scholarly journals Association of TMEM8B and SPAG8 with Mature Weight in Sheep

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2391
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ulas Cinar ◽  
Michelle R. Mousel ◽  
Maria K. Herndon ◽  
J. Bret Taylor ◽  
Stephen N. White
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Signature Of Selection ◽  
Organism Growth ◽  
Mature Weight ◽  
Sheep Production

Signature of selection studies have identified many genomic regions with known functional importance and some without verified functional roles. Multiple studies have identified Transmembrane protein 8B (TMEM8B)rs426272889 as having been recently under extreme selection pressure in domesticated sheep, but no study has provided sheep phenotypic data clarifying a reason for extreme selection. We tested rs426272889 for production trait association in 770 U.S. Rambouillet, Targhee, Polypay, and Suffolk sheep. TMEM8Brs426272889 was associated with mature weight at 3 and 4 years (p < 0.05). This suggested selection for sheep growth and body size might explain the historical extreme selection pressure in this genomic region. We also tested Sperm-associated antigen 8 (SPAG8) rs160159557 encoding a G493C substitution. While this variant was associated with mature weights at ages 3 and 4, it was not as strongly associated as TMEM8Brs426272889. Transmembrane protein 8B has little functional information except as an inhibitor of cancer cell proliferation. To our knowledge, this is the first study linking TMEM8B to whole organism growth and body size under standard conditions. Additional work will be necessary to identify the underlying functional variant(s). Once identified, such variants could be used to improve sheep production through selective breeding.

Egg size, prey size, and sexual size dimorphism in digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 2187-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Male Size ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Female Body Size ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Apparent Association

Female digger wasps invest substantially in each of their offspring, laying relatively few, large eggs and providing the young with the insect prey on which they depend for food. In a study of six species in the genera Philanthus, Bembecinus, and Bembix, it was found that within each species, there is a positive correlation between female body size and both the size of their ovarial eggs and the size of the prey they provision. In five of the six species, females were larger than males on average. It is suggested that the apparent association between body size and certain aspects of parental investment by females may provide the directional selection pressure that results in the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in digger wasps. In one species, males and females have the same mean size, probably because, in this species, selection pressure on male size is similar to that on females.

scholarly journals A Genome Scan for Genes Underlying Adult Body Size Differences between Central African Pygmies and their Non-Pygmy Neighbors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor J. Pemberton ◽  
Paul Verdu ◽  
Noémie S. Becker ◽  
Cristen J. Willer ◽  
Barry S. Hewlett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Genetic Admixture ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Standing Height ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
A Genome ◽  
African Pygmies

AbstractBackgroundCentral African hunter-gatherer Pygmy populations have reduced body size compared with their often much larger agricultural non-Pygmy neighbors, potentially reflecting adaptation to the anatomical and physiological constraints of their lifestyle in tropical rainforests. Earlier studies investigating the genetics of the pygmy phenotype have focused on standing height, one aspect of this complex phenotype that is itself a composite of skeletal components with different growth patterns. Here, we extend the investigations of standing height to the variability and genetic architecture of sitting height and subischial leg length as well as body mass index (BMI) in a sample of 406 unrelated West Central African Pygmies and non-Pygmies.ResultsIn addition to their significantly reduced standing height compared with non-Pygmies, we find Pygmies to have significantly shorter sitting heights and subischial leg lengths as well as higher sitting/standing height ratios than non-Pygmies. However, while male Pygmies had significantly lower BMI compared with male non-Pygmies, the BMI of females were instead similar. Consistent with prior observations with standing height, sitting height and subischial leg length were strongly correlated with inferred levels of non-Pygmy genetic admixture while BMI was instead weakly correlated, likely reflecting the greater contribution of non-genetic factors to the determination of body weight compared with height. Using 196,725 SNPs on the Illumina Cardio-MetaboChip with genotypes on 358 Pygmy and 169 non-Pygmy individuals together with single-and multi-marker association approaches, we identified a single genomic region and seven genes associated with Pygmy/non-Pygmy categorization as well as 9, 10, 9, and 10 genes associated with standing and sitting height, sitting/standing height ratio, and subischial leg length, respectively. Many of the genes identified have putative functions consistent with a role in determining their associated trait as well as the complex Central African pygmy phenotype.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the potential of modestly sized datasets of Pygmies and non-Pygmies to detect biologically meaningful associations with traits contributing to the Central African pygmy phenotype. Moreover, they provide new insights into the phenotypic and genetic bases of the complex pygmy phenotype and offer new opportunities to facilitate our understanding of its complex evolutionary origins.

