scholarly journals Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacer jejuni on Swine Processing at a Slaughterhouse in Eastern Spain

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1339
Author(s):  
Clara Marin ◽  
Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque ◽  
Judith Moreno-Moliner ◽  
Sandra Sevilla-Navarro ◽  
Estefania Montero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
High Level ◽  
Diffusion Assay ◽  
The Eu

Campylobacteriosis is the most commonly reported gastrointestinal disease in humans in the EU, mainly from poultry meat consumption. C. jejuni is the main species involved in the human disease. However, little is known about the role of swine meat in its epidemiology. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of C. jejuni on swine processing at the slaughterhouse. To this end, a total of 21 pig herds were intensively sampled at the slaughterhouse. Campylobacter isolation was based on official method ISO 10272-1:2018, speciation was determined by the hippurate hydrolysis test, and antibiotic susceptibility was performed according to standard disc diffusion assay. The results showed that all batches shed Campylobacter in faeces upon arrival at the slaughterhouse and remained positive at the end of the slaughtering process (42.8%). Moreover, 41.5% of Campylobacter strains isolated were C. jejuni and all of them were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 96.3% were multidrug-resistant strains. In conclusion, the high level of multidrug-resistant C. jejuni swine batch contamination at the slaughterhouse makes it necessary to include the swine sector in national control programmes to reduce the bacterium and its resistance.

scholarly journals Molecular survey of mcr1 and mcr2 plasmid mediated colistin resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates of animal origin in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayhan Ilbeigi ◽  
Mahdi Askari Badouei ◽  
Hossein Vaezi ◽  
Hassan Zaheri ◽  
Sina Aghasharif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Level ◽  
Farming Industry

Abstract Objectives The emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from human and animal sources is one of the major public health concerns as colistin is the last-resort antibiotic for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. We aimed to determine the prevalence of the prototype widespread colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) among commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from food-producing and companion animals in Iran. Results A total of 607 E. coli isolates which were previously collected from different animal sources between 2008 and 2016 used to uncover the possible presence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) by PCR. Overall, our results could not confirm the presence of any mcr-1 or mcr-2 positive E. coli among the studied isolates. It is concluded that despite the important role of food-producing animals in transferring the antibiotic resistance, they were not the main source for carriage of mcr-1 and mcr-2 in Iran until 2016. This study suggests that the other mcr variants (mcr-3 to mcr-9) might be responsible for conferring colistin resistance in animal isolates in Iran. The possible linkage between pig farming industry and high level of mcr carriage in some countries needs to be clarified in future prospective studies.

scholarly journals The Biology and Role of Interleukin-32 in Tuberculosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Li ◽  
Wanyan Deng ◽  
Jianping Xie
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Host Molecule ◽  
Tuberculosis Control ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Important Host ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with nearly 10.4 million new cases of incidence and over 1.7 million deaths annually. Drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains, especially multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant strains, have further intensified the problem associated with tuberculosis control. Host-directed therapy is a promising alternative for tuberculosis control. IL-32 is increasingly recognized as an important host molecule against tuberculosis. In this review, we highlight the proinflammatory properties of IL-32 and the mode of action of IL-32 in mycobacterial infections to inspire the development of novel immunity-based countermeasures and host-directed therapies against tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Role of embB in natural and acquired resistance to ethambutol in mycobacteria.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2270-2273 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Alcaide ◽  
G E Pfyffer ◽  
A Telenti
Keyword(s):  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
High Level

The mycobacterial embCAB operon encodes arabinosyl transferases, putative targets of the antimycobacterial agent ethambutol (EMB). Mutations in embB lead to resistance to EMB in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The basis for natural, intrinsic resistance to EMB in nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is not known; neither is the practical implication of resistance to EMB in the absence of embB mutations in M. tuberculosis well understood. The conserved embB resistance-determining region (ERDR) of a collection of 13 strains of NTM and 12 EMB-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis was investigated. Genotypes were correlated with drug susceptibility phenotypes. High-level natural resistance to EMB (MIC, . or =64 microg/ml) was associated with a variant amino acid motif in the ERDR of M. abscessus, M. chelonae, and M. leprae. Transfer of the M. abscessus emb allele to M. smegmatis resulted in a 500-fold increase in the MICs. In M. tuberculosis, embB mutations were associated with MICs of > or =20 microg/ml while resistance not associated with an ERDR mutation generally resulted in MICs of < or =10 microg/ml. These data further support the notion that the emb region determines intrinsic and acquired resistance to EMB and might help in the reassessment of the current recommendations for the screening and treatment of infections with EMB-resistant M. tuberculosis and NTM.

