scholarly journals Interrupted Wet Period (IWP) to Forecast the Aerial Alternaria in Potato Crops of A Limia (Spain)

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meno ◽  
Escuredo ◽  
Rodríguez-Flores ◽  
Seijo
Keyword(s):  
Early Blight ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Minimal Environmental Impact ◽  
Potato Crops

Potato early blight caused by Alternaria solani generates significant economic losses in crops worldwide. Forecasting the risk of infection on crops is indispensable for the management of the fungal disease, ensuring maximum economic benefit but with minimal environmental impact. This work aimed to calculate the interrupted wet periods (IWP) according to the climate conditions of A Limia (Northwest of Spain) to optimize the prediction against early blight in potatoes. The study was performed during nine crop cycles. The relative hourly humidity and Alternaria concentration in the crop environment were taken into account. Alternaria levels were monitored by aerobiological techniques using a LANZONI VPPS-2000 volumetric trap. The relationships between weather conditions and airborne Alternaria concentration were statistically analyzed using Spearman correlations. To establish the effectiveness of wetness periods, the first important Alternaria peak was taken into account in each crop cycle (with a concentration greater than 70 spores/m3). Considering the six interrupted wet periods of the system, it was possible to predict the first peak of Alternaria several days in advance (between 6 and 38 days), except in 2007 and 2018. Automated systems to predict the initiation of early blight in potato crop, such as interrupted wet periods, could be an effective basis for developing decision support systems. The incorporation of aerobiological data for the calculation of interrupted wet periods improved the results of this system.

FERTILIZES EFFECTIVENESS DEPENDING ON WEATHER CONDITION UNDER POTATOES CULTIVATION ON DRAINED LANDS

1970 ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
L. I. Petrova ◽  
Yu. I. Mitrofanov ◽  
N. K. Pervushina ◽  
V. N. Lapushkina
Keyword(s):  
Potato Crop ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Closed Drainage ◽  
Favorable State ◽  
Potato Crops

The article presents the results of studies in 2011-2019. to study the effect of various fertilizer norms, weather conditions on the yield and quality of potato products, soil water regime, photosynthetic activity, payment of 1 kg a.v. fertilizers with a crop increase in the conditions of the Tver region. The experiment is based on sod-podzolic light loamy drained soil with closed drainage. Potatoes were grown in 3 variants: without fertilizers, average norms and high norms. Weather conditions during the years of research (according to G.T. Selyaninov) are divided into groups: excessively humid, moist and arid. The moisture content of the arable layer of the soil under planting of potatoes, according to the gradations of these years, the average vegetation period was 73, 60, 39% of the lowest moisture capacity. A more favorable state of the water-air regime of the soil during the cultivation of potatoes according to the ridge technology during the growing season was formed in excessively wet years, in the wet years the plants experienced a lack of moisture in certain phases, especially during the period from tuberization  to ripening. In dry years, plants experienced a large lack of moisture throughout the growing season. On average, according to the experimental variants, a higher potato crop was formed in excessively wet years compared to wet years by 21%, and with dry ones by 68%. The use of fertilizers had a positive effect on the formation of potato crops and depended on weather conditions. A greater effect from the use of fertilizers was noted in excessively wet years, with average rates the yield increased by 32.2 t / ha, at high - by 41.5, in wet - by 10.3 and 14.9, respectively, in dry - by 11.0 and 16.8. The share of weather conditions in crop variability was 23%, fertilizers - 61%.

scholarly journals Implementing the modified potato blight risk forecasting model in the Republic of Ireland – the New Irish Rules

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padraig Flattery ◽  
Klara Finkele ◽  
Mladen Cucak ◽  
Steven Kildea ◽  
Rowan Fealy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Potato Blight ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
The Republic

