixing into the soil).</p>

scholarly journals Climate change and economic efficiency of agricultural production in the Steppe zone

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
Yu. O. Tararico ◽  
Yu. V. Soroka ◽  
R. V. Saidak
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Winter Rape ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Dry Steppe

Relevance of research. Due to ongoing climate change, almost the entire territory of the Steppe of Ukraine by annual humidity factor belongs to the dry and very dry zones, the relative area of ​​which has increased by 13.2% of the total area of ​​the country compared to the 1960-1990s. At the same time, for today in Ukraine only about 500 thousand hectares are actually irrigated, that is 19% of the potential area. Purpose of research. To determine the patterns and trends of climate change in the western part of the dry Steppe of Ukraine and analyze the economic indicators of production activity in the region as to the variable weather conditions. Research methodology. Climate change was estimated on the basis of Climate Water Balance (CWB) and Hydrothermal Coefficient (HTC) values. The analysis of the economic efficiency of agricultural production was carried out by analyzing the statistical data for Odessa region and for the chosen agricultural enterprise. Research results and conclusions. The use of significant heat supply in the dry Steppe zone is limited by insufficient water supply conditions. In the years of 1991-2016  the average annual rainfall was 480 mm and since the early 2000s there has been a slight increase in that. However, even having 500-550 mm of average annual rainfall that has been observed over the past five years, it is not enough for providing high-yield agricultural production. High thermal regime couses high evaporation that in turn, leads to water supply deficit, which at the end of the growing season amounts to 336-436 mm. According to the HTC index in the region 80% of cases show severe and moderately arid vegetation conditions. At the same time, irrigation area in the region has decreased to a minimum, which has led to the domination of winter cereals and sunflower in the cropping system. Under variable weather conditions, winter wheat yields ranged from 19.4 to 38.5 c/ ha (31.4 c/ha on average) and sunflower - from 12.2 to 21.4 c/ha (17.4 c/ha on average), winter rape - from 13.1 to 20.9 c/ha (18.2 c/ha). It was proved a close direct relationship between the sale price of products of all studied crops and their cost price, as well as the inverse relationship of these indicators with the crop yield. The profitability of winter wheat from 2011 till 2016 ranged from 17 to 153 USD/ha with an average value of 86 USD/ha, winter rape - from 39 to 273 USD/ha with an average value of 166 USD  ha and sunflower - from 116 to 315 USD/ha with an average value of 192 USD/ha. Corn and soybeans have proven to be unprofitable in some years, which obviously explains rather small areas under these crops in the region. Above mentioned demonstrates the high economic instability of agricultural production in changing weather conditions, which is accompanied by significant risks for producers, especially when attracting credits. This situation, in turn, leads to a limited use of intensification means, in particular mineral fertilizers, which promotes agrochemical soil degradation. Under unstable water supply, the magnitude of net profit variation per hectare of arable land in Odessa region is 33-188 USD/ha (111 USD/ha on average). It is possible to increase these indicators by increasing the share of winter rape in the cropping system. With the optimization of the water and air soil regimes as well as crop rotation factor, the profitability of agricultural production in the region can be increased up to 580-600 USD/ha. Similar results were obtained after analyzing the statistical data from the southern regions within the dry steppe zone.

scholarly journals Differences in rainfall and temperature define the use of different types of nitrogen fertilizer on managed grassland in UK, NL [Netherlands] and Eire

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Bussink ◽  
O. Oenema
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Temperature Pattern ◽  
Decision Support Model ◽  
Agronomic Efficiency ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Support Model

There are distinct differences between the Netherlands (NL) and the United Kingdom (UK) in the use of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (Ca-AmmN) fertilizers on grassland. It has been known for some time that rainfall and temperature affect NH3 volatilization from urea and its agronomic efficiency. This study aimed (i) to examine rainfall and temperature pattern in NL and UK in relation to the observed urea efficiency, and (ii) to provide a simple decision support model for farmers to enable them to choose the most appropriate N fertilizer. A statistical analysis (residual maximum likelihood) of existing data from numerous field trials was undertaken. The agronomic efficiency of urea compared to Ca-AmmN in field trials was expressed as (i) urea relative N yield (Urel-N-y), and (ii) apparent-urea relative (N) yield (Uarel-(N)-y). In NL, (Urel-N-y) did not significantly differ from 100% on peat grassland. Mean (Urel-N-y) on sand and clay was 95%, in both cases. Mean seasonal Uarel-y and Uarel-N-y for the summed data of sand and clay soils was 92.3 and 86.4%, respectively, without significant differences between first and later cuts. There was no significant improvement of UNapp-relY in the last decades. In the first cut, mean Uarel-y was lower than in UK (100.9%) and Eire (100.2%). Differences in efficiency between countries could be described by short-term rainfall and temperature. By aggregating NL, UK and Eire data a simple regression equation was derived: Uarel-y= 89.48(+or-0.78) +[2.188(+or-0.15)xR3] -[1.091(+or-0.07)xT3], where R3 and T3 are rainfall amount and average temperature within three days after fertilizer application, respectively. The decision support model based on this equation showed that under prevailing NL weather conditions it will be profitable for the farmer to apply urea instead of calcium ammonium nitrate, for the first and second cut, only once every 5 and 7 years, respectively, because R3's exceeding 6 and 9.5 mm are required.

