scholarly journals Evaluation of Wearable Cameras for Monitoring and Analyzing Calf Behavior: A Preliminary Study

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2622
Author(s):  
Tomoko Saitoh ◽  
Yuko Kato
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Human Observer ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Wearable Camera ◽  
Normal Behavior ◽  
Video Observations ◽  
Wearable Cameras ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Preliminary Study

Understanding cattle behavior is important for discerning their health and management status. However, manual observations of cattle are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Moreover, during manual observations, the presence or position of a human observer may alter the normal behavior of the cattle. Wearable cameras are small and lightweight; therefore, they do not disturb cattle behavior when attached to their bodies. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the suitability of wearable cameras for monitoring and analyzing cattle behavior. From December 18 to 27, 2017, this study used four 2-month-old, group-housed Holstein calves at the Field Science Center of the Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan. Calf behavior was recorded every 30 s using a wearable camera (HX-A1H, Panasonic, Japan) from 10:00 to 15:30 and observed directly from 11:00 to 12:00 and 14:00 to 15:00. In addition, the same observer viewed the camera recordings corresponding to the direct observation periods, and the results were compared. The correlation coefficients of all behavioral data from direct and wearable camera video observations were significant (p < 0.01). We conclude that wearable cameras are suitable for observing calf behavior, particularly their posture (standing or lying), as well as their ruminating and feeding behaviors.

scholarly journals Appropriate Drone Flight Altitude for Horse Behavioral Observation

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Tomoko Saitoh ◽  
Moyu Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Behavioral Observation ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Flight Altitude ◽  
Recording Time ◽  
Livestock Management ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Video Observations

Recently, drone technology advanced, and its safety and operability markedly improved, leading to its increased application in animal research. This study demonstrated drone application in livestock management, using its technology to observe horse behavior and verify the appropriate horse–drone distance for aerial behavioral observations. Recordings were conducted from September to October 2017 on 11 horses using the Phantom 4 Pro drone. Four flight altitudes were tested (60, 50, 40, and 30 m) to investigate the reactions of the horses to the drones and observe their behavior; the recording time at each altitude was 5 min. None of the horses displayed avoidance behavior at any flight altitude, and the observer was able to distinguish between any two horses. Recorded behaviors were foraging, moving, standing, recumbency, avoidance, and others. Foraging was the most common behavior observed both directly and in the drone videos. The correlation coefficients of all behavioral data from direct and drone video observations at all altitudes were significant (p < 0.01). These results indicate that horse behavior can be discerned with equal accuracy by both direct and recorded drone video observations. In conclusion, drones can be useful for recording and analyzing horse behavior.

scholarly journals Can Wearable Cameras be Used to Validate School-Aged Children’s Lifestyle Behaviours?

Children ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethan Everson ◽  
Kelly A. Mackintosh ◽  
Melitta A. McNarry ◽  
Charlotte Todd ◽  
Gareth Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviours ◽  
Wearable Camera ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Wearable Cameras ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Almost All

Wearable cameras combined with accelerometers have been used to estimate the accuracy of children’s self-report of physical activity, health-related behaviours, and the contexts in which they occur. There were two aims to this study; the first was to validate questions regarding self-reported health and lifestyle behaviours in 9–11-year-old children using the child’s health and activity tool (CHAT), an accelerometer and a wearable camera. Second, the study sought to evaluate ethical challenges associated with taking regular photographs using a wearable camera through interviews with children and their families. Fourteen children wore an autographer and hip-worn triaxial accelerometer for the waking hours of one school and one weekend day. For both of these days, children self-reported their behaviours chronologically and sequentially using the CHAT. Data were examined using limits of agreement and percentage agreement to verify if reference methods aligned with self-reported behaviours. Six parent–child dyads participated in interviews. Seven, five, and nine items demonstrated good, acceptable, and poor validity, respectively. This demonstrates that the accuracy of children’s recall varies according to the behaviour or item being measured. This is the first study to trial the use of wearable cameras in assessing the concurrent validity of children’s physical activity and behaviour recall, as almost all other studies have used parent proxy reports alongside accelerometers. Wearable cameras carry some ethical and technical challenges, which were examined in this study. Parents and children reported that the autographer was burdensome and in a few cases invaded privacy. This study demonstrates the importance of adhering to an ethical framework.

Ultrasound contrast-detail analysis: A preliminary study in human observer performance

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Hall ◽  
Michael F. Insana ◽  
Nannette M. Soller ◽  
Linda A. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Observer Performance ◽  
Human Observer ◽  
Ultrasound Contrast ◽  
Preliminary Study

scholarly journals Feeding behavior of crossbred pigs reared intensively in Southeastern Nigeria.