Relationships between pre-weaning growth, post-weaning growth and mature body size in Chios sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Mavrogenis ◽  
A. Constantinou
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Pedigree Information ◽  
Mature Weight ◽  
Chios Sheep ◽  
Birth Type

ABSTRACTThe study examined early measures of growth and their relationships with mature body size. Data on 792 purebred females of the Chios breed, born and reared on two experimental farms between 1978 and 1986, were analysed. Pedigree information and records on live weight at birth, at weaning, 105 days of age and at first and subsequent matings was recorded. There were flock-year differences for all traits studied (P < 0·01) and birth type was important for all traits except post-weaning growth rate. Dam lactation number had no significant effect on birth weight and pre-weaning growth rate, but it significantly affected all subsequent weights and post-weaning growth rate. Estimated heritabilities increased with age and ranged from 0·13 (s.e. 0·14) (birth weight) to 0·30 (s.e. 0·15) (mature weight). Genetic correlations were generally positive between weights and growth traits. Phenotypic correlations were positive and followed the pattern of the genetic correlations. The results suggest that selection for 105-day weight will result in increased mature weight.

scholarly journals TMEM120A contains a specific coenzyme A-binding site and might not mediate poking- or stretch-induced channel activities in cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Rong ◽  
Jinghui Jiang ◽  
Yiwei Gao ◽  
Jianli Guo ◽  
Danfeng Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coenzyme A ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Tryptophan Residue ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Membrane Spanning ◽  
In Cells

TMEM120A, a member of the Transmembrane protein 120 (TMEM120) family, has pivotal function in adipocyte differentiation and metabolism, and may also contribute to sensing mechanical pain by functioning as an ion channel named TACAN. Here we report that expression of TMEM120A is not sufficient in mediating poking- or stretch-induced currents in cells, and have solved cryo-EM structures of human TMEM120A (HsTMEM120A) in complex with an endogenous metabolic cofactor (coenzyme A, CoASH) and in the apo form. HsTMEM120A forms a symmetrical homodimer with each monomer containing an amino-terminal coiled-coil motif followed by a transmembrane domain with six membrane-spanning helices. Within the transmembrane domain, a CoASH molecule is hosted in a deep cavity and forms specific interactions with nearby amino acid residues. Mutation of a central tryptophan residue involved in binding CoASH dramatically reduced the binding affinity of HsTMEM120A with CoASH. HsTMEM120A exhibits distinct conformations at the states with or without CoASH bound. Our results suggest that TMEM120A may have alternative functional roles potentially involved in CoASH transport, sensing or metabolism.

scholarly journals TMEM120A contains a specific coenzyme A-binding site and might not mediate poking- or stretch-induced channel activities in cells

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Rong ◽  
Jinghui Jiang ◽  
Yiwei Gao ◽  
Jianli Guo ◽  
Danfeng Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coenzyme A ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Tryptophan Residue ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Membrane Spanning ◽  
In Cells

TMEM120A, a member of the Transmembrane protein 120 (TMEM120) family, has pivotal function in adipocyte differentiation and metabolism, and may also contribute to sensing mechanical pain by functioning as an ion channel named TACAN. Here we report that expression of TMEM120A is not sufficient in mediating poking- or stretch-induced currents in cells, and have solved cryo-EM structures of human TMEM120A (HsTMEM120A) in complex with an endogenous metabolic cofactor (coenzyme A, CoASH) and in the apo form. HsTMEM120A forms a symmetrical homodimer with each monomer containing an amino-terminal coiled-coil motif followed by a transmembrane domain with six membrane-spanning helices. Within the transmembrane domain, a CoASH molecule is hosted in a deep cavity and forms specific interactions with nearby amino acid residues. Mutation of a central tryptophan residue involved in binding CoASH dramatically reduced the binding affinity of HsTMEM120A with CoASH. HsTMEM120A exhibits distinct conformations at the states with or without CoASH bound. Our results suggest that TMEM120A may have alternative functional roles potentially involved in CoASH transport, sensing or metabolism.

scholarly journals Functional Importance of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels in Neurological Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kihwan Lee ◽  
Youn Yi Jo ◽  
Gehoon Chung ◽  
Jung Hoon Jung ◽  
Yong Ho Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Trp Channels ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Transient Receptor

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are transmembrane protein complexes that play important roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nerve system (PNS). TRP channels function as non-selective cation channels that are activated by several chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli as well as by pH, osmolarity, and several endogenous or exogenous ligands, second messengers, and signaling molecules. On the pathophysiological side, these channels have been shown to play essential roles in the reproductive system, kidney, pancreas, lung, bone, intestine, as well as in neuropathic pain in both the CNS and PNS. In this context, TRP channels have been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and epilepsy. Herein, we focus on the latest involvement of TRP channels, with a special emphasis on the recently identified functional roles of TRP channels in neurological disorders related to the disruption in calcium ion homeostasis.

