scholarly journals Soil Water-Salt Dynamics and Maize Growth as Affected by Cutting Length of Topsoil Incorporation Straw under Brackish Water Irrigation

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 246
Author(s):  
Zemin Zhang ◽  
Zhanyu Zhang ◽  
Peirong Lu ◽  
Genxiang Feng ◽  
Wei Qi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
Soil Salt ◽  
Cutting Length ◽  
Water Salt ◽  
Straw Incorporation

Brackish water has been utilized extensively in agriculture around the world to cope with the global water deficit, but soil salt accumulation caused by brackish water irrigation cannot be ignored. Straw incorporation has been confirmed an effective sustainable means to inhibit soil salt accumulation. An experiment was conducted in growth tanks over two consecutive growing seasons to investigate the effects of wheat straw incorporation on soil moisture and salinity under brackish water irrigation (5g NaCl L−1). Furthermore, the trial investigated the effects of three wheat straw cutting lengths (CK = 0 cm; L1 = 5 cm, L2 = 10 cm, and L3 = 20 cm) on soil water-salt dynamics and summer maize growth. The results showed that soil properties and maize yields were favorably and significantly affected by the shorter straw segments incorporated into the cultivated field (p < 0.05), as indicated in the decrease in soil bulk density (7.47%–7.79%) and the rise of soil organic matter (SOM) content (2.4–4.5g kg−1) and soil total porosity (4.34%–4.72%) under treatment L1. Meanwhile, treatment L1 produced the greatest dry above-ground biomass (14447 ± 571 kg ha−1), 100-grain weight (34.52 ± 1.20 g) and grain yield (7251 ± 204 kg ha−1) of summer maize. Soil water content in the cultivated layer increased 4.79%–25.44%, and the soil salt accumulation rate decreased significantly due to the straw incorporation and the highest value of soil moisture content (19.10%–21.84%), as well as the lowest value of soil salt accumulation rates (2.12–9.06) obtained at treatment L1. Straw incorporation with cutting length in 5 cm is the optimal choice for alleviating the adverse effects due to brackish water irrigation and improving soil properties, which could be helpful for agricultural mechanization and straw field-returning practices.

scholarly journals Effect of Surface Straw Incorporation Rate on Water–Salt Balance and Maize Yield in Soil Subject to Secondary Salinization with Brackish Water Irrigation

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peirong Lu ◽  
Zhanyu Zhang ◽  
Zhuping Sheng ◽  
Mingyi Huang ◽  
Zemin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Deep Percolation ◽  
Salt Balance ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Water Salt ◽  
Straw Incorporation

Secondary salinization induced by brackish water irrigation has forced agricultural development to increasingly rely on soil management. A two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of different straw incorporation rates (SIRs) within 0 to 20 cm topsoil on the soil water–salt balance, maize yield production, and water use efficiency (WUE) under brackish water irrigation in a naturally non-saline area. Air-dried wheat straw was applied at the rates of 0, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5, and 18.0 t ha−1 (R0–R4) and two salinity levels of irrigation water with the salt content of 1.92 dS m−1 (SL) and 3.20 dS m−1 (SH) were applied for simulating the scenarios of secondary salinization. Results demonstrated that straw incorporation markedly increased the soil water content during two growing seasons, and SIR was directly correlated to the deep percolation, but inversely correlated to the soil water depletion, under both the SL and SH condition. Meanwhile, straw incorporation led to the increase in salt content within the straw incorporation zone, but the total mass of salt deposited in the 0–100 cm soil profile was comparatively reduced as SIR increased due to the increased deep percolation for salt leaching, and such relative alleviation was more pronounced under the SH condition. The significantly increased maize yield and its corresponding WUE were obtained in treatments with high SIR levels. Additionally, an exponential function was used to describe the trend of the yield-increasing rate as SIR increased, and the theoretical maximum of grain and biomass yield calculated from the fitting results were 6483 in 17,282 kg ha−1 under SL, and 5440 and 14,501 kg ha−1 under SH, respectively. Results in this study would be helpful in the adoption of straw incorporation and brackish water irrigation in ways that facilitate soil water availability and reduce the risk of soil salinization.

scholarly journals Establishing an Empirical Model for Surface Soil Moisture Retrieval at the U.S. Climate Reference Network Using Sentinel-1 Backscatter and Ancillary Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumanta Chatterjee ◽  
Jingyi Huang ◽  
Alfred E. Hartemink
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Reference Network ◽  
Surface Soil Moisture ◽  
Ancillary Data ◽  
Terrain Parameters ◽  
The U.S

