scholarly journals Some Genetic and Environmental Effects on Equine Asthma in Polish Konik Horses

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2285
Author(s):  
Alicja Borowska ◽  
Daria Wolska ◽  
Artur Niedzwiedz ◽  
Hieronim Borowicz ◽  
Zbigniew Jaworski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Basic Symptoms ◽  
Asthma Morbidity ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficients ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Equine Asthma ◽  
Inbreeding Level ◽  
The Individual

Current knowledge of the genetic and environmental backgrounds of equine asthma seems to be insufficient, especially for primitive horse breeds. The main objectives of this study were to estimate the effects of sex, birth period, stud, parentage line and inbreeding on asthma morbidity in Polish Konik horses. Records of 274 horses (housed in two studs) were analysed. These animals were allocated to maternal and paternal lines. Individual inbreeding coefficients were extracted from the additive relationship matrix. Horses underwent diagnosis based on observation of the basic symptoms (high frequency of coughing and excessive nasal discharge). Subsequently, some horses (28 individuals) were clinically examined to confirm the earlier observations. Generally, no significant effects of parentage line on heaves morbidity were identified by the use of logistic regression, although the Pearson’s chi-squared test had shown that individuals of some maternal and paternal lines had a predisposition to severe equine asthma. It was concluded that the individual inbreeding level is not associated with the incidence of EA, but a significant effect of the maternal inbreeding coefficient may be observed. It was also found that there is some variability in the incidence of this disease between studs.

scholarly journals Inbreeding and Mortality Risk in a Captive Population of Mhorr Gazelle (Nanger dama mhorr)

2016 ◽  
pp. 159-167
Author(s):  
Ana Marquiza Quilicot ◽  
Roswitha Baumung
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficients ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Efficient Breeding ◽  
Inbreeding Level ◽  
The Individual

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variation and examine the association of inbreeding level on mortality risk (at days 7, 30 and 180 – weaning age) of Mhorr gazelle in captivity for the year 1969–2000 as recorded in the studbook record kept by Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria (ARAZPA). The effective number of founders, ancestors and founder genomes was found to be 3.42, 3, and 1.44 for the studied reference population. The reference population is composed of animals which are alive, with known parents and known sex. Animals that are less than 10 years old (based on birth dates up to 2008) with no remarks on its death are considered alive. The population may not have experienced a severe bottleneck, as the values on the effective number of founders and ancestors are almost equal. However, the effective number of founder genomes is low, which demonstrates gene loss due to genetic drift. The mean inbreeding coefficients of the individual, sire and dam were found to be 0.2971 ± 0.1043, 0.2300 ± 0.1141 0.2339 ± 0.1070, respectively. The maximum inbreeding level of the population is 0.5247 (52.47%). This means that parent–offspring or full-sib mating must have happened. The increase in inbreeding level of an individual was found to be significantly associated (p<0.10) with an increase in p mortality risk at day 180 or weaning age. Increasing inbreeding level of sires was found to be significantly associated with increasing risk in mortality at day 30, which indicates that inbred parents also can influence the survival of an offspring. Efficient breeding programs are as important for decreasing mortality in captive populations, as the provision of optimum zoo management practices.

Inter- and intra-genetic diversity in the Polish Konik horse: implications for the conservation program

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Szwaczkowski ◽  
Monika Greguła-Kania ◽  
Anna Stachurska ◽  
Alicja Borowska ◽  
Zbigniew Jaworski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Conservation Program ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficients ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Average Group ◽  
Discrete Generation ◽  
Euclidean Distances ◽  
Inbreeding Level

The main objective of the study was to determine the genetic diversity in the Polish Konik (PK) population in the context of a currently conducted conservation program. A total of 94 horses of 16 PK dam lines currently distinguished by breeders were considered. Pedigree analyses were carried out for the whole population of PK registered in the studbook. Basic molecular parameters were estimated. The average group linkage clustering method was used based on the Euclidean similarity measurements between the lines. The allele frequency of 17 microsatellites was used to determine Euclidean distances. Inbreeding coefficients were extracted from the additive relationship matrix. Moreover, some pedigree parameters were estimated. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.48 to 0.76. The expected heterozygosity estimated for the dam lines was higher. PIC values were higher than 0.6 in all the lines. Fis ranged from –0.19 to 0.28, whereas Fit and Fst varied between 0.12 and 0.41 and 0.12 and 0.29, respectively. Minor dissimilarity distances existed for some dam lines. The inbreeding level was 9.3%. The average number of discrete generation equivalents reached 6.85. The majority of the dam lines are not genetically differentiated. Hence, a revision of the breeding strategy seems to be necessary.