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-278
Author(s):  
B. I. Odo ◽  
S. O. Alaku ◽  
B. U. Ekenyem
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Normal Behavior ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Courtship Behaviors ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

 The in situ feeding behavior of pigs was studied for a period of 18 weeks using 3 different but clinically healthy crossbred pigs of varying genotypes. Results showed that there was no marked difference in the pre-feeding, feeding and post-feeding behaviors of the different hybrids used. Observation of feeding behavior showed that all animals fed (picked feed) very intensively during the first 35 minutes of introduction of feed Other activities observed include playing/bullying drinking wallowing, social and courtship behaviors. Rooting and other behaviors like climbing of pen walls were also observed There was no significant difference (P>O.05) in time spent during ingestion (picking of feed) between LW x LC and LC x L crosses. However there was significant difference (P< O. 05) in time spent during ingestion between LWxLC with LWxL crosses, and LCxL with LWxL crosses The total feeding time was slightly higher O. 05) in LWxL than, either of the Other groups. Rooting time was slightly lower in LWx L crosses than in any other group. Total time spent on other major activities like drinking wallowing, playing/ bullying, social/courtship behaviors was slightly higher (P < 0.05) in LWxLC and LWxL than LWxLC crosses. Knowledge of animal behavior is important for improved productivity as well as animal welfare since q deviation from the normal behavior is an indication of ill health.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HAEMORRHAGIC AND LIPASE-RET EASING PROPERTIES OF HEPARIN AND LMV HEPARIN

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Maggi ◽  
T W Barrowcliffe ◽  
E Gray ◽  
M B Donati ◽  
R E Merton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Heparan Sulphate ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Dermatan Sulphate ◽  
Pentosan Polysulphate ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Approximate Doubling

In a preliminary study, a good correlation (r = 0.97) was noted between the relative abilities of an unfractionated heparin, a LMW heparin, pentosan poly sulphate and dermatan sulphate to prolong the template bleeding time in rabbits and their lipase-releasing potencies. In the present study, we have measured the prolongation of both the template and transection bleeding times in groups of 5 rats given i.v. injections of 0.75 mg/kg of two different unfractionated heparins (UEH), A and B, three different LMW heparins, X, Y and Z, and a heparan sulphate, HS. Lipase release was measured in plasma samples from different groups of 5 rats, using a tritiated triolein method.UFH A had the most haemorrhagic effect, with an approximate doubling of both template and transection bleeding times and was also the most potent lipase-releaser, giving an average lipase level of 1126 mu/ml. UFH B had no significant effect on the template bleeding time, but did prolong the transection time; its lipase releasing potency was 70% of UFH A. IMW heparin X had no effect on template or transection bleeding time and released only 40% lipase compared with UEH A. LMW heparins Y and Z did not affect the template bleeding time but did prolong the transection time; they released more lipase (60%) than LMW heparin X. Correlation coefficients with lipase release were 0.97 for the template bleeding time and 0.69 for the transection bleeding time. HS released only 7% lipase but gave significant prolongations of both bleeding times.These results confirm a strong positive correlation between the haemorrhagic and lipase releasing properties of heparin and LMW heparin, suggesting very similar structural requirements for the two biological activities. This correlation exists also for dermatan sulphate and pentosan polysulphate, but not for the heparan sulphate sample tested.

Capillary Gas Chromatographic Determination of Cyclohexanone and 2-Ethyl-l-Hexanol Leached from Solution Administration Set

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 476-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W Danielson
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate Solution ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method

Abstract A capillary gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of cyclohexanone and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol leached from solution administration sets. A preliminary study was made of compounds leached from solution administration sets by 5% sodium bicarbonate solution (pH 8.1), 0.9% sodium chloride solution (pH 6.8), and water. Water was selected as the leaching solvent because similar quantities of the compounds were leached into water and into both types of parenteral solutions. The correlation coefficients were 0.99977 for cyclohexanone and 0.99974 for 2-ethyl-1- hexanol, and recoveries were good (93-94%). Five administration sets from each of 2 manufacturers were analyzed by this method. The amounts of cyclohexanone that were leached from the individual sets varied considerably; however, similar quantities were leached from sets of both manufacturers. 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol was also found in extracts from each of the sets analyzed.

scholarly journals Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of Psychometric Properties of the Parent Section of Parent-Child Interaction Coding System

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-250
Author(s):  
Sanaz Dehghani ◽  
◽  
Fariba Yadegari ◽  
Atieh Ashtari ◽  
Akbar Biglarian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Video Observations ◽  
Parent Child Interaction ◽  
Parent Child

