scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1376
Author(s):  
Maria Morini ◽  
Angelo Peli ◽  
Riccardo Rinnovati ◽  
Giuseppe Magazzù ◽  
Noemi Romagnoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Neurokinin A ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Endoscopic Biopsies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Equine Asthma ◽  
Remission Phase

Severe equine asthma (EA) syndrome is a chronic obstructive disease characterized by exaggerated contraction, inflammation, and structural alteration of the airways in adult horses, when exposed to airborne molds and particulate material. However, little is known about the relationship between the degree and type of inflammation on one hand, and the severity of the disease and the response to treatment on the other. Furthermore, to date, very few studies evaluate the diagnostic value of histology and immunohistochemical features of endoscopic biopsies on subjects with severe equine asthma. To investigate the expression of two inflammatory markers (NKA and IL-8) before, during, and after the exacerbation of severe EA, a histological and immunohistochemical study was carried out on a series of biopsy samples collected by bronchoscopy from six EA-affected horses subjected to process exacerbation through environmental stimuli and then to pharmacological treatment. The application of a histological biopsy scoring system revealed a significant difference between control cases and the EA-affected horses in all experimental phases (asymptomatic, early exacerbation phase, late exacerbation phase, and remission phase). For immunohistochemistry (IHC), only the intensity of NKA positivity increases significantly between control horses and the EA horses at late exacerbation and remission phases. In EA-affected horses, a difference was detected by comparing histology between asymptomatic and remission phase, meanwhile, NKA and IL-8 showed no differences between the experimental phases. Based on these results we can assert that: (1) The endoscopic biopsies generate reliable and homogeneous samples in the entire bronchial tree; (2) the clinical improvement associated with treatment is characterized by a significant worsening of the histological findings; and (3) the NKA immunopositivity seems to increase significantly rather than decrease, as one would have expected, after pharmacological treatment. Further studies are necessary both to implement the number of samples and to use other markers of inflammation to characterize the potential role of cytokines in the diagnosis and therapeutic approach of severe equine asthma.

Criteria positive and criteria negative anaphylaxis, with a focus on undifferentiated somatoform idiopathic anaphylaxis: A review and case series

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 436-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Rosloff ◽  
Kunal Patel ◽  
Paul J. Feustel ◽  
Jocelyn Celestin
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Subjective Symptoms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Physical Findings ◽  
Idiopathic Anaphylaxis

Background: Undifferentiated somatoform (US) idiopathic anaphylaxis (IA) is considered a psychogenic disorder characterized by a lack of observable physical findings and poor response to treatment. Although failure to diagnose true anaphylaxis can have disastrous consequences, identification of US-IA is crucial to limit unnecessary expenses and use of health care resources. Objective: To better define the presentation and understand the potential relationship between US-IA and underlying psychiatric comorbidities. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 110 visits by 107 patients to our institution for evaluation and management of anaphylaxis over a 1-year period. The patients were classified as having either criteria positive (CP) or criteria negative (CN) anaphylaxis based on whether they met Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network Symposium criteria for the clinical diagnosis of anaphylaxis. Patient characteristics, including objective and subjective signs and symptoms, and the presence of psychiatric diagnoses were collected and analyzed. Statistical significance was assessed by using the Fisher exact test. A literature review of US-IA and other psychogenic forms of anaphylaxis was performed. Results: Patients with CP anaphylaxis were more likely to present with hypotension, wheezing, urticaria, and vomiting than were patients with CN anaphylaxis. The patients with CN anaphylaxis were more likely to present with subjective symptoms of sensory throat tightness or swelling compared with patients with CP anaphylaxis. No significant difference was detected in the prevalence of psychiatric conditions between the two groups. Conclusion: Patients who met previously established diagnostic criteria for anaphylaxis were more likely to present with objective physical findings than those who did not meet criteria for true anaphylaxis. CN patients who presented for treatment of anaphylaxis were more likely to present with subjective symptoms. Formal diagnostic criteria should be used by clinicians when evaluating patients with suspected anaphylaxis.

scholarly journals A206 EVOLUTION OF PEDIATRIC AUTOIMMUNE CHOLANGITIS AND PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS INTO ADULTHOOD

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 234-236
Author(s):  
P Willems ◽  
J Hercun ◽  
C Vincent ◽  
F Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Autoimmune Cholangitis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
Liver Tests

