An Overview of Olive Cultivation in Turkey: Botanical Features, Eco-Physiology and Phytochemical Aspects

Global climate change, especially global warming, is affecting olive production efficiency as well as its product quality. The size and water content of fruit varies depending on the olive fruit yield along with the region, climate, and geographical position as well as agricultural applications. Anthropogenic activities also affect its ecology to a great extent. The plant prefers areas with mild winters and short rainy seasons but is facing long and dry summers, sunny habitats, well drained dry, poor, loamy, clayey-loamy, slightly calcareous, pebbly and nutrient-rich soils, with a pH around 6–8. It is resistant to drought but suffers much from harsh winters and air pollutants, which affect its production. Although the olive plant tolerates temperatures between −7 °C to 40 °C, the optimum temperature demanded for growth, development, and fruit yield is 15–25 °C. The annual precipitation demand lies between 700–850 mm. An important part of the composition of its fruit consists of water and oil or the “liquid gold”. Main ingredients are additionally fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, organic sugars, and phenolics. Phenolic substances are responsible for many beneficial health effects as well as the taste and aroma of olive fruit. Oleuropein stands out due to its inhibition of oxidation of low density lipoproteins and its hypoglycemic and cholesterolemic effects. It is also a component that protects the olive tree against various parasites and diseases, one of the reasons why olive is recorded as the “immortal tree”. Olive trees are cultivated in different regions of Turkey. A series of changes occur in morphological, physiological, and biochemical features to overcome different types of stress. In this review, information about the botanical aspects, eco-physiology, and pharmaceutical features of the oil, fruit, and leaves has been evaluated.

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BURSAPHELENCHUS SPECIES (NEMATODA: APHELENCHIDA) ASSOCIATED WITH AN OLIVE TREE IN CENTRAL ITALY

Redia ◽

10.19263/redia-103.20.19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 ◽

pp. 121-127

Author(s):

GIULIA TORRINI ◽

AGOSTINO STRANGI ◽

STEFANIA SIMONCINI ◽

ILARIA CUTINO ◽

GIUSEPPE MAZZA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Basin ◽

Central Italy ◽

Olive Tree ◽

Dead Tree ◽

Phytoparasitic Nematodes ◽

Olive Cultivation ◽

Cultural Interest ◽

Olive Trees ◽

The Mediterranean Basin

Olive cultivation is of great economic, ecological, and cultural interest in Italy, as well as in the rest of the Mediterranean basin. Among the pests of olive trees, several groups of insects, mites, and nematodes have been reported. Phytoparasitic nematodes especially of the genera Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Xiphinema, Tylenchulus, Rotylenchulus, and Heterodera have usually been extracted from roots and soil around trees. On the other hand, no information is available concerning nematodes directly associated with the wood. At the end of September 2018, in a high-density cultivated olive grove in Tuscany (central Italy), several olive trees with decline symptoms were observed. Three Bursaphelenchus species, B. fungivorus, B. minutus, and B. sexdentati were extracted from the wood of one dead tree. Even though these species had already been reported in Italy, these findings were the first ones recorded in olive wood. Moreover, another undescribed Bursaphelenchusspecies was found associated with the bark beetle Hylesinus fraxini collected from olive trunks and branches. Further research is needed to investigate the role of insects and Bursaphelenchus spp. in the decline processes of olive trees.

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Identification of Arthrinium marii as Causal Agent of Olive Tree Dieback in Apulia (Southern Italy)

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-19-0569-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (3) ◽

pp. 694-701

Author(s):

Donato Gerin ◽

Franco Nigro ◽

Francesco Faretra ◽

Stefania Pollastro

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Basin ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Olive Tree ◽

Agricultural Communities ◽

Tree Dieback ◽

Olive Cultivation ◽

Olive Trees ◽

Genomic Regions ◽

The Mediterranean Basin ◽

Fungal Genus

Olive (Olea europaea L. var. sativa) is one of the most economically important tree crops grown in the Mediterranean basin. Arthrinium Kunze ex Fr. (teleomorph: Apiospora Sacc.) is a widespread fungal genus, and Arthrinium marii Larrondo & Calvo is a ubiquitous species, found in algae, soil, plants, and agricultural communities. A. marii was isolated from olive trees showing dieback from orchards located in Andria and in Fasano, Brindisi (Apulia, southern Italy) and identified based on morphological features and molecular analysis of four genomic regions (ITS, TUB2, TEF1, and LSU). Two-year-old olive plants artificially inoculated with three representative A. marii isolates showed complete dieback within 6 months, and the fungus was reisolated, satisfying Koch’s postulates. This is the first report of A. marii causing dieback on olive trees that could represent an important threat for olive cultivation.