scholarly journals Development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Enterococcus faecalis and role of mutations in the DNA gyrase gyrA gene.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 2558-2561 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Tankovic ◽  
F Mahjoubi ◽  
P Courvalin ◽  
J Duval ◽  
R Leclerco
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Gyra Gene ◽  
Single Clone ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
French Hospital ◽  
High Level

We have analyzed the development of fluoroquinolone resistance between 1986 and 1993 among clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis from a French hospital. One hundred randomly selected isolates per year were screened for resistance to ciprofloxacin (MIC > 2 micrograms/ml) and for high-level resistance to gentamicin (MIC > 1,000 micrograms/ml). The percentages of ciprofloxacin-resistant strains for these years were as follows: 1986, 0; 1987, 1; 1988 to 1989, 2; 1990, 6; 1991, 16; 1992, 24; and 1993, 14. Eighty-three percent of the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were coresistant to high levels of gentamicin. Forty-eight high-level gentamicin-resistant E. faecalis strains, which were resistant (24 strains) or susceptible (24 strains) to ciprofloxacin, were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SmaI-digested total DNA. Numerous PFGE types were observed among the ciprofloxacin-susceptible isolates, whereas one type was largely predominant among the ciprofloxacin-resistant strains, which suggests that the increase in fluoroquinolone resistance was due to the spread of a single clone. A 241-bp fragment of gyrA, corresponding to the quinolone resistance-determining region, was amplified and sequenced for seven ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. Six strains had high levels of resistance (MICs, 32 to 64 micrograms/ml) and had a mutation at position 83 (Escherichia coli coordinates) from Ser to Arg (three strains) or to Ile (two strains) or at position 87 from Glu to Gly (one strain), whereas the low-level-resistant isolate (MIC, 8 micrograms/ml) had no mutations.

scholarly journals An Early Response to Environmental Stress Involves Regulation of OmpX and OmpF, Two Enterobacterial Outer Membrane Pore-Forming Proteins

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 3190-3198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrielle Dupont ◽  
Chloë E. James ◽  
Jacqueline Chevalier ◽  
Jean-Marie Pagès
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Membrane Pore ◽  
Bacterial Response ◽  
External Stresses ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Pore Forming Proteins

ABSTRACT Bacterial adaptation to external stresses and toxic compounds is a key step in the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains that are a serious threat to human health. Although some of the proteins and regulators involved in antibiotic resistance mechanisms have been described, no information is available to date concerning the early bacterial response to external stresses. Here we report that the expression of ompX, encoding an outer membrane protein, is increased during early exposure to drugs or environmental stresses. At the same time, the level of ompF porin expression is noticeably affected. Because of the role of these proteins in membrane permeability, these data suggest that OmpF and OmpX are involved in the control of the penetration of antibiotics such as β-lactams and fluoroquinolones through the enterobacterial outer membrane. Consequently, the early control of ompX and ompF induced by external stresses may represent a preliminary response to antibiotics, thus triggering the initial bacterial line of defense against antibiotherapy.

scholarly journals Role of Hypermutability in the Evolution of the Genus Oenococcus