Abstract Background The natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) in children seems to differ from PSC in adults. However, studies on this matter have been limited by short follow-up periods and inconsistent classification of patients with autoimmune cholangitis (AIC) (or overlap syndrome). Consequently, it remains unclear if long-term outcomes are affected by the clinical phenotype. Aims The aims of this is study are to describe the long-term evolution of PSC and AIC in a pediatric cohort with extension of follow-up into adulthood and to evaluate the influence of phenotype on clinical outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective study of patients with AIC or PSC followed at CHU-Sainte-Justine, a pediatric referral center in Montreal. All charts between January 1998 and December 2019 were reviewed. Patients were classified as either AIC (duct disease on cholangiography with histological features of autoimmune hepatitis) or PSC (large or small duct disease on cholangiography and/or histology). Extension of follow-up after the age of 18 was done for patients followed at the Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal. Clinical features at diagnosis, response to treatment at one year and liver-related outcomes were compared. Results 40 patients (27 PSC and 13 AIC) were followed for a median time of 71 months (range 2 to 347), with 52.5% followed into adulthood. 70% (28/40) had associated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (78% PSC vs 54% AIC; p=0.15). A similar proportion of patients had biopsy-proven significant fibrosis at diagnosis (45% PSC vs 67% AIC; p=0.23). Baseline liver tests were similar in both groups. At diagnosis, all patients were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid. Significantly more patients with AIC (77% AIC vs 30 % PSC; p=0.005) were initially treated with immunosuppressive drugs, without a significant difference in the use of Anti-TNF agents (0% AIC vs 15% PSC; p= 0.12). At one year, 55% (15/27) of patients in the PSC group had normal liver tests versus only 15% (2/13) in the AIC group (p=0.02). During follow-up, more liver-related events (cholangitis, liver transplant and cirrhosis) were reported in the AIC group (HR=3.7 (95% CI: 1.4–10), p=0.01). Abnormal liver tests at one year were a strong predictor of liver-related events during follow-up (HR=8.9(95% CI: 1.2–67.4), p=0.03), while having IBD was not (HR=0.48 (95% CI: 0.15–1.5), p=0.22). 5 patients required liver transplantation with no difference between both groups (8% CAI vs 15% CSP; p=0.53). Conclusions Pediatric patients with AIC and PSC show, at onset, similar stage of liver disease with comparable clinical and biochemical characteristics. However, patients with AIC receive more often immunosuppressive therapy and treatment response is less frequent. AIC is associated with more liver-related events and abnormal liver tests at one year are predictor of bad outcomes. Funding Agencies None

scholarly journals COPD-Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Visual Analogue Score (c-LRTI-VAS) validation in stable and exacerbated patients with COPD

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000761
Author(s):  
Hendrik Johannes Prins ◽  
Ruud Duijkers ◽  
Johannes M A Daniels ◽  
Thys van der Molen ◽  
Tjip S van der Werf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Visual Analogue Score ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Related Quality

BackgroundWe developed the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-Lower Respiratory Tract Infection-Visual Analogue Score (c-LRTI-VAS) in order to easily quantify symptoms during exacerbations in patients with COPD. This study aimed to validate this score.MethodsIn our study, patients with stable COPD as well as those with an acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) were included. The results of c-LRTI-VAS were compared with other markers of disease activity (lung function parameters, oxygen saturation and two health related quality of life questionnaires (St Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ)) and validity, reliability and responsiveness were assessed.ResultsEighty-eight patients with clinically stable COPD and 102 patients who had an AECOPD completed the c-LRTI-VAS questionnaire. When testing on two separate occasions for repeatability, no statistically significant difference between total scores was found 0.143 (SD 5.42) (p=0.826). Internal consistency was high across items (Cronbach’s apha 0.755). Correlation with SGRQ and CCQ total scores was moderate to high. After treatment for hospitalised AECOPD, the mean c-LRTI-VAS total score improved 8.14 points (SD 9.13; p≤0.001).Conclusionsc-LRTI-VAS showed proper validity, responsiveness to change and moderate to high correlation with other questionnaires. It, therefore, appears a reliable tool for symptom measurement during AECOPD.Trial registration numberNCT01232140.

scholarly journals POS0369 ELEVATED EXPRESSION OF TIM-3 ON NEUTROPHILS CORRELATES WITH DISEASE ACTIVITY AND SEVERITY OF ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 414.2-415
Author(s):  
X. Huang ◽  
T. W. Li ◽  
J. Chen ◽  
Z. Huang ◽  
S. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Significant Difference