<p> </p><p>Potato late blight caused by oomycete <em>Phytophthora infestans</em> (Mont) De Bary, is arguably the most important disease of potato in terms of economic losses and environmental and economic impact of the disease management in Ireland and globally. The pathogen spreads rapidly in humid weather in the foliage of potatoes and tomatoes, causing the foliage to decay and the infection of the potato/tomato. Due to the pathogen’s dependence on weather conditions, a number of forecasting methods have been developed to reduce the input of pesticides and fungicides required to control the disease. Blight is of particular significance to Ireland, following the decimation of the potato crop in the 1850s which, among other colonial factors, contributed to widespread famine, emigration and death. Until recently, blight in Ireland has been forecast using the Irish Rules. The model was developed in the 1950s and calibrated based on the sparse meteorological station coverage at the time and lower risk perception by growers.</p><p> </p><p>Since then, the understanding of the pathogen’s development and its relationship to meteorological situation has advanced. This has led to the development of a modified open-source Irish Rules model written in R which facilitates improved forecasting and seasonal re-evaluation of the Irish Rules (Cucak et al., 2019). The new method reduces the threshold for relative humidity from 90% to 88% and the initial (sporulation) period from 12 hours to 10 hours, the analysis also showed thresholds for blight epidemics could be changed from 10°C to 12°C. Though risk estimation has increased compared to the previous rules, estimated chemical usage is still lower compared to standard grower’s practice. The new methodology is now referred to as the New Irish Rules.</p><p> </p><p>This research presents the implementation of this new blight forecasting model in Met Éireann’s operational infrastructure, ensuring methods for forecasting blight are as up-to-date as possible and are using industry-wide best-practice.</p><p>References: </p><p>Cucak, M., Sparks, A., Moral, R. D. A., Kildea, S., Lambkin, K., & Fealy, R. (2019). Evaluation of the ‘Irish rules’: the potato late blight forecasting model and its operational use in the Republic of Ireland. <em>Agronomy</em>, 9(9), 515.</p>

scholarly journals Aerial Concentrations of Pathogens Causing Early Blight and Brown Spot Within Susceptible Potato Fields

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1425-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunping Ding ◽  
Douglas I. Rouse ◽  
Kiana Meinholz ◽  
Amanda J. Gevens
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Similar Disease ◽  
Plant Families

Early blight caused by Alternaria solani and brown spot caused by A. alternata are two common foliar diseases of potato, with early blight typically predominating in incidence and severity. Renewed interest in these two diseases has arisen as a result of notable differences in fungicide resistance profiles of the pathogens and inconsistent outcomes of disease management tactics. The pathogens share similar disease cycles, but they differ in the shape and size of their conidia. A. solani has a host range that includes just the Solanaceae, whereas A. alternata has a broad host range spanning numerous plant families. Such differences may result in differences in dispersal of the pathogens and subsequently influence epidemiology and management outcomes. In the commercial potato fields investigated in this study, the aerial conidial concentrations of A. solani and A. alternata differed significantly, with those of A. alternata conidia being higher in number and more variable than those of A. solani. The aerial conidial concentration of A. solani almost always significantly decreased with height (0 to 3 m above the canopy), whereas such a decrease was only observed for 4 of 12 days for A. alternata. The atmospheric concentrations of A. alternata were higher than those of A. solani at both upwind and downwind edges of the field (P < 0.0001), indicating more potential for long-distance dispersal. A higher aerial concentration of conidia at the downwind than the upwind location was observed for A. solani (P < 0.05), whereas overall no such effect was observed for A. alternata. This indicated that the potato fields investigated were likely the source of A. solani conidia, but they may not be the sole source of A. alternata. Results are consistent with inoculum of A. solani coming primarily from within the potato crop, whereas that of A. alternata may be generated from diverse plant sources across the landscape.

scholarly journals First Report of In-Vitro Boscalid-Resistant Isolates of Alternaria solani Causing Early Blight of Potato in Idaho

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wharton ◽  
K. Fairchild ◽  
A. Belcher ◽  
E. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Early Blight ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Spore Morphology ◽  
First Report ◽  
The Impact

Early blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum) is caused by Alternaria solani and occurs annually to some degree in Idaho. The timing of its appearance and rate of disease progress determine the impact on the potato crop. Though losses rarely exceed 20%, they can be higher and occur in stored potatoes if the disease is not controlled. Early blight is managed mainly by cultural practices such as plant nutrition, water management, and avoidance of plant stress, but also with the use of foliar fungicides. Currently, the main fungicides labeled for control of early blight are in the carboxamide and strobilurin fungicide groups. Development of resistance to some fungicide groups may contribute to the loss of control of early blight. Isolates of A. solani from Idaho potatoes were tested for resistance to boscalid in the carboxamide group. Diseased potato leaves with early blight symptoms were collected from fields near Parma, Rupert, and Aberdeen in southern Idaho in 2009 and 2010 and Bonners Ferry in northern Idaho in 2010. To obtain A. solani isolates from leaves, small pieces of leaf tissue (5 × 5 mm) were taken from the center of early blight lesions and streaked across the surface of a thin layer (3 mm) of water agar. Plates were incubated at 25°C overnight to allow spores to germinate. Single germinated A. solani spores were transferred to acidified potato dextrose agar and incubated in the dark at 25°C. Germinated spores were identified based on spore morphology. Spores of A. solani can be easily distinguished from other Alternaria spp. found on potato because they are ellipsoid to oblong and taper to a long beak that is usually as long as the spore body. The identity of cultures grown from single spores was confirmed by colony and spore morphology. Sensitivity of A. solani isolates to boscalid was determined by the spiral gradient endpoint method (2). For all isolates, the effective concentration for 50% reduction in growth was outside the range of the spiral plate dilution series (i.e., isolates were either completely insensitive or completely sensitive to boscalid). In total, 46 isolates (20 collected in 2009 and 26 collected in 2010) were tested against boscalid. Experiments were carried out twice with 2009 isolates using mycelial strips and conidial suspensions. Experiments with 2010 isolates were carried out three times using only conidial suspensions. Of the isolates from 2009, 15% were insensitive. There was no difference between the use of mycelial strips or conidial suspensions. In 2010, 62% of isolates were insensitive. By location, 72% of isolates from Parma, 73% from Rupert, 63% from Aberdeen, and 44% from Bonners Ferry were insensitive. Resistance to boscalid has been reported in A. alternata isolates from pistachio (1,3). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of resistance to boscalid in isolates of A. solani on potato. These data suggest that resistance to boscalid is widespread in Idaho, even in areas like Bonners Ferry where potato cultivation is limited. Boscalid insensitivity in vitro may not translate directly to commercial production and currently there is no evidence to suggest that boscalid has failed to control early blight in Idaho. However, the discovery of insensitive isolates suggests that boscalid should be considered at high risk of resistance development. References: (1) H. Avenot et al. Plant Dis. 91:1345, 2007. (2) H. Förster et al. Phytopathology 94:163, 2004. (3) N. Rosenzweig et al. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 93(suppl.):S75, 2003.

