scholarly journals On the Evolution of Trade and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards: The Role of Trade Agreements

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Santeramo ◽  
Valentina Guerrieri ◽  
Emilia Lamonaca
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Regression Discontinuity Design ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Joint Influence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Trade Measures

Trade agreements and trade measures are policy instruments thought to favour trade by providing a degree of harmonisation among members. We analyse how the agri-food trade and the incidence of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards (SPSs) have evolved within countries sharing agreements. We examine, through a regression discontinuity design, whether the approval of agreements affects the evolution of trade and SPSs over time, and quantify the trade effects of SPSs. We also provide differences before and after the introduction of agreements, and among the most regulated agri-food products. Findings show that trade agreements tend to favour the increase of trade and the reduction of policy measures between members. However, regulation inequalities exist across trade agreements covering different geo-economic areas: after the approval of agreements, the existence and the importance of SPSs become relevant among developing countries, whereas the pervasiveness of SPSs becomes less stringent between developed and developing countries. Our analyses also prove that trade agreements and trade measures are trade-enhancing only at aggregate level: product-specific analyses show that cereal is the only sector that benefits from the joint influence of trade agreements and SPSs. The harmonisation of SPSs within agreements may be determinant in avoiding distortions in favour of members.

Development as Self-Interest

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Blodgett Bermeo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

This chapter introduces the role of development as a self-interested policy pursued by industrialized states in an increasingly connected world. As such, it is differentiated from traditional geopolitical accounts of interactions between industrialized and developing states as well as from assertions that the increased focus on development stems from altruistic motivations. The concept of targeted development—pursuing development abroad when and where it serves the interests of the policymaking states—is introduced and defined. The issue areas covered in the book—foreign aid, trade agreements between industrialized and developing countries, and finance for climate change adaptation and mitigation—are introduced. The preference for bilateral, rather than multilateral, action is discussed.

Accessing abortion outside jurisdiction following legalisation of abortion in the Republic of Ireland

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjsrh-2020-200849
Author(s):  
Sierou Bras ◽  
Rebecca Gomperts ◽  
Michaela Kelly ◽  
Abigail R A Aiken ◽  
Catherine Conlon
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Model Of Care ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Abortion Laws ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Safe Zones

BackgroundAfter having one of the most restrictive abortion laws worldwide, Ireland legalised abortion in January 2019. We examine how legalisation impacted on demand for online telemedicine outside the jurisdiction.MethodsWe analysed anonymised data from 534 people from Ireland seeking online telemedicine abortion prior to legalisation (January–March and October–December 2018) and in the first 3 months following legalisation (January–March 2019). Numbers, characteristics and reasons for seeking the service before and after legalisation were compared. Content analysis of emails from people seeking the service following legalisation explored reasons for seeking care.ResultsHalf as many people contacted Women on Web in the 3 months immediately after legalisation as compared with contacts 12 months prior (103 vs 221). Of these, the proportion receiving the service reduced, from 72% prior to legalisation to 26% after legalisation (p≤0.001). After legalisation, access related reasons for seeking online telemedicine featured less while reasons relating to privacy, stigma and avoiding protestors featured more.ConclusionsPeople continued to seek abortion through online telemedicine after legalisation, though the number of contacts reduced by half and the proportion receiving the service decreased considerably. To address access issues, policy measures should promote normalisation of abortion, legislate for safe zones around providers, and consider access in situations of coercive control or abuse including the role of telemedicine in the local model of care. Abortion provided through online telemedicine continues to be an important part of providing safe, accessible abortion even after legalisation.

Policy Responses to Tropical Deforestation: Are Debt-for-Nature Swaps Appropriate?