scholarly journals Assessment of wild tomato accessions for fruit yield, physicochemical and nutritional properties under a rain forest agro-ecology

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Dorcas Ibitoye ◽  
Adesike Kolawole ◽  
Roseline Feyisola
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Wild Tomato ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a broadly consumed fruit vegetable globally. It is one of the research mandate vegetable of the National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan, Nigeria. The institute’s contains diverse collections of tomato accessions and wild relatives, without utilization information for the African continent. With the decline in diversity and potential of cultivars, a robust tomato breeding pipeline with broad genetic base that eliminates redundancy in the development of lines with desired horticultural traits is paramount. This study evaluated the mean performance and variations of thirteen wild tomato accessions obtained from the C.M. Rick Tomato Genetic Resource Center, University of California, Davis, USA, evaluated for agronomic, nutritional and physicochemical traits under a rain forest zone in Nigeria. The accessions were planted and grown in three replications with randomized complete block design. Agronomic traits, physicochemical and nutritional parameters were measured and analyzed. There was significant (P < 0.001) variation among accessions for all traits measured. Accession LA0130 was separated from others by cluster analysis and was outstanding for its unique attributes which include: fruit yield parameters, total soluble solids, acidity and content. The principal component analysis suggests fruit yield related traits, acidity and contributed most to the variation among the 13 accessions. The results obtained can be used to breed materials adapted to a rain forest . These wild tomato accessions have genes with desirable agronomic, nutritional and physicochemical traits that could be into breeding lines to improve commercial tomato varieties.

Mycotoxins in organically versus conventionally produced cereal grains and some other crops in temperate regions

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Brodal ◽  
I.S. Hofgaard ◽  
G.S. Eriksen ◽  
A. Bernhoft ◽  
L. Sundheim
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Apple Products ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Difference

This paper presents peer-reviewed studies comparing the content of deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2+T-2 toxins, zearalenone (ZEA), nivalenol (NIV), ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins in cereal grains, and patulin (PAT) in apple and apple-based products, produced in organically and conventionally grown crops in temperate regions. Some of the studies are based on data from controlled field trials, however, most are farm surveys and some are food basket surveys. Almost half of the studies focused on DON in cereals. The majority of these studies found no significant difference in DON content in grain from the two farming systems, but several studies showed lower DON content in organically than in conventionally produced cereals. A number of the investigations reported low DON levels in grain, far below the EU limits for food. Many authors suggested that weather conditions, years, locations, tillage practice and crop rotation are more important for the development of DON than the type of farming. Organically produced oats contained mainly lower levels of HT-2+T-2 toxins than conventionally produced oats. Most studies on ZEA reported no differences between farming systems, or lower concentrations in organically produced grain. For the other mycotoxins in cereals, mainly low levels and no differences between the two farming systems were reported. Some studies showed higher PAT contamination in organically than in conventionally produced apple and apple products. The difference may be due to more efficient disease control in conventional orchards. It cannot be concluded that any of the two farming systems increases the risk of mycotoxin contamination. Despite no use of fungicides, an organic system appears generally able to maintain mycotoxin contamination at low levels. More systematic comparisons from scientifically controlled field trials and surveys are needed to clarify if there are differences in the risk of mycotoxin contamination between organically and conventionally produced crops.

Chemical control of bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae) of apricot and cherry in Victoria

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 705 ◽  
Author(s):  
DLS Wimalajeewa ◽  
R Cahill ◽  
G Hepworth ◽  
HG Schneider ◽  
JW Washbourne
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Bordeaux Mixture ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Excellent Control

Field trials were conducted during 1982-85, to develop a comprehensive spray program for the control of bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv, syringae) of apricot and cherry. Five spray schedules were evaluated as measures to reduce disease levels. Copper hydroxide at 2.5 g/L in water was applied to apricot, and bordeaux mixture at 6 g copper sulfate + 8 g hydrated lime/L in water was applied to cherry, during autumn, winter and pre-bloom spring. The effectiveness of copper sprays in reducing epiphytic populations of the pathogen during post-bloom spring was also tested. Copper hydroxide was applied to apricot, and a foliar copper nutrient and copper hydroxide were applied to cherry at low concentrations. Most spray schedules tested significantly (P<0.05) reduced canker incidence relative to controls. Excellent control of epiphytic populations of the pathogen on apricot and cherry was achieved with copper sprays applied at post-bloom in spring. A spray schedule consisting of 2 autumn, 1 winter and 2 pre-bloom spring sprays with copper hydroxide on apricot or bordeaux mixture on cherry was successful in reducing canker (>67% reduction) and is recommended for control of the disease. Two applications of copper hydroxide at 1.0 g/L in water in post-bloom spring considerably reduced (>9 1 %) epiphytic populations (P. syringae pv. syringae) on apricot and cherry leaves. Later sprays are recommended for use in combination with the autumn-winter-spring (pre-bloom) spray schedule, especially under excessively wet and cool weather conditions in spring.

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