scholarly journals Efficacy of modern fungicides against tomato alternaria blotch

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
M. Dzham ◽  
S. Mykhailenko
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Specific Composition ◽  
Alternaria Blotch

Goal. To determine the species composition of early blight on tomatoes and to establish the technical effectiveness of modern fungicides. Methods. The research was conducted in 2019—2020 in Cherkasy, PE «Poretsky» on tomatoes variety Zagadka. Weather conditions of the growing season favored the intensive disease development. Plot size — 10 m2 in 4 replicates, placement of plots — randomized. Agricultural techniques are common for the growing area. To determine the species composition of pathogens, during the growing season samples of plants with typical symptoms were taken. Isolation of phytopathogen in pure culture and their identification was carried out in the laboratory according to conventional methods. To determine the technical effectiveness of fungicides the following fungicides were used: Zorvek Incantia, SE (0.5 l/ ha), Orvego, KS (1.0 l/ha), Quadris 250 SC, hp (1.0 l/ha), Quadris Top 325 SC, KS (0.6 l/ha), Cabrio Duo, KE (2.5 l/ha), Signum, VG (0.3 kg/ha), Thanos 50, VG (1.0 kg/ha). Results. As a result of research, it was found that during the growing season early blight was the most common. According to our research, the disease is caused by two species of the pathogen Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. and Altrenaria solani Sorauer. We found that almost 70% of isolated and identified isolates were classified as Alternaria solani. For protecting of tomatoes against early blight following fungicides were used: Zorvek Inkantiya, CE (0,5 l/hectare), Orvego, KS (1,0 l/h), Kvadris 250 SC (1.0 l/ hectare ), Kvadris Top 325 SC (0.6 l/h), Kabrio Duo, KE (2.5 l/h), Signum, VG (0.3 kg/h), Tanos 50, VG (1.0 kg/h). Technical efficiency of them was 55.6—78.6%, and the stored harvest — 5.11—6.62 t/ha. Conclusions. As a result of researches we specified specific composition of early blight of tomatoes. It is set that disease is caused by two species: Alternaria alternata and Alternaria solani, that are different in anatomo-morphological properties. It is established that to protect tomatoes from Alternaria, it is advisable to apply the following fungicides: Kvadris 250 SC (1.0 l/h), Kvadris Top 325 SC (0.6 l/h), Kabrio Duo, KE (2.5 l/h).

Prospects of spring wheat cultivation in the conditions of arid Volga region

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Valery Genadievich Popov ◽  
Andrey Vladimirovich Panfilov ◽  
Yuriy Vyacheslavovich Bondarenko ◽  
Konstantin Mikhailovich Doronin ◽  
Evgeny Nikolaevih Martynov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Wheat Cultivation ◽  
Forest Belts ◽  
Clear Differentiation ◽  
The Impact

The article analyzes the experience of the impact of the system of forest belts and mineral fertilizers on the yield of spring wheat, including on irrigated lands. Vegetation irrigation is designed to maintain the humidity of the active soil layer from germination to maturation at the lower level of the optimum-70-75%, and in the phases of tubulation-earing - flowering - 75-80% NV. However, due to the large differences in zones and microzones of soil and climate conditions and due to the weather conditions of individual years, wheat irrigation regimes require a clear differentiation. In the Volga region in the dry autumn rainfalls give the norm of 800-1000 m3/ha, and in saline soils – 1000-1300 and 3-4 vegetation irrigation at tillering, phases of booting, earing and grain formation the norm 600-650 m3/ha. the impact of the system of forest belts, mineral fertilizers on the yield of spring wheat is closely tied to the formation of microclimate at different distances from forest edges.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Neural Network-Based Short-Term Solar Irradiation Forecasts