Background:Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of common, chronic inflammatory disease that compromises the axial skeleton and sacroiliac joints, causing inflammatory low back pain and progressive spinal stiffness, over time some patients develop spinal immobility and ankylosis which can lead to a decrease in quality of life. The last few decades, evidence has clearly indicated that neutrophil also plays key roles in the progression of AS. However, the immunomodulatory roles and mechanisms of neutrophils in AS are poorly understood. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) has been reported as an important regulatory molecule, expressed and regulated on different innate immune cells, plays a pivotal role in several autoimmunity diseases. Recent study indicates that Tim3 is also expressed on neutrophils. However, the frequency and roles of Tim3-expressing neutrophils in AS was not clear.Objectives:In this study, we investigated the expression of Tim3 on neutrophils in AS patients and explored the correlation between the level of Tim3-expressing neutrophils and the disease activity and severity of AS.Methods:Patients with AS were recruited from Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital (n=62). Age/sex-matched volunteers as Healthy controls (HC) (n=39). The medical history, clinical manifestations, physical examination, laboratory measurements were recorded. The expression of costimulatory molecules including programmed death 1 (PD-1), Tim-3 on neutrophils were determined by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of PD-1 and Tim-3 was determined by real-time PCR. The levels of Tim3-expressing neutrophils in AS patients were further analyzed for their correlation with the markers of inflammation such as ESR,CRP,WBC and neutrophil count(NE), as well as disease activity and severity of AS. The expression of Tim3 on neutrophils was monitored during the course of treatment (4 weeks).Results:The expression of Tim3 on neutrophils in patients with AS was increased compared to the HC (Figure 1A). However, significant difference was observed in the frequency of PD-1-expressing neutrophils between AS patients and HC (Figure 1B). The expression analysis of Tim-3 mRNA, but not PD-1, confirmed the results obtained from flow cytometry (Figure 1C). The level of Tim3-expressing neutrophils in patients with AS showed an positive correlation with ESR, CRP and ASAS-endorsed disease activity score (ASDAS) (Figure 1D). Moreover, the frequency of Tim3-expressing neutrophils in active patients(ASDAS≥1.3) was increased as compare with the inactive patients (ASDAS<1.3) (Figure 1E). As shown in Figure 1F, the frequency of Tim3-expressing neutrophils decreased after the treatment.Conclusion:Increased Tim-3 expression on neutrophils may be a novel indicator to assess disease activity and severity in AS, which may serves as a negative feedback mechanism preventing potential tissue damage caused by excessive inflammatory responses in AS patients.References:[1]Han, G., Chen, G., Shen, B. & Li, Y., Tim-3: an activation marker and activation limiter of innate immune cells. FRONT IMMUNOL 4 449 (2013).[2]Vega-Carrascal, I. et al., Galectin-9 signaling through TIM-3 is involved in neutrophil-mediated Gram-negative bacterial killing: an effect abrogated within the cystic fibrosis lung. J IMMUNOL 192 2418 (2014).Figure 1.(A,B)The expression of Tim3 and PD-1 on neutrophils in AS and HC were determined by flow cytometry.(C) The expression of Tim3 and PD-1 on neutrophils in AS and HC were determined by RT-PCR.(D)The correction between Tim3-expressing neutrophils and ESR,CRP,ASDAS.(E) The expression of Tim3 on neutrophils in active and inactive patients.(F) Influence of treatment on the frequency of Tim3-expressing neutrophils.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Critical limb ischemia patients clinically improving with medical treatment have lower neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios