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Every Olive Tree in the Garden of Gethsemane

Departures in Critical Qualitative Research ◽

10.1525/dcqr.2014.3.2.111 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 111-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wendy Babcox

Keyword(s):

Olive Tree ◽

Photographic Images ◽

The Future ◽

Olive Trees ◽

The Many ◽

Radical Transformation

Every Olive Tree in the Garden of Gethsemane is a suite of photographic images of each of the twenty-three olive trees in the garden. Situated at the foot of the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, the Garden of Gethsemane is known to many as the site where Jesus and his disciples prayed the night before his crucifixion. The oldest trees in the garden date to 1092 and are recognized as some of the oldest olive trees in existence. The older trees are a living and symbolic connection to the distant past, while younger trees serve as a link to the future. The gnarled trunks seem written with the many conflicts that have been waged in an effort to control this most-contested city; a city constantly on the threshold of radical transformation.

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Analytical Characterization of Water-Soluble Constituents in Olive-Derived By-Products

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10061299 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1299

Author(s):

Pablo Doménech ◽

Aleta Duque ◽

Isabel Higueras ◽

José Luis Fernández ◽

Paloma Manzanares

Keyword(s):

Olive Tree ◽

Mediterranean Area ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Olive Pomace ◽

Olive Leaves ◽

Olive Stone ◽

Olive Trees ◽

Tree Pruning ◽

By Products

Olive trees constitute one of the largest agroindustries in the Mediterranean area, and their cultivation generates a diverse pool of biomass by-products such as olive tree pruning (OTP), olive leaves (OL), olive stone (OS), and extracted olive pomace (EOP). These lignocellulosic materials have varying compositions and potential utilization strategies within a biorefinery context. The aim of this work was to carry out an integral analysis of the aqueous extractives fraction of these biomasses. Several analytical methods were applied in order to fully characterize this fraction to varying extents: a mass closure of >80% was reached for EOP, >76% for OTP, >65% for OS, and >52% for OL. Among the compounds detected, xylooligosaccharides, mannitol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, and hydroxytyrosol were noted as potential enhancers of the valorization of said by-products. The extraction of these compounds is expected to be more favorable for OTP, OL, and EOP, given their high extractives content, and is compatible with other utilization strategies such as the bioconversion of the lignocellulosic fraction into biofuels and bioproducts.

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Estimating Soil Water Susceptibility to Salinization in the Mekong River Delta Using a Modified DRASTIC Model

Water ◽

10.3390/w13121636 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 1636

Author(s):

Thanh N. Le ◽

Duy X. Tran ◽

Thuong V. Tran ◽

Sangay Gyeltshen ◽

Tan V. Lam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Soil Water ◽

Management Practices ◽

Global Climate ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Anthropogenic Factors ◽

Drastic Model ◽

River Catchment ◽

Modified Drastic

Saltwater intrusion risk assessment is a foundational step for preventing and controlling salinization in coastal regions. The Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) is highly affected by drought and salinization threats, especially severe under the impacts of global climate change and the rapid development of an upstream hydropower dam system. This study aimed to apply a modified DRASTIC model, which combines the generic DRASTIC model with hydrological and anthropogenic factors (i.e., river catchment and land use), to examine seawater intrusion vulnerability in the soil-water-bearing layer in the Ben Tre province, located in the VMD. One hundred and fifty hand-auger samples for total dissolved solids (TDS) measurements, one of the reflected salinity parameters, were used to validate the results obtained with both the DRASTIC and modified DRASTIC models. The spatial analysis tools in the ArcGIS software (i.e., Kriging and data classification tools) were used to interpolate, classify, and map the input factors and salinization susceptibility in the study area. The results show that the vulnerability index values obtained from the DRASTIC and modified DRASTIC models were 36–128 and 55–163, respectively. The vulnerable indices increased from inland districts to coastal areas. The Ba Tri and Binh Dai districts were recorded as having very high vulnerability to salinization, while the Chau Thanh and Cho Lach districts were at a low vulnerability level. From the comparative analysis of the two models, it is obvious that the modified DRASTIC model with the inclusion of a river or canal network and agricultural practices factors enables better performance than the generic DRASTIC model. This enhancement is explained by the significant impact of anthropogenic activities on the salinization of soil water content. This study’s results can be used as scientific implications for planners and decision-makers in river catchment and land-use management practices.