Objectives: Most of the tests regarding parent-child interaction have dealt with this issue from the emotional-behavioral point of view; however, studying these interactions from a combined verbal-behavioral aspect requires a tool consistent with Iranian culture. Parent-Child interaction coding system–3rd edition (DPICS-III, 2009) is allotted to evaluate parent-child interaction. This study was conducted on mothers of 3- to 6-year-old children to translate, adapt to the Persian language, and determine the validity and reliability of the parent section of this test. Methods: This research was descriptive-analytic with a non-experimental design. This test was adapted to the Persian language, and its face validity was examined to clarify the items. Moreover, the correlation between live and video observations of 10 mothers and children was evaluated to determine the validity of observations. Later on, the same rater reviewed the videos of 10 mothers—recorded for the correlation between live and video observations—again within a week for intra-rater reliability and verify the credibility of the rater. Moreover, the Spearman and interclass correlation coefficients were used to determine inter-rater reliability. Data analysis was done by calculating ICC, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The translation process led to an appropriate version of the test in Persian language. The Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used for analysis. The correlation between live observation and video was significant (P<0.05, 1-0.74=spearman and P>0.05, 0.99-0.83=Pearson). The reliability of intra-rater was also high (P<0.05, 1-0.89=spearman and P>0.05, 0.99-0.87=Pearson). Furthermore, inter-rater reliability was also high (P<0.05, 0.99-0.81=spearman and P<0.05, 1-0.79=ICC). Discussion: According to the study results, the parent section of DPICS is applicable in the Persian language with appropriate validity and reliability. This applicable test is either as live observation or video recording, with no differences.

Preliminary study of movements of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Bay of Fundy using radiotelemetry

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1466-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Gaskin ◽  
G. J. D. Smith ◽  
A. P. Watson
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Bay Of Fundy ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Phocoena Phocoena ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Normal Behavior ◽  
Intermittent Contact ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Time Average ◽  
Harbor Porpoises

Six harbor porpoises captured in herring weirs between September 1973 and September 1974 on the southern coast of New Brunswick were tagged and released. The three smallest animals were given visible dorsal fin tags, and the three larger specimens radiotelemetric packages attached to their dorsal fins. These animals were tracked using an ADFS-210 receiver coupled with a fixed-loop array on a 6.7-m mast antenna. Good signals were received at distances of up to 16 km using frequencies in the 26–28 MHz region. Most tracking problems resulted from interference from citizen-band operations and "skip" at certain times of the day and night. The transmitters appeared to cause little or no disruption of normal behavior in the larger animals. Intermittent contact was maintained for 2, 3, and 11 days respectively before the animals moved out of range. A total of 76 h, 29 min actual radiotracking time was recorded. Some tentative estimates of distances travelled per unit time, average swimming speeds, and apparent time spent foraging and feeding are tabulated.

Navicular Syndrome: Preliminary Assessment of Radiographic Scoring

1995 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 36-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dobson ◽  
B. Bonnett ◽  
J. R. Field
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Interobserver Agreement ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Observer Agreement ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Navicular Bone ◽  
Intra Class Correlation ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Navicular Syndrome

SummaryThe purpose of this preliminary study was to record observer agreement in the assessment of navicular bone radiographs. This was performed to assess whether a navicular lesion scoring system would augment tests currently available. Radiographs from both normal horses and horses affected with navicular disease were used in the study.The dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique (65°) view of both forefeet of 54 individuals were assessed in an independent and unprejudiced manner by two observers, six months apart. The total synovial fossae score and the total number of lesions seen were recorded and intra-class correlation coefficients determined. From this the level of intraobserver and inter-observer agreement was determined. Substantial intra-observer agreement (ICC 0.61–0.80) for total synovial fossae score and total number of lesions was attained by one observer (No. 2) whilst the other (No. 1) attained only poor to moderate aggreement (ICC 0.40–0.60). The interobserver agreement ranged from moderate to substantial.In view of the inconsistency seen, in this preliminary evaluation, it is our belief that a navicular scoring system would not augment currently available diagnostic tests.This preliminary study examines the consistency of observer agreement for evaluation of navicular bone radiographs. A low level of observer aggreement, and hence consistency, was seen. The results suggest that the use of a navicular scoring system to augment diagnostic tests may be of little value.

scholarly journals Feasibility Study Comparing Physical Activity Classifications from Accelerometers with Wearable Camera Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9323
Author(s):  
Alyse Davies ◽  
Margaret Allman-Farinelli ◽  
Katherine Owen ◽  
Louise Signal ◽  
Cameron Hosking ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Image Coding ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wearable Camera ◽  
Wearable Cameras

Device-based assessments are frequently used to measure physical activity (PA) but contextual measures are often lacking. There is a need for new methods, and one under-explored option is the use of wearable cameras. This study tested the use of wearable cameras in PA measurement by comparing intensity classifications from accelerometers with wearable camera data. Seventy-eight 18–30-year-olds wore an Actigraph GT9X link accelerometer and Autographer wearable camera for three consecutive days. An image coding schedule was designed to assess activity categories and activity sub-categories defined by the 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities (Compendium). Accelerometer hourly detailed files processed using the Montoye (2020) cut-points were linked to camera data using date and time stamps. Agreement was examined using equivalence testing, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Spearman’s correlation coefficient (rho). Fifty-three participants contributing 636 person-hours were included. Reliability was moderate to good for sedentary behavior (rho = 0.77), light intensity activities (rho = 0.59) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (rho = 0.51). The estimates of sedentary behavior, light activity and MVPA from the two methods were similar, but not equivalent. Wearable cameras are a potential complementary tool for PA measurement, but practical challenges and limitations exist. While wearable cameras may not be feasible for use in large scale studies, they may be feasible in small scale studies where context is important.

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