Vascular ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 170853812098629
Author(s):  
Sevinç B Erdoğan ◽  
Ümmühan N Selçuk ◽  
Murat Baştopçu ◽  
Gökhan Arslanhan ◽  
Arif Y Çakmak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Critical Limb Ischemia ◽  
Limb Ischemia ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Standard Regimen ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Endovascular Revascularization ◽  
Cardiovascular Center ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Objectives Inflammation is a component in the pathogenesis of critical limb ischemia. We aimed to assess how inflammation affects response to treatment in patients treated for critical limb ischemia using neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocytes ratios (PLR) as markers of inflammation. Methods Patients in a single tertiary cardiovascular center with critical limb ischemia unsuitable for surgical or interventional revascularization were retrospectively identified. Data were collected on medical history for risk factors, previous surgical or endovascular revascularization, and outcome. A standard regimen of low molecular weight heparin, aspirin, statins, iloprost infusions, and a standard pain medication protocol were applied to each patient per hospital protocol. Patients with improvement in ischemic pain and healed ulcers made up the responders group and cases with no worsening pain or ulcer size or progression to minor or major amputations made up the non-responders group. Responders and Non-responders were compared for risk factors including pretreatment NLR and PLR. Results 268 included patients who were not candidates for surgical or endovascular revascularization were identified. Responders had significantly lower pretreatment NLR (4.48 vs 8.47, p < 0.001) and PLR (162.19 vs 225.43, p = 0.001) values. After controlling for associated risk factors NLR ≥ 4.63 (p < 0.001) and PLR ≥ 151.24 (p = 0.016) were independently associated with no response to treatment. Conclusions Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocytes ratio are markers of inflammation that are reduced in patients improving with medical treatment suggesting a decreased state of inflammation before treatment in responding patients.

scholarly journals Effects of a Rehabilitation Programme Using a Nasal Inspiratory Restriction Device in COPD

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4207
Author(s):  
Jose L. Gonzalez-Montesinos ◽  
Jorge R. Fernandez-Santos ◽  
Carmen Vaz-Pardal ◽  
Jesus G. Ponce-Gonzalez ◽  
Alberto Marin-Galindo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Programme ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programme ◽  
Positive Increment

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are characterised for presenting dyspnea, which reduces their physical capacity and tolerance to physical exercise. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of adding a Feel-Breathe (FB) device for inspiratory muscle training (IMT) to an 8-week pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Twenty patients were randomised into three groups: breathing with FB (FBG), oronasal breathing without FB (ONBG) and control group (CG). FBG and ONBG carried out the same training programme with resistance, strength and respiratory exercises for 8 weeks. CG did not perform any pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Regarding intra group differences in the value obtained in the post-training test at the time when the maximum value in the pre-training test was obtained (PostPRE), FBG obtained lower values in oxygen consumption (VO2, mean = −435.6 mL/min, Bayes Factor (BF10) > 100), minute ventilation (VE, −8.5 L/min, BF10 = 25), respiratory rate (RR, −3.3 breaths/min, BF10 = 2), heart rate (HR, −13.7 beats/min, BF10 > 100) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2, −183.0 L/min, BF10 = 50), and a greater value in expiratory time (Tex, 0.22 s, BF10 = 12.5). At the maximum value recorded in the post-training test (PostFINAL), FBG showed higher values in the total time of the test (Tt, 4.3 min, BF10 = 50) and respiratory exchange rate (RER, 0.05, BF10 = 1.3). Regarding inter group differences at PrePOST, FBG obtained a greater negative increment than ONBG in the ventilatory equivalent of CO2 (EqCO2, −3.8 L/min, BF10 = 1.1) and compared to CG in VE (−8.3 L/min, BF10 = 3.6), VCO2 (−215.9 L/min, BF10 = 3.0), EqCO2 (−3.7 L/min, BF10 = 1.1) and HR (−12.9 beats/min, BF10 = 3.4). FBG also showed a greater PrePOST positive increment in Tex (0.21 s, BF10 = 1.4) with respect to CG. At PreFINAL, FBG presented a greater positive increment compared to CG in Tt (4.4 min, BF10 = 3.2) and negative in VE/VCO2 intercept (−4.7, BF10 = 1.1). The use of FB added to a pulmonary rehabilitation programme in COPD patients could improve tolerance in the incremental exercise test and energy efficiency. However, there is only a statically significant difference between FBG and ONBG in EqCO2. Therefore, more studies are necessary to reach a definitive conclusion about including FB in a pulmonary rehabilitation programme.

scholarly journals AB1119 U9: A NOVEL CLINICALLY ORIENTED ULTRASONOGRAPHIC SCALE AS A USEFUL MARKER FOR MONITORING THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (MULTI CENTERS STUDY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1848.2-1849
Author(s):  
M. A. Mortada ◽  
H. Eitta ◽  
R. Elmallah ◽  
A. Radwan ◽  
A. Elsaman
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
P Value ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Biologic Dmards ◽  
Das 28 ◽  
Significant Difference