Effects of altering the plane of nutrition during the rearing phase and pregnancy of 2-tooth ewes, of two genotypes, on ewe and subsequent lamb performance

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 70-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
T W J Keady ◽  
J P Hanrahan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Potential Interactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Main Factor

Ewe replacements are a major cost in sheep production. This cost is influenced by replacement rate and rearing expense which is a function of plane of nutrition offered during the first winter, subsequent grazing season prior to joining at 18 months of age and during pregnancy prior to lambing as 2-tooth ewes. There is a paucity of data on the impact of plane of nutrition between 6 months of age and first lambing as 2-tooth ewes on body size and subsequent productivity. The weight of lamb carcass produced per ewe, which is influenced by litter size, lamb survival and growth rate, is the main factor affecting output per ewe. Plane of nutrition at different stages during the rearing phase, genetic potential for prolificacy and their potential interactions may be important. The aim of the current study was to evaluate effects of plane of nutrition during the first winter, subsequent grazing season and during first pregnancy, and potential interactions, on ewe body size and productivity and subsequent lamb performance using two breed types with contrasting prolificacy potential.

scholarly journals Functional roles of the membrane-associated AAV protein MAAP

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Galibert ◽  
Amira Hyvönen ◽  
Reetta A. E. Eriksson ◽  
Salla Mattola ◽  
Vesa Aho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Production ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Capsid Integrity ◽  
Unique Domain ◽  
Coding Capacity

AbstractWith a limited coding capacity of 4.7 kb, adeno-associated virus (AAV) genome has evolved over-lapping genes to maximise the usage of its genome. An example is the recently found ORF in the cap gene, encoding membrane-associated accessory protein (MAAP), located in the same genomic region as the VP1/2 unique domain, but in a different reading frame. This 13 KDa protein, unique to the dependovirus genus, is not homologous to any known protein. Our studies confirm that MAAP translation initiates from the first CTG codon found in the VP1 ORF2. We have further observed MAAP localised in the plasma membrane, in the membranous structures in close proximity to the nucleus and to the nuclear envelope by co-transfecting with plasmids encoding the wild-type AAV (wt-AAV) genome and adenovirus (Ad) helper genes. While keeping VP1/2 protein sequence identical, both inactivation and truncation of MAAP translation affected the emergence and intracellular distribution of the AAV capsid proteins. We have demonstrated that MAAP facilitates AAV replication and has a role in controlling Ad infection. Additionally, we were able to improve virus production and capsid integrity through a C-terminal truncation of MAAP while other modifications led to increased packaging of contaminating, non-viral DNA. Our results show that MAAP plays a significant role in AAV infection, with profound implications for the production of therapeutic AAV vectors.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Association Analysis for Liveweight Traits in Braunvieh Cattle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Zepeda-Batista ◽  
Rafael Nuñez-Domínguez ◽  
Rodolfo Ramírez-Valverde ◽  
Agustín Ruíz-Flores ◽  
Francisco Joel Jahuey-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Minichromosome Maintenance ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

Abstract A genome-wide association study (GWAS) for liveweight traits of Braunvieh cattle was performed. The study included 300 genotyped animals by the GeneSeek® Genomic Profiler Bovine LDv.4 panel; after quality control, 22,734 SNP and 276 animals were maintained in the analysis. The examined phenotypic data considered birth, weaning, and yearling weights. The association analysis was performed using the principal components method via the egscore function of the GenABEL version 1.8-0 package in the R environment. The marker rs133262280 located in BTA 22 was associated with birth weight, and two SNPs were associated with weaning weight, rs43668789 (BTA 11) and rs136155567 (BTA 27). New QTL associated with these liveweight traits and four positional and functional candidate genes potentially involved in variations of the analyzed traits were identified. The most important genes in these genomic regions were MCM2 (minichromosome maintenance complex component 2), TPRA1 (transmembrane protein adipocyte associated 1), GALM (galactose mutarotase), and NRG1 (neuregulin 1), with relationships with embryonic cleavage, bone and tissue growth, cell adhesion, and organic development. This study is the first to present a GWAS conducted in Braunvieh cattle in Mexico and represents a basis for future research. Further analyses of found associated regions will clarify its contribution to the genetic basis of growth-related traits.

scholarly journals Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein: A Moonlighting Protein Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection or in Support of Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma?

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (S1) ◽  
pp. 241-242
Author(s):  
Rinki Minakshi
Keyword(s):  
Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Transmembrane Proteins ◽  
Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Ductal Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Cancer Migration ◽  
Tissue Specimens

The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs), widely acting against invading viruses are ubiquitously expressed on the cellular membranes, were previously known for their prominent role in tumorigenesis. Studies productively showed that the entry restriction on SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein agreeably involved the action of frontier IFITM1, 2 and 3. On the contrary, overexpression of IFITM3 has been reported in Invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) tissue specimens where lentivirus-delivered shRNA resulted in targeted silencing of IFITM3 mRNA expression. Despite acting protective against virus infection, expression of IFITM favors cancer migration as seen in IDC. The existence of such a phenomenon wherein a choice is made by the selection pressure on IFITM allele frequency in human population between opposing roles of the protein, needs to be untangled.

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