Progress in sensor technologies has allowed real-time monitoring of soil water. It is a challenge to model soil water content based on remote sensing data. Here, we retrieved and modeled surface soil moisture (SSM) at the U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) stations using Sentinel-1 backscatter data from 2016 to 2018 and ancillary data. Empirical machine learning models were established between soil water content measured at the USCRN stations with Sentinel-1 data from 2016 to 2017, the National Land Cover Dataset, terrain parameters, and Polaris soil data, and were evaluated in 2018 at the same USCRN stations. The Cubist model performed better than the multiple linear regression (MLR) and Random Forest (RF) model (R2 = 0.68 and RMSE = 0.06 m3 m-3 for validation). The Cubist model performed best in Shrub/Scrub, followed by Herbaceous and Cultivated Crops but poorly in Hay/Pasture. The success of SSM retrieval was mostly attributed to soil properties, followed by Sentinel-1 backscatter data, terrain parameters, and land cover. The approach shows the potential for retrieving SSM using Sentinel-1 data in a combination of high-resolution ancillary data across the conterminous United States (CONUS). Future work is required to improve the model performance by including more SSM network measurements, assimilating Sentinel-1 data with other microwave, optical and thermal remote sensing products. There is also a need to improve the spatial resolution and accuracy of land surface parameter products (e.g., soil properties and terrain parameters) at the regional and global scales.

Hydrologic soil properties and application of a soil moisture model in a balsam fir forest

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Barry ◽  
André P. Plamondon ◽  
Jean Stein
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Volumetric Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Model

An analysis of hydrologic soil properties and the prediction of volumetric soil water content during four summers have been done for a site located in the balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) forest of the Lac Laflamme watershed. The hydrologic properties were used to identify three different soil layers, THIRSTY, a soil moisture model using the Penman evapotranspiration formula, was applied to predict daily volumetric water content of these layers. Predictions of soil moisture with the calibrated model were close to the observed data for the median layer (20–60 cm from the soil surface) and less accurate for the surface layer (0–20 cm) where important transpiration activities take place. The model appeared unreliable for predicting soil water content of the bottom layer (60–100 cm) which was often saturated by groundwater. The calibration of the model required modifications of the observed values of the available water content at field capacity and the relative root density factor and was adjusted with the crop coefficient of the Penman evapotranspiration formula. These modifications of observed physical parameters raise the question of the feasibility of extrapolating the model to other sites without extensive calibration. The high sensitivity to variations of the crop coefficient applied to the evapotranspiration equation indicated that a more physically based transpiration model, supported by field-oriented process studies, would be required to improve the model's performance.

scholarly journals Simulation soil water-salt dynamics in saline wasteland of Yongji Irrigation area in Hetao Irrigation district of China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengfu Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Soil Salt ◽  
Water Salt ◽  
Hetao Irrigation District

Abstract In order to explore the regional water-salt balance mechanism in Hetao Irrigation District. Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Heji canal study area. The SWAP model was calibrated and validated based on field experiments observed data. The SWAP model was used to simulate soil water-salt dynamic in saline wasteland after calibration and validation. The results showed that model simulation results of soil water content and soil salt concentration agreed well with the measured values. Soil water content and soil salt concentration changed obviously under the effect of farmland irrigation in crop growing period. Soil salt was accumulated in saline wasteland. The soil salt accumulation of each soil layer in saline wasteland was 0.164, 0.092, −0.890 and −1.261 mg/cm3, respectively. Soil water content gradually increased and soil salt concentration gradually decreased in autumn irrigation period. Soil salt was leached in saline wasteland. The soil salt accumulation of each soil layer in saline wasteland was −1.011, −1.242, −1.218 and −1.335 mg/cm3, respectively. The saline wasteland became in drainage and salt drainage region for cultivated land. The saline wastelands had an obvious role in adjusting salt balance and maintain salt dynamic balance in Hetao Irrigation District.

scholarly journals An Ammoniated Straw Incorporation Increased Biomass Production and Water Use Efficiency in an Annual Wheat-Maize Rotation System in Semi-Arid China

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufeng Zou ◽  
Hao Feng ◽  
Shufang Wu ◽  
Qin’ge Dong ◽  
Kadambot H. M. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Straw Incorporation