Analysis of the inbreeding level in the Polish population of the Alpine Dachsbracke dog breed in the years 2000-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Bednarek ◽  
Anna Sławińska ◽  
Sławomir Mroczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dog Breed ◽  
Related Individuals ◽  
Inbreeding Level ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the study was to analyse the level of inbreeding in the Alpine Dachsbracke dog breed. The research was conducted using pedigrees of 405 individuals of this breed (195 male and 210 female), born in the years 2000-2016. The inbreeding coefficients (Fx) were estimated based on four-generation pedigrees. The individual inbreeding coefficients ranged from 0% to 25%. The average inbreeding coefficient for the population was 2.25% and did not differ between sexes (P>0.05). For 49.4% of individuals, the mean Fx value was 4.55%. The Fx values between years of birth were highly significant (P<0.0001). The trend analysis showed no significant changes in Fx during the period analysed. The mean inbreeding coefficient in the Polish population of Alpine Dachsbracke dogs was not high, but attention should be paid to the inbreeding coefficients of certain individuals, and mating of closely related individuals should be avoided.

Colorants in plastic applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Pfaff
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Important Application ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Plastic Type ◽  
Printing Inks ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Plastics Processing ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis review article is a summary of the current knowledge in the field of plastic coloring. Plastics belong as well as paints, coatings, printing inks, and cosmetic formulations to the most important application systems for colorants, both for pigments and dyes. Colorants have to meet increasing demands in plastic applications due to the growing number of polymers with specific properties. Crucial factors besides the plastic type are the processing method and the required fastness level. Among the most important polymers for coloring with pigments and dyes are polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyester, and elastomers. Different processing methods are used for coloring of the individual plastics. The coloring processes need to be coordinated in accordance with the steps of the plastics processing leading to the final product.

scholarly journals Corporate Board Committees and Corporate Outcomes: An International Systematic Literature Review and Agenda for Future Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Alhossini ◽  
Collins G. Ntim ◽  
Alaa Mansour Zalata
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Applied Theory ◽  
Corporate Board ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual

This paper comprehensively reviews the current body of international accounting literature regarding advisory/monitoring committees and corporate outcomes. Specifically, it synthesizes, appraises, and extends current knowledge on the (a) theoretical (i.e., economic, accounting/corporate governance, sociological and socio-psychological) perspectives and (b) empirical evidence of the observable and less visible attributes at both the individual and committee levels and their link with a wide range (financial/non-financial) of corporate outcomes. Using the systematic literature review method, 304 articles from 59 journals in the fields of accounting and finance that were published between January 1992 and December 2018 are reviewed. The main findings are as follows. First and theoretically, agency theory is the most dominant applied theory/studies with no application of theory at all (descriptive), while the application of integrated theoretical frameworks is lacking in the reviewed articles. Secondly, the existing empirical evidence focusses excessively on (a) monitoring instead of advisory committees and (b) observable rather than less visible committee attributes. Thirdly, scarcity of cross-country studies along with methodological limitations relating to measurement inconsistencies, insufficiency of variables, and dominance of quantitative studies, among others, are identified. Finally, promising future research avenues are outlined.

scholarly journals Bracing in clubfoot: do we know enough?

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Alves
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Ponseti Method ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Achilles Tenotomy ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Serial Casting ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
The Individual

Purpose The Ponseti method is widely used in clubfoot treatment. Long-term follow-up shows high patient satisfaction and excellent functional outcomes. Clubfoot tendency to relapse is a problem yet to solve. Given the importance of bracing in relapse prevention, we ought to discuss current knowledge and controversies about bracing. Methods We describe types of braces used, with its advantages and disadvantages, suggesting bracing schedules and duration. We identify bracing problems and pinpoint strategies to promote adherence to bracing. Results When treating a clubfoot by the Ponseti method, the corrected foot should be held in an abducted and dorsiflexed position, in a foot abduction brace (FAB), with two shoes connected by a bar. The brace is applied after the clubfoot has been completely corrected by manipulation, serial casting and possibly Achilles tenotomy. Bracing is recommended until four to five years of age and needs to be fitted to the individual patient, based on age, associated relapse rate and timing when correction was finished. Parental non-adherence to FAB use can affect 34% to 61% of children and results in five- to 17-fold higher odds of relapse. In patients who have recurrent adherence problems, a unilateral lower leg custom-made orthosis can be considered as a salvage option. Healthcare providers must communicate with patients regarding brace wearing, set proper expectations and ensure accurate use. Conclusion Bracing is essential for preventing clubfoot relapse. Daily duration and length of bracing required to prevent recurrence is still unknown. Prospective randomized clinical trials may bring important data that will influence clinicians’ and families’ choices regarding bracing. Level of Evidence V

The Knowledge Transfer Process

2009 ◽  
pp. 1622-1637
Author(s):  
M. Millie Kwan ◽  
Pak-Keung Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Transfer Process ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Knowledge Management Tools ◽  
Group Product