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Kraemer ◽  
Jörg Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Tropical Deforestation ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Country Study ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Conservation Projects

This paper examines passible causes for the acceleration of tropical deforestation and the role of a popular instrument to reverse this trend, debt-for-nature swamps (DNS). This instrument builds on the contention that the debt crisis of developing countries has created the need to exploit natural resources, such as tropical forest areas. Thus, DNS could potentially protect forests directly (through conservation projects) and indirectly (by reducing debt-induced pressure on the forests). First, an instrumental critique of DNS is given, followed by an empirical examination of the debt-deforestation link that stands behind the instrument of DNS. Neither this nor other plausible causes of the acceleration of deforestation can be identified as significant in a cross-country study. The paper concludes that appropriate policy instruments must be based on case-specific research.

scholarly journals The role of international trade agreements in the economy of developing countries (the case of Nigeria)

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Henrietta Nagy ◽  
◽  
József Káposzta ◽  
György Neszmélyi ◽  
Omokheka Obozuwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
International Trade Agreements

Promoting Technology Transfers in Nigeria’s Extractive Industries: A Review of the Legal Regime, the Challenges and Proposals for Responses

2018 ◽  
pp. 248-292
Author(s):  
Uchenna Jerome Orji
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Extractive Industries ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Technological Gap ◽  
Technology Transfers ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
To Receive

Abstract The need to bridge the technological gap between developed and developing countries have remained a major topic in the arena of international economic policy over the last fifty years. In this respect, the critical role of technology transfers in facilitating the development of developing countries has continued to receive international attention. However, many developing countries have also taken their own paths to promote technology transfers in critical economic sectors by establishing enabling legal and policy measures with the aim of fostering economic development through that process. This article examines the legal regime for promoting and regulating technology transfers in Nigeria’s extractive industries and highlights some of its drawbacks. The article also examines other peculiar challenges hindering technology transfers in Nigeria’s extractive industries and proposes legal and policy measures to address those challenges.

scholarly journals Role Of Banking-Sector To Inclusive Growth Through Inclusive Finance In Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandip Sarker ◽  
Sujan Kumar Ghosh ◽  
Mollika Palit
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
National Level ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The study attempts to identify the relationship between the banking sector’s financing in agriculture and total agricultural output at national level. To assist the study, a simple linear regression model has been developed. The results suggest that there is a strong correlation between banking sectors’ financing in agriculture and agriculture output in Bangladesh. It is also evident that banking sector’s credits are significantly facilitating financial inclusion in Bangladesh. The model can be instrumental for developing countries that are seeking ways of inclusive growth. In addition; the study recommends some policy measures to overcome the challenges of financial inclusion with regards to the banking sector’s initiatives in financing agriculture in Bangladesh.

LA POLÍTICA MONETARIA DEL ECUADOR 1999-2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Castillo Gallo
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Gross Domestic Product Growth ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exogenous Factors

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo la sistematización y análisis histórico de la información existente sobre los instrumentos de política monetaria en el periodo 1999–2015, el cual ha tenido dos situaciones; la primera sin dolarización y la segunda con dolarización, así como las reformas realizadas en la  Ley de Reordenamiento Económico en Materia Económica y el Nuevo Código Orgánico Monetario y Financiero,  el cual establece los instrumentos de Política Monetaria, que garantiza la liquidez de la economía y que cumpla con los objetivos propuestos. Esta investigación permite considerar el rol de la Política Monetaria, así como los instrumentos utilizadas por el Banco Central del Ecuador, antes y después de la dolarización, tomando como referencia las devaluaciones, inflación y el crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto, en este  periodo. Se concluye, si existe liquidez interna, las autoridades monetarias pueden garantizar el manejo de los instrumentos de política monetaria, lo que no sucede cuando existen factores exógenos, como la baja de precios del petróleo, revaloración del dólar y devaluaciones, de los países vecinos. Ecuador no puede devaluar la moneda por estar dolarizado, entonces la interrogante, qué hacer  frente a la crisis internacional. Palabras Clave: Política Monetaria, Revaloración del dólar, inflación, devaluaciones ABSTRACT The aim of this study is the systematization and historical analysis of the existing information about the instruments of the monetary policy during the 1999 and 2015 period, which has had two issues:  the first without dollarization, and the second with dollarization, as well as the reforms in the Law of Reordering in Economic Matters and the New Organic Monetary and Financial Code, which sets Monetary Policy instruments, ensuring the liquidity of economy and the meeting of the pursued objectives.  This research allows us to consider the role of Monetary Policy as well as the instruments used by the Central Bank of Ecuador, before and after dollarization, taking as a point of reference the devaluations, inflation, and gross domestic product growth in the indicated period.As a conclusion, if there is domestic liquidity, monetary authorities can guarantee the management of monetary policy instruments, which does not happen when there are exogenous factors, such as declining  oil prices, revaluation of dollar,  and devaluations in neighboring countries. Because of dollarization, Ecuador cannot devalue its currency, then the question is, what to do to address the global crisis… Keywords: Monetary policy, Revaluation of dollar, inflation, devaluations Recibido: mayo de 2016Aprobado: junio de 2016