Water shortage and excessive chemical fertilizers application result in low soil water and nutrient availability and limit crop production in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Ammoniated straw incorporation with N fertilization may be an efficient strategy to maintain agricultural sustainability. However, the interactive effects of straw incorporation and N fertilizer on the biomass water use efficiency (WUE) in the winter wheat–summer maize rotation system remain unclear. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of combining ammoniated straw incorporation and N fertilizer on soil water, biomass yield and biomass water use efficiency (WUE) in an annual summer maize (Zea mays L.)—Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation system. There were three treatments: (i) long straw (5 cm) mulching with N fertilizer (CK), (ii) long straw with N fertilizer plowed into the soil (LP), and (iii) ammoniated long straw with N fertilizer plowed into the soil (ALP). Compared with the CK treatment, LP and ALP led to a similar soil water storage capacity. ALP improved summer maize biomass yield and winter wheat biomass yield at the jointing-maturity stage. ALP improved summer maize WUE at the ten-leaf collar-tasseling stage and winter wheat WUE from the tillering stage to the maturity stage. Also, the ALP treatment increased the total water use efficiency (TWUE) of winter wheat by 4.1–22.0%. Overall, ammoniated straw incorporation produced the most favorable biomass yield and WUE in the summer maize—Winter wheat rotation system in the Loess Plateau of China.

Grain yield and water-use efficiency of summer maize in response to mulching with different plastic films in the North China Plain

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rui Zong ◽  
Huifang Han ◽  
Quanqi Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
The North ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Film Mulching

Summary Plastic film (PF) mulching is widely applied in agriculture to improve water-use efficiency (WUE) and crop production. However, without efficient recovery, the residual plastic fragments in arable land threaten soil health and food security. Degradable films are generally considered as alternatives to conventional PF to mitigate PF pollution. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017 to evaluate the effects of various film mulching treatments (conventional PF mulching, transparent degradable film (TDF) mulching, and black degradable film (BDF) mulching, and no mulching) on soil water availability and summer maize yield in the North China Plain (NCP). Soil moisture, soil water storage, water use, and grain yield were recorded. Below 20 cm depth, soil moisture and soil water storage were higher in film mulching than in no mulching. Conventional PF mulching yielded the best water conservation, especially from sowing to jointing. TDF and BDF were similar in their regulation of soil moisture. Comparing to no mulching, conventional PF and degradable transparent film significantly reduced maize grain yield by 15.4 and 8.0% (average over 2 years), and reduced WUE by 9.4 and 7.8% (average 2 years), respectively. The observed reduction of grain yield in transparent film mulching might be caused by excessive soil temperature, especially at vegetative stages, which potentially accelerates crop senescence. Black film mulching reduced the soil cumulative temperature and prevent crops from being overheated. As consequence, grain yield and WUE of summer maize under BDF covering were significantly increased by 11.1 and 15.6%, respectively, over the 2 years. Therefore, we suggest that BDF can be used to replace conventional plastics to improve crop yield and control environmental pollution in the NCP.

scholarly journals TESTING SOME PEDO-TRANSFER FUNCTIONS (PTFS) IN APULIA REGION

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Floriano Buccigrossi ◽  
Angelo Caliandro ◽  
Pietro Rubino ◽  
Mario Alberto Mastro
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Apulia Region

The knowledge of soil water retention vs. soil water matric potential is used to study irrigation and drainage schedules, soil water storage capacity (plant available water), solute movement, plant growth and water stress. The hydraulic soil properties measuring is expensive, laborious and takes too long time, so, frequently, matemathic models, called pedo-transfer functions (PTFs) are utilized to estimate hydraulic soil properties through soil chimical and phisical characteristics. Six pedo-transfer functions have been evaluated (Gupta &amp; Larson, 1979; Rawls et al., 1982; De Jong et al., 1983; Rawls &amp; Brakensiek, 1985; Saxton et al., 1986; Vereecken et al., 1989) by comparing estimated with measured soil moisture values at soil water matric potential of –33 and –1500 kPa of 361 soil samples collected from 185 pedons of Apulia Region (South Italy), having various combinations of particle-size distribution, soil organic matter content and bulk density. Accuracy of the soil moisture predictions have been evaluated by statistic indexes such as Weighted stantard error (WSEE), Mean Deviation (MD), Root Mean Squared Deviation (RMSD) and the determination coefficient (R2) between estimated and measured water retention values. The Rawls PTF model demostrated to have the lowest values of WSEE, MD and RMSD indexes (0.044, -0.007 and 0.059 m3 H2O m-3 soil, respectively) at –33 Kpa soil water matric potential (Field Capacity), while for estimating soil moisture at the Wilting Point (-1500 kPa) Rawls &amp; Brakensiek model is adequate (WSEE, MD and RMSD of 0.034, -0.016 and 0.046 m3 H2O m-3 soil). De Jong, Saxton and Rawls &amp; Brakensiek models, at –33 kPa soil water matric potential and Gupta &amp; Larson and De Jong models at –1500 kPa soil water matric potential, showed the highest statistic errors.

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