Knowledge transfer in an organization is the process through which one unit (e.g., group, department, or division) is affected by the experience of another. Yet, experience has shown that transferring knowledge, whether at the individual, group, product line, department, or division level, is usually a laborious, time-consuming, and difficult task. In this article, we review 20 recent empirical studies on knowledge transfer and suggest a fourstage process model to summarize and organize their findings. This resulted in a framework where determinants for success at each stage of the knowledge transfer process are defined. Based on this knowledge transfer framework, we propose a knowledge transfer management system that integrates current knowledge management tools and technologies to support the needs at different stages of the knowledge transfer process.

scholarly journals Consultation on kidney stones, Copenhagen 2019: aspects of intracorporeal lithotripsy in flexible ureterorenoscopy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Kissow Lildal ◽  
Kim Hovgaard Andreassen ◽  
Joyce Baard ◽  
Marianne Brehmer ◽  
Matthew Bultitude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Laser Lithotripsy ◽  
Fibre Laser ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pulse Modulation ◽  
Flexible Ureterorenoscopy ◽  
Intracorporeal Lithotripsy ◽  
Stone Free Rate ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Purpose To summarize current knowledge on intracorporeal laser lithotripsy in flexible ureterorenoscopy (fURS), regarding basics of laser lithotripsy, technical aspects, stone clearance, lithotripsy strategies, laser technologies, endoscopes, and safety. Methods A scoping review approach was applied to search literature in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Consensus was reached through discussions at the Consultation on Kidney Stones held in September 2019 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Results and conclusions Lasers are widely used for lithotripsy during fURS. The Holmium laser is still the predominant technology, and specific settings for dusting and fragmenting have evolved, which has expanded the role of fURS in stone management. Pulse modulation can increase stone ablation efficacy, possibly by minimizing stone retropulsion. Thulium fibre laser was recently introduced, and this technology may improve laser lithotripsy efficiency. Small fibres give better irrigation, accessibility, and efficiency. To achieve optimal results, laser settings should be adjusted for the individual stone. There is no consensus whether the fragmentation and basketing strategy is preferable to the dusting strategy for increasing stone-free rate. On the contrary, different stone scenarios call for different lithotripsy approaches. Furthermore, for large stone burdens, all laser settings and lithotripsy strategies must be applied to achieve optimal results. Technology for removing dust from the kidney should be in focus in future research and development. Safety concerns about fURS laser lithotripsy include high intrarenal pressures and temperatures, and measures to reduce both those aspects must be taken to avoid complications. Technology to control these parameters should be targeted in further studies.

scholarly journals Vomocytosis: Too Much Booze, Base, or Calcium?

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Cruz-Acuña ◽  
Noah Pacifici ◽  
Jamal S. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Macrophage Phenotype ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phagosomal Maturation ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cellular Pathways ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pathogenic Agents

ABSTRACT Macrophages are well known for their phagocytic activity and their role in innate immune responses. Macrophages eat non-self particles, via a variety of mechanisms, and typically break down internalized cargo into small macromolecules. However, some pathogenic agents have the ability to evade this endosomal degradation through a nonlytic exocytosis process termed vomocytosis. This phenomenon has been most often studied for Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast that causes roughly 180,000 deaths per year, primarily in immunocompromised (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) patients. Existing dogma purports that vomocytosis involves distinctive cellular pathways and intracellular physicochemical cues in the host cell during phagosomal maturation. Moreover, it has been observed that the immunological state of the individual and macrophage phenotype affect vomocytosis outcomes. Here we compile the current knowledge on the factors (with respect to the phagocytic cell) that promote vomocytosis of C. neoformans from macrophages.

scholarly journals Post-thrombotic syndrome prevention – do we really know the predictive factors?

Phlebologie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (04) ◽  
pp. 245-250
Author(s):  
Tomasz Urbanek
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Factors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Late Complication ◽  
Early Mobilization ◽  
Chronic Venous Disease ◽  
Venous Disease ◽  
Compression Stocking ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Post Thrombotic Syndrome ◽  
The Individual

AbstractDespite an increasing knowledge and experience regarding deep vein thrombosis (DVT) treatment, the rate of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) remains still relatively high. According to the current knowledge it is still difficult to predict on the individual basis, who of the DVT patients will develop PTS as late complication of the vein thrombosis. Among the factors influencing the higher prevalence of PTS, the ipsilateral DVT recurrence is of the highest importance. The other factors which should be mentioned are age, obesity, previous chronic venous disease as well as a proximal DVT location or lack of symptoms’ resolution in the early treatment. Looking for the most effective PTS prevention method several clinical trials were performed regarding pharmacological DVT treatment, use of early mobilization and medical compression stocking as well as an implementation of the thrombectomy and thrombolysis. This paper presents a review of the current knowledge regarding the PTS predictive factors and prevention.

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