2007 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 564-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Marcobal ◽  
David A. Sela ◽  
Yuri I. Wolf ◽  
Kira S. Makarova ◽  
David A. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Oenococcus Oeni ◽  
Mutation Rates ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Allelic Polymorphism ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT Oenococcus oeni is an alcohol-tolerant, acidophilic lactic acid bacterium primarily responsible for malolactic fermentation in wine. A recent comparative genomic analysis of O. oeni PSU-1 with other sequenced lactic acid bacteria indicates that PSU-1 lacks the mismatch repair (MMR) genes mutS and mutL. Consistent with the lack of MMR, mutation rates for O. oeni PSU-1 and a second oenococcal species, O. kitaharae, were higher than those observed for neighboring taxa, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Sequence analysis of the rpoB mutations in rifampin-resistant strains from both oenococcal species revealed a high percentage of transition mutations, a result indicative of the lack of MMR. An analysis of common alleles in the two sequenced O. oeni strains, PSU-1 and BAA-1163, also revealed a significantly higher level of transition substitutions than were observed in other Lactobacillales species. These results suggest that the genus Oenococcus is hypermutable due to the loss of mutS and mutL, which occurred with the divergence away from the neighboring Leuconostoc branch. The hypermutable status of the genus Oenococcus explains the observed high level of allelic polymorphism among known O. oeni isolates and likely contributed to the unique adaptation of this genus to acidic and alcoholic environments.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activities of RWJ-54428 (MC-02,479) against Multiresistant Gram-Positive Bacteria

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1422-1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Chamberland ◽  
Johanne Blais ◽  
Monica Hoang ◽  
Cynthia Dinh ◽  
Dylan Cotter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT RWJ-54428 (MC-02,479) is a new cephalosporin with a high level of activity against gram-positive bacteria. In a broth microdilution susceptibility test against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), RWJ-54428 was as active as vancomycin, with an MIC at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC90) of 2 μg/ml. For coagulase-negative staphylococci, RWJ-54428 was 32 times more active than imipenem, with an MIC90 of 2 μg/ml. RWJ-54428 was active against S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides (RWJ-54428 MIC range, ≤0.0625 to 1 μg/ml). RWJ-54428 was eight times more potent than methicillin and cefotaxime against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MIC90, 0.5 μg/ml). For ampicillin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis (including vancomycin-resistant and high-level aminoglycoside-resistant strains), RWJ-54428 had an MIC90 of 0.125 μg/ml. RWJ-54428 was also active against Enterococcus faecium, including vancomycin-, gentamicin-, and ciprofloxacin-resistant strains. The potency against enterococci correlated with ampicillin susceptibility; RWJ-54428 MICs ranged between ≤0.0625 and 1 μg/ml for ampicillin-susceptible strains and 0.125 and 8 μg/ml for ampicillin-resistant strains. RWJ-54428 was more active than penicillin G and cefotaxime against penicillin-resistant, -intermediate, and -susceptible strains ofStreptococcus pneumoniae (MIC90s, 0.25, 0.125, and ≤0.0625 μg/ml, respectively). RWJ-54428 was only marginally active against most gram-negative bacteria; however, significant activity was observed against Haemophilus influenzae andMoraxella catarrhalis (MIC90s, 0.25 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively). This survey of the susceptibilities of more than 1,000 multidrug-resistant gram-positive isolates to RWJ-54428 indicates that this new cephalosporin has the potential to be useful in the treatment of infections due to gram-positive bacteria, including strains resistant to currently available antimicrobials.

Multiple-Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from Cecal Contents in Broiler Chicken and Turkey Flocks Slaughtered in Canada and Plasmid Colocalization of tetO and ermB Genes

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1639-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
CINDY-LOVE TREMBLAY ◽  
ANN LETELLIER ◽  
SYLVAIN QUESSY ◽  
MARTINE BOULIANNE ◽  
DANIELLE DAIGNAULT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance

This study was conducted to characterize the antimicrobial resistance determinants and investigate plasmid colocalization of tetracycline and macrolide genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from broiler chicken and turkey flocks in Canada. A total of 387 E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were recovered from poultry cecal contents from five processing plants. The percentages of resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively, were 88.1 and 94% to bacitracin, 0 and 0.9% to chloramphenicol, 0.7 and 14.5% to ciprofloxacin, 72.6 and 80.3% to erythromycin, 3.7 and 41% to flavomycin, 9.6 and 4.3% (high-level resistance) to gentamicin, 25.2 and 17.1% (high-level resistance) to kanamycin, 100 and 94% to lincomycin, 0 and 0% to linezolid, 2.6 and 20.5% to nitrofurantoin, 3 and 27.4% to penicillin, 98.5 and 89.7% to quinupristin-dalfopristin, 7 and 12.8% to salinomycin, 46.7 and 38.5% (high-level resistance) to streptomycin, 95.6 and 89.7% to tetracycline, 73 and 75.2% to tylosin, and 0 and 0% to vancomycin. One predominant multidrug-resistant phenotypic pattern was identified in both E. faecalis and E. faecium (bacitracin, erythromycin, lincomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, tetracycline, and tylosin). These isolates were further examined by PCR and sequencing for the genes encoding their antimicrobial resistance. Various combinations of vatD, vatE, bcrR, bcrA, bcrB, bcrD, ermB, msrC, linB, tetM, and tetO genes were detected, and ermB, tetM, and bcrB were the most common antimicrobial resistance genes identified. For the first time, plasmid extraction and hybridization revealed colocalization of tetO and ermB genes on a ca. 11-kb plasmid in E. faecalis isolates, and filter mating experiments demonstrated its transferability. Results indicate that the intestinal enterococci of healthy poultry, which can contaminate poultry meat at slaughter, could be a reservoir for quinupristin-dalfopristin, bacitracin, tetracycline, and macrolide resistance genes.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Japan, 2001–2006: emergence of high-level fluoroquinolone-resistant strains

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MORITA ◽  
K. HIROSE ◽  
N. TAKAI ◽  
J. TERAJIMA ◽  
H. WATANABE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
High Level

SUMMARYThe phage types and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 226 isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from imported cases in Japan between 2001 and 2006 were investigated. Most (93·8%) had travelled to Asian countries, particularly South East Asia. Twenty-one phage types were identified with E1 (30·5%), UVS (15·9%) and B1 (9·3%) being the most common. The frequency of multidrug-resistant strains reached 37·0% in 2006 with phage types E1 and E9 predominating. Almost half (48·2%) of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and two isolates displayed high-level fluoroquinolone resistance. Three mutations, two in gyrA and one in parC, were identified in both isolates.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Respiratory Tract Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates: Results of the Canadian Respiratory Organism Susceptibility Study, 1997 to 2002

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1867-1874 ◽  
Author(s):  
George G. Zhanel ◽  
Lorraine Palatnick ◽  
Kimberly A. Nichol ◽  
Tracy Bellyou ◽  
Don E. Low ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Intermediate Resistance ◽  
Susceptibility Study ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT A total of 6,991 unique patient isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were collected from October 1997 to June 2002 from 25 medical centers in 9 of the 10 Canadian provinces. Among these isolates, 20.2% were penicillin nonsusceptible, with 14.6% being penicillin intermediate (MIC, 0.12 to 1 μg/ml) and 5.6% being penicillin resistant (MIC, ≥2 μg/ml). The proportion of high-level penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates increased from 2.4 to 13.8% over the last 3 years of the study, and the proportion of multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates increased from 2.7 to 8.8% over the 5-year period. Resistant rates (intermediate and resistant) among non-β-lactam agents were as follows: macrolides, 9.6 to 9.9%; clindamycin, 3.8%; doxycycline, 5.5%; chloramphenicol, 3.9%; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 19.0%. Rates of resistance to non-β-lactam agents were higher among penicillin-resistant strains than among penicillin-susceptible strains. No resistance to vancomycin or linezolid was observed; however, 0.1% intermediate resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin was observed. The rate of macrolide resistance (intermediate and resistant) increased from 7.9 to 11.1% over the 5 years. For the fluoroquinolones, the order of activity based on the MICs at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC50s) and the MIC90s was gemifloxacin > clinafloxacin > trovafloxacin > moxifloxacin > grepafloxacin > gatifloxacin > levofloxacin > ciprofloxacin. The investigational compounds ABT-773 (MIC90, 0.008 μg/ml), ABT-492 (MIC90, 0.015 μg/ml), GAR-936 (tigecycline; MIC90, 0.06 μg/ml), and BMS284756 (garenoxacin; MIC90, 0.06 μg/ml) displayed excellent activities. Despite decreases in the rates of antibiotic consumption in Canada over the 5-year period, the rates of both high-level penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates are increasing in Canada.

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