scholarly journals Animal Personality and Conservation: Basics for Inspiring New Research

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019
Author(s):  
Cristiano Schetini de Azevedo ◽  
Robert John Young
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Stress Resilience ◽  
Physiological Differences ◽  
Evaluating Methods ◽  
New Research

The number of animal species threatened with extinction are increasing every year, and biologists are conducting animal translocations, as one strategy, to try to mitigate this situation. Furthermore, researchers are evaluating methods to increase translocation success, and one area that shows promise is the study of animal personality. Animal personality can be defined as behavioral and physiological differences between individuals of the same species, which are stable in time and across different contexts. In the present paper, we discuss how animal personality can increase the success of translocation, as well as in the management of animals intended for translocation by evaluating personality characteristics of the individuals. Studies of the influence of birthplace, parental behavior, stress resilience, and risk assessment can be important to select the most appropriate individuals to be released. Finally, we explain the two methods used to gather personality data.

scholarly journals Sexual offending hierarchies, personality attributions, and the clinical implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Elizabeth Challinor ◽  
Simon Duff
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Sexual Offence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine sexual offending hierarchies constructed by the general public and forensic staff based on personal attitudes and perceived severity of offence. In addition, six sexual offence perpetrators are differentiated using the Five Factor Model of personality. Design/methodology/approach Vignettes represented six sexual offence perpetrators. Participants built a hierarchy based on perceived severity of offence, before attributing personality characteristics to each offender using a Likert-type scale. Findings Contact offenders were perceived as more dangerous than non-contact offenders. Rapists were perceived as the most dangerous, and voyeurs the least dangerous. Offenders were attributed significantly different personality traits. Generally, men who sexually offend are perceived to be low in agreeableness, openness and conscientiousness and high in impulsivity, manipulativeness and neuroticism. Practical implications The research highlights the importance of individual risk assessment in determining best practice treatment for men who have sexually offended (MSO). The Five Factor Model has been proven to be a useful tool to explore the impact staff attitudes have on risk assessment and treatment. Low-risk and high-risk MSO would benefit from divergent treatment. Consideration should be given to personality characteristics in addition to level of risk. Originality/value The research determines a hierarchy of men who sexually offend, and goes beyond the “label” of sexual offenders to explore how personality impacts on formation of attitudes.

scholarly journals Agonistic experience during development establishes inter-individual differences in approach-avoidance behaviour of crickets

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia S. Balsam ◽  
Paul A. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Directional Response ◽  
Approach Avoidance

AbstractMembers of numerous animal species show consistent inter-individual differences in behaviours, but the forces generating animal “personality” or individuality remain unclear. We show that experiences gathered solely from social conflict can establish consistent differences in the decision of male crickets to approach or avoid a stimulus directed at one antenna. Adults isolated for 48 h from a colony already exhibit behavioural differences. Prior to staging a single dyadic contest, prospective winners approached the stimulus whereas prospective losers turned away, as they did also after fighting. In contrast, adults raised as nymphs with adult males present but isolated from them as last instar nymphs, all showed avoidance. Furthermore, adults raised without prior adult contact, showed no preferred directional response. However, following a single fight, winners from both these groups showed approach and losers avoidance, but this difference lasted only one day. In contrast, after 6 successive wins or defeats, the different directional responses of multiple winners and losers remained consistent for at least 6 days. Correlation analysis revealed examples of consistent inter-individual differences in the direction and magnitude of turning responses, which also correlated with individual aggressiveness and motility. Together our data reveal that social subjugation, or lack thereof, during post-embryonic and early adult development forges individuality and supports the notion of a proactive–reactive syndrome in crickets.