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Processing Effect and Characterization of Olive Oils from Spanish Wild Olive Trees (Olea europaea var. sylvestris)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26051304 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 1304

Author(s):

Francisco Espínola ◽

Alfonso M. Vidal ◽

Juan M. Espínola ◽

Manuel Moya

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Olive Tree ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Point Of View ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Analytical Point ◽

Wild Olive ◽

Olive Trees

Wild olive trees have important potential, but, to date, the oil from wild olives has not been studied significantly, especially from an analytical point of view. In Spain, the wild olive tree is called “Acebuche” and its fruit “Acebuchina”. The objective of this work is to optimize the olive oil production process from the Acebuchina cultivar and characterize the oil, which could be marketed as healthy and functional food. A Box–Behnken experimental design with five central points was used, along with the Response Surface Methodology to obtain a mathematical experimental model. The oils from the Acebuchina cultivar meet the requirements for human consumption and have a good balance of fatty acids. In addition, the oils are rich in antioxidants and volatile compounds. The highest extraction yield, 12.0 g oil/100 g paste, was obtained at 90.0 min and the highest yield of phenolic compounds, 870.0 mg/kg, was achieved at 40.0 °C, and 90.0 min; but the maximum content of volatile compounds, 26.9 mg/kg, was obtained at 20 °C and 30.0 min. The oil yield is lower than that of commercial cultivars, but the contents of volatile and phenolic compounds is higher.

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Controlling the Spatial Spread of a Xylella Epidemic

Bulletin of Mathematical Biology ◽

10.1007/s11538-021-00861-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Sebastian Aniţa ◽

Vincenzo Capasso ◽

Simone Scacchi

Keyword(s):

Spatial Structure ◽

Numerical Simulations ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Xylella Fastidiosa ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Olive Tree ◽

Control Measures ◽

Weed Biomass ◽

Spatial Spread ◽

Olive Trees

AbstractIn a recent paper by one of the authors and collaborators, motivated by the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS) outbreak, which has been ongoing in Southern Italy since 2013, a simple epidemiological model describing this epidemic was presented. Beside the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, the main players considered in the model are its insect vectors, Philaenus spumarius, and the host plants (olive trees and weeds) of the insects and of the bacterium. The model was based on a system of ordinary differential equations, the analysis of which provided interesting results about possible equilibria of the epidemic system and guidelines for its numerical simulations. Although the model presented there was mathematically rather simplified, its analysis has highlighted threshold parameters that could be the target of control strategies within an integrated pest management framework, not requiring the removal of the productive resource represented by the olive trees. Indeed, numerical simulations support the outcomes of the mathematical analysis, according to which the removal of a suitable amount of weed biomass (reservoir of Xylella fastidiosa) from olive orchards and surrounding areas resulted in the most efficient strategy to control the spread of the OQDS. In addition, as expected, the adoption of more resistant olive tree cultivars has been shown to be a good strategy, though less cost-effective, in controlling the pathogen. In this paper for a more realistic description and a clearer interpretation of the proposed control measures, a spatial structure of the epidemic system has been included, but, in order to keep mathematical technicalities to a minimum, only two players have been described in a dynamical way, trees and insects, while the weed biomass is taken to be a given quantity. The control measures have been introduced only on a subregion of the whole habitat, in order to contain costs of intervention. We show that such a practice can lead to the eradication of an epidemic outbreak. Numerical simulations confirm both the results of the previous paper and the theoretical results of the model with a spatial structure, though subject to regional control only.

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First Report of Phytophthora megasperma and Pythium irregulare As Olive Tree Root Pathogens

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1997.81.10.1216b ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (10) ◽

pp. 1216-1216 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. E. Sánchez-Hernández ◽

A. Ruiz-Dávila ◽

A. Trapero-Casas

Keyword(s):

Root Rot ◽

Olive Tree ◽

The United States ◽

Damping Off ◽

Phytophthora Megasperma ◽

Root Rots ◽

Foliar Symptoms ◽

Root Pathogens ◽

Root Necrosis ◽

Olive Trees

Several species of the genus Phytophthora are associated with root rot and trunk cankers in olive trees (Olea europaea L.). Among them, Phytophthora megasperma has been cited as being associated with olive root rots in Greece (1). Unidentified species of Pythium and Phytophthora have also been associated with olive tree root rots in the United States. However, the status of P. megasperma and Pythium spp. as olive tree root pathogens has remained unclear. Following a 5-year period of severe drought in southern Spain, autumn-winter rainfall rates in 1996 to 1997 steadily increased in both quantity and frequency. Under these unusually wet conditions, olive trees remained waterlogged for several months. During this period, we observed foliar wilting, dieback, and death of young trees, and later found extensive root necrosis. In 46 of 49 affected plantations surveyed, P. megasperma was consistently isolated from the rotted rootlets, particularly in young (<1- to 10-year-old trees) plantations. This fungus was not detected on plant material affected by damping-off from several Spanish olive tree nurseries. The opposite situation occurred with P. irregulare. This species was not associated with rotted rootlets in the field. In contrast, it was consistently isolated from necrotic rootlets from young olive plants affected by damping-off. These plants were grown in a sand-lime-peat soil mixture under greenhouse conditions and showed foliar wilting and extensive necrosis of the root systems. Pathogenicity tests were conducted with several isolates of P. megasperma and P. irregulare on 6-month-old rooted cuttings of olive, under both weekly watering and waterlogged conditions. Under waterlogged conditions, both fungal species produced extensive root necrosis 2 weeks after inoculation that resulted in wilting of the aerial parts and rapid plant death. Waterlogged control plants remained without foliar symptoms but a low degree of root necrosis was recorded. In addition, under weekly watering conditions, plants inoculated with either species showed some degree of root rot but foliar symptoms were not evident. No differences in pathogenicity were observed within the Phytophthora or Pythium isolates. Reference: (1) H. Kouyeas and A. Chitzanidis. Ann. Inst. Phytopathol. Benaki 8:175, 1968.