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3030
Author(s):  
Simon Liebermann ◽  
Jung-Sup Um ◽  
YoungSeok Hwang ◽  
Stephan Schlüter
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Lstm Network ◽  
The Time Domain

Due to the globally increasing share of renewable energy sources like wind and solar power, precise forecasts for weather data are becoming more and more important. To compute such forecasts numerous authors apply neural networks (NN), whereby models became ever more complex recently. Using solar irradiation as an example, we verify if this additional complexity is required in terms of forecasting precision. Different NN models, namely the long-short term (LSTM) neural network, a convolutional neural network (CNN), and combinations of both are benchmarked against each other. The naive forecast is included as a baseline. Various locations across Europe are tested to analyze the models’ performance under different climate conditions. Forecasts up to 24 h in advance are generated and compared using different goodness of fit (GoF) measures. Besides, errors are analyzed in the time domain. As expected, the error of all models increases with rising forecasting horizon. Over all test stations it shows that combining an LSTM network with a CNN yields the best performance. However, regarding the chosen GoF measures, differences to the alternative approaches are fairly small. The hybrid model’s advantage lies not in the improved GoF but in its versatility: contrary to an LSTM or a CNN, it produces good results under all tested weather conditions.

scholarly journals Isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes in an apple orchard in Southern Brazil and its virulence to Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae, under laboratory conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Foelkel ◽  
M. Voss ◽  
L. B. Monteiro ◽  
G. Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Anastrepha Fraterculus

Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are a promising alternative to integrated control in many fruit pests. Few studies were made on the relationship of Anastrepha fraterculus natural population with native EPNs population and other biotic and abiotic factors. The aim of this work was to verify the occurrence of endemic nematodes in an apple orchard, concerning environmental conditions and technical procedure, and access isolates virulence to A. fraterculus larvae. The experiment was conducted during a year taking monthly soil samples from an apple orchard, with and without fallen fruits just above the soil. Samples were baited with Tenebrium molitor and A. fraterculus larvae in laboratory. Canopy and fallen fruits were sampled to access the pest infestation. Seventy three EPN isolates were captured, in 23.2% soil samples, more with T. molitor than with A. fraterculus baits. From the 20 isolates tested against A. fraterculus, only five were pathogenic, and they were identified as Oscheius sp. The nematodes were captured during all seasons in a similar frequency. Soil and weather conditions, presence of fruit over the orchard soil, and A. fraterculus pupae in the fruits had no significant influence on the capture. As a conclusion, nematodes of the genera Oscheius are found in an apple orchard of Porto Amazonas constantly along the year, independently of fluctuations in A. fraterculus population, climate conditions and presence of fruit over the soil. Some of the isolates are pathogenic to A. fraterculus.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Pseudomonas species in the management of tomato early blight pathogen Alternaria solani

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 972-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Abiodun ◽  
Best Igbinosa Osaretin ◽  
Tope Alori Elizabeth ◽  
Oluwafemi Ademiluyi Benson ◽  
Patrick Aluko Ajibola
Keyword(s):  
Early Blight ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Pseudomonas Species

scholarly journals Risk Analysis and Management of Moored Ships in Ports

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana V. Pinheiro ◽  
Conceição J. E. M. Fortes ◽  
João A. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Modular System ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
Port Areas

The risks associated with mooring of ships are a major concern for port and maritime authorities. Sea waves and extreme weather conditions can lead to excessive movements of vessels and mooring loads affecting the safety of ships, cargo, passengers, crew or port infrastructures. Normally, port activities such as ships’ approach manoeuvres and loading/unloading operations, are conditioned or suspended based solely on weather or wave forecasts, causing large economic losses. Nevertheless, it has been shown that some of the most hazardous events with moored ships happen on days with mild sea and wind conditions, being the culprit long waves and resonance phenomena. Bad weather conditions can be managed with an appropriate or reinforced mooring arrangement. A correct risk assessment must be based on the movements of the ship and on the mooring loads, taking into account all the moored ship’s system. In this paper, the development of a forecast and warning system based on the assessment of risks associated with moored ships in port areas, SWAMS ALERT, is detailed. This modular system can be scaled and adapted to any port, providing decision-makers with accurate and complete information on the behaviour of moored ships, movements and mooring loads, allowing a better planning and integrated management of port areas.

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