A Risk Assessment Method and Safety Plan for a University Research Lab

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory G. Kremer ◽  
Timothy J. Ryan ◽  
Shyler Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Electrostatic Precipitator ◽  
Operating Experience ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Safety Plan ◽  
New Research

Risk management processes follow relatively well established steps, but the hazard identification and risk assessment steps often depend heavily on “experts” with relevant expertise and operating experience. This paper presents a tool developed to help novice researchers identify and assess hazards more efficiently. The hazard identification tool was developed in the form of an updatable algorithm, based initially on previous risk assessments for similar situations as well as checklists and guidelines available from academic texts, Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), and industry. Major risk categories included in the algorithm include: a) Ergonomics and Mechanical, b) Chemical, c) Physical (including Electrical Hazards, Fire Safety, Noise Hazards, and Radiation Hazards), d) Psychological and Organizational, and e) Biological. In the initial test of the algorithm, a team of non-experts used the algorithm to identify risks for two Ohio Coal Research Center (OCRC) projects dealing with solid oxide fuel cell and electrostatic precipitator testing. Their results were comparable to the list of risks generated by a group of “research experts” without the algorithm. Future plans include making the algorithm available on a wiki platform to collaboratively develop it with the combined knowledge, experience and perspectives of all participating researchers. This paper also describes the overall safety plan for the Ohio Coal Research Center (OCRC), which operates within the Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment (ISEE) at Ohio University. An OCRC safety flow diagram is presented that has been successfully used to improve the safety of new research projects being led by new researchers.

A novel method of risk assessment based on improved AHP-Cloud model for freezing pipe fracture

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Fuwei Liu ◽  
Yansen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Cloud Model ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Evaluation Index System ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
New Research

The freezing pipe fracture can cause freezing wall to thaw and even lead to major accidents such as mine flooding easily, which seriously threatens the safety in construction. Therefore, scientific and effective comprehensive risk assessment for freezing pipe fracture is of great significance. In this work, a risk assessment method is put forward based on improved AHP-Cloud model with 19 evaluation indicators. First, the multi-dimension evaluation index system and evaluation model are established, on the basis of in-depth analysis of the risk factors that may lead to accidents. Second, synthesizing the normalization process and the improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the evaluation grade cloud and comprehensive evaluation cloud of freezing pipe fracture can be acquired by using the forward cloud generator. Finally, According to the max-subjection principle and the comprehensive evaluation method, we obtain the risk level of freezing pipe fracture. The model is applied to Yangcun Coal Mine. It has been verified that the risk assessment problem of freezing pipe fracture in freezing sinking can be successfully solved by the model we proposed. Above all, the study offers a new research idea for the risk management of freezing pipe fracture in freeze sinking.

Biokinetics and biokinetic models in risk assessment

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 799-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW van Vliet ◽  
J. de Jongh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Animal Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Route Of Exposure ◽  
High Doses ◽  
General Aspects

Risk assessment ofxenobiotics using animal data involves extrapolation from high doses to low ones, and from animal species to humans. In some cases it also involves extrapolation from one route of exposure to another. To assess the risk of exposure to xenobiotics, information on both biokinetics and biodynamics are needed. The contribution of biokinetics to risk assessment is the subject of this review. The review includes the general aspects of biokinetics of chemicals, the models available to describe the biokinetic behaviour of a chemical and a discussion of the class of biokinetic models that is considered most suited for application to risk assessment: the physiologi cally-based biokinetic (PBBK) models. The power of PBBK models is illustrated with a few examples.

Using Interviews and Psychological Tests in Studies of Independent Actors and Suicide Bombers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Merari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Psychological Tests ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Suicide Bombers ◽  
Suicide Attacks

This chapter describes two studies in which Palestinian assailants underwent interviews and psychological tests intended to learn about factors that influenced their decision to carry out a terrorist attack and their behaviour before, during, and after the attack. The first study examined would-be suicide bombers, a control group of non-suicide terrorists and organizers of suicide attacks, and the second study examined lone-actor assailants. Differences in personality characteristics, psychopathology and motivations for carrying out terrorist attacks were found between the various types of assailants in the two studies. Conclusions pertinent to the issue of terrorists’ risk assessment are discussed.

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