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How Blue Carbon Ecosystems Are Perceived by Local Communities in the Coral Triangle: Comparative and Empirical Examinations in the Philippines and Indonesia

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 127

Author(s):

Jay Mar D. Quevedo ◽

Yuta Uchiyama ◽

Kevin Muhamad Lukman ◽

Ryo Kohsaka

Keyword(s):

Global Climate ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Local Level ◽

Management Strategies ◽

The Philippines ◽

Local Communities ◽

Blue Carbon ◽

Utilization Rate ◽

Coral Triangle ◽

Factors Affecting

Blue carbon ecosystem (BCE) initiatives in the Coral Triangle Region (CTR) are increasing due to their amplified recognition in mitigating global climate change. Although transdisciplinary approaches in the “blue carbon” discourse and collaborative actions are gaining momentum in the international and national arenas, more work is still needed at the local level. The study pursues how BCE initiatives permeate through the local communities in the Philippines and Indonesia, as part of CTR. Using perception surveys, the coastal residents from Busuanga, Philippines, and Karimunjawa, Indonesia were interviewed on their awareness, utilization, perceived threats, and management strategies for BCEs. Potential factors affecting residents’ perceptions were explored using multivariate regression and correlation analyses. Also, a comparative analysis was done to determine distinctions and commonalities in perceptions as influenced by site-specific scenarios. Results show that, despite respondents presenting relatively high awareness of BCE services, levels of utilization are low with 42.9–92.9% and 23.4–85.1% respondents in Busuanga and Karimunjawa, respectively, not directly utilizing BCE resources. Regression analysis showed that respondents’ occupation significantly influenced their utilization rate and observed opposite correlations in Busuanga (positive) and Karimunjawa (negative). Perceived threats are found to be driven by personal experiences—occurrence of natural disasters in Busuanga whereas discerned anthropogenic activities (i.e., land-use conversion) in Karimunjawa. Meanwhile, recognized management strategies are influenced by the strong presence of relevant agencies like non-government and people’s organizations in Busuanga and the local government in Karimunjawa. These results can be translated as useful metrics in contextualizing and/or enhancing BCE management plans specifically in strategizing advocacy campaigns and engagement of local stakeholders across the CTR.

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Detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. Savastanoi, causal agent of olive tuberculosis in two regions of Western Algeria (Ain TÃ©mouchent and Sig)

South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.38150/sajeb.9(2).p64-71 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 64-71

Author(s):

Benyoub Kheira ◽

Kacem Mourad ◽

Kaid-Harche Meriem

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Olive Tree ◽

Causal Agent ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Node Disease ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Leaf Level ◽

Western Algeria ◽

Olive Trees ◽

Tree Leaf

The present study on olive tuberculosis commenced by isolating bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas from the soils and necrosis of collected olive trees. A total of 180 samples were used in this study: (100) rhizospheric soil samples: (60) samples at the region of Ain Témouchent and (40) at the region of Sig in western of Algeria. In total, (80) galls were collected (40) at branch level and (40) galls at olive tree leaf (level). The isolates were identified by microbiological (macroscopic and microscopic examination), physiological (growth in the presence of Salt (NaCl), growth at different pH values and growth at different temperatures) and biochemical methods (the LOPAT and Galeries Api 20 NE test to identify species of the Pseudomonas group and conventional biochemical tests to identify the subspecies P. syringae pv. Savastanoi).This allowed to identify 110 isolates of Pseudomonas (60 isolates of P. aeruginosa, 35 isolates of P. fluorescens and 15 isolates of P. syringae pv Savastanoi the causal agent of olive node disease) which are now part of the collection of Pseudomonas bacteria of the laboratory of the Biotechnology Department (USTO-MB). The selection of technological performance isolates useful for our agriculture could solve phytopathological problems and finally constitute a collection of the bacteria preserved.

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