Government Policy Regarding Agricultural Loans and Its Impact upon Farmers’ Standards of Living in Developing Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Kausar Yasmeen ◽  
Tanveer Hussain ◽  
Shakeel Sarwar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Credit Facility ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Orientation-This empirical research explores the impact of agricultural loans provided by the Government on the standard of living of the small farmers in developing countries where the Pakistan is taken as a case.Purpose – The aim of the researchers in this endeavor is to identify the role of agricultural loans provided to the small farmers in the developing countries and the outcomes of these loans with respect to the standard of livings of the farmers. Design/ Methodology- Researchers have interviewed the 300 small farmers who are all the clients of an agricultural bank (ADBP) and collect the primary data. Data was analyzed in terms of percentages and researchers investigate the impact of credit facility on the purchasing patterns of these small farmers.Findings- Researchers analyzed the consumption patterns of the farmers in 4 sectors i.e. Structure of households before and after availing the credit facility,Change in consumption of electricity and electronic appliances, Change in education of farmer’s child, Transportation and assets and change in food and health. Research results indicate that there is increased trend in all of these 4 sectors after availing the credit facility by the small farmers.Practical implications- Current research may be use by the other developing countries to investigate the role of agricultural loans on the well being of their farmers. It also elaborates the role of agricultural banks in enhancing the standard of living of the farmers.Keywords: Agricultural loans, economic well being, farmers, developing countries

Between Theories of Trade and Development: The Future of the World Trading System

2015 ◽  
pp. 122-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Trebilcock
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Doha Round ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
Trading System ◽  
The World ◽  
World Trading System

This article traces the role of developing countries in the GATT/WTO trading regime, and the evolving legal framework for their participation. It then maps onto this framework evolving schools of thought amongst development economists on strategies for economic development. It goes on to argue that the paralysis in the current Doha Round of the WTO, primarily reflecting fault-lines between developed and developing countries, and paralleled by the dramatic proliferation of preferential trade agreements and bilateral investment treaties, requires fundamental rethinking of the orientation of the multilateral (WTO) trading system, in particular the need to be more accommodating of plurilateral agreements amongst sub-sets of members that are open to subsequent accession by other members, primarily on a conditional most-favored-nation basis.

Child and Adolescent Suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina Before and After the War (1992–1995)

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almir Fajkic ◽  
Orhan Lepara ◽  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Nestor D. Kapusta ◽  
Thomas Niederkrotenthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Youth Suicide ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

Background: Evidence on youth suicides from Southeastern Europe is scarce. We are not aware of previous reports from Bosnia and Herzegovina, which experienced war from 1992 to 1995. Durkheim’s theory of suicide predicts decreased suicide rates in wartime and increased rates afterward. Aims: To compare child and adolescent suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina before and after the war. Methods: Data on youth suicide for prewar (1986–90) and postwar (2002–06) periods were analyzed with respect to prevalence, sex and age differences, and suicide methods. Suicide data from 1991 through 2001 were not available. Results: Overall youth suicide rates were one-third lower in the postwar than in the prewar period. This effect was most pronounced for girls, whose postwar suicide rates almost halved, and for 15–19-year-old boys, whose rates decreased by about a one-fourth. Suicides increased among boys aged 14 or younger. Firearm suicides almost doubled proportionally and were the predominant postwar method, while the most common prewar method had been hanging. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate the need for public education in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the role of firearm accessibility in youth suicide and for instructions on safe storage in households. Moreover, raising societal awareness about suicide risk factors and suicide prevention is needed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document