Background:Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography (MSUS) is now a widely used tool for monitoring of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although there are many proposed sets of composite scores, a fixed set of joints may not be an ideal tool to assess a disease like RA, which affects many joints and tendons in different presentations. In previous study (1) U9 score was proven to be correlated with disease activity parameters.Objectives:To determine whether US assessment using U9 score is useful for monitoring response to treatment for RA or not?Methods:A prospective, multicenter study were conducted in period from July 2019 to December 2019. All recruited RA patients were subjected to: Disease activity assessment by clinical disease activity indices (CDAI and DAS28 ESR). Functional status assessment by (HAQ) and ultrasonographic assessment using U9 score which include 8 joints (bilateral wrists,2ndMCP,3RDMCP and knees) plus most clinically affected joint or tendon (one joint or one tendon). Most clinically affected joints from 48 joints. Any affected tendons could be choosing. All targeted joints were evaluated according to EULAR guidlines and by EULAR/ OMERACT combined score (0-3). Targeted tendons were scored (0-3).All patients received their treatment (biologic and non biologic DMARDs) according to the decision of the treating physicians. No specific therapy is needed. CDAI and DAS28 ESR, HAQ and U9 score were repeated after 3 months to detect the response to change after receiving the therapy.Results:One hundred and forty patients (23.6% were male) with mean age 39.26±11.30 were recruited from 4 tertiary referral university hospitals.There was a significant difference (<0.001) between the first and second visits as regards clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic parameters. DAS 28 decreased form (5.29±1.21) to (3.95±0.99), ESR decreased from (42.12±15.24) to (26.84±12.32), HAQ2 improved from (0.652±0.350) to (0.510±0.237) and U9 total US score decreased from (13.56±5.18) to (8.02±4.28).There was significant correlation between U9 ultrasonographic score and clinical parameters at both visits (table 1).Table 1.correlation between U9 ultrasonographic score and clinical parameters.U9 at 1stvisitU9 at 2ndvisitDAS-28Pearson Correlation(P value)0.806<0.0010.790<0.001CDAIPearson Correlation(P value)0.787<0.0010.773<0.001HAQPearson Correlation(P value)0.431<0.0010.317<0.001We found that the most suitable cut-off value of U9 score to predict high disease activity was 11.5 (sensitivity 85.7% and specificity 80.6%), cut off value for moderate disease activity was 5.5(sensitivity 83.2% and specificity 88%) and cut off value for low disease activity was 3.5 (sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity 57.1%). These results are summarized in the following table:Conclusion:U9 ultrasonographic score is very useful method for evaluating the monitoring the response of treatment.References:[1]Mortada, et al. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2019;78:1009.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Common and Novel Markers for Measuring Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Ex Vivo in Research and Clinical Practice—Which to Use Regarding Disease Outcomes?

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Alain Menzel ◽  
Hanen Samouda ◽  
Francois Dohet ◽  
Suva Loap ◽  
Mohammed S. Ellulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation

Many chronic conditions such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type-2 diabetes, obesity, peripheral/coronary artery disease and auto-immune diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Closely related to inflammation is oxidative stress (OS), which can be either causal or secondary to inflammation. While a low level of OS is physiological, chronically increased OS is deleterious. Therefore, valid biomarkers of these signalling pathways may enable detection and following progression of OS/inflammation as well as to evaluate treatment efficacy. Such biomarkers should be stable and obtainable through non-invasive methods and their determination should be affordable and easy. The most frequently used inflammatory markers include acute-phase proteins, essentially CRP, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen and procalcitonin, and cytokines, predominantly TNFα, interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10 and 12 and their receptors and IFNγ. Some cytokines appear to be disease-specific. Conversely, OS—being ubiquitous—and its biomarkers appear less disease or tissue-specific. These include lipid peroxidation products, e.g., F2-isoprostanes and malondialdehyde, DNA breakdown products (e.g., 8-OH-dG), protein adducts (e.g., carbonylated proteins), or antioxidant status. More novel markers include also –omics related ones, as well as non-invasive, questionnaire-based measures, such as the dietary inflammatory-index (DII), but their link to biological responses may be variable. Nevertheless, many of these markers have been clearly related to a number of diseases. However, their use in clinical practice is often limited, due to lacking analytical or clinical validation, or technical challenges. In this review, we strive to highlight frequently employed and useful markers of inflammation-related OS, including novel promising markers.

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