scholarly journals Detection of Gastrointestinal Nematode Populations Resistant to Albendazole and Ivermectin in Sheep

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Mondragón-Ancelmo ◽  
Agustín Olmedo-Juárez ◽  
David Emanuel Reyes-Guerrero ◽  
Gabriel Ramírez-Vargas ◽  
Amairany Emithziry Ariza-Román ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Group I ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Group A

Gastrointestinal parasite infections represent a major welfare problem in small ruminants reared in extensive systems, which may be exacerbated by anthelmintic resistance. Therefore, we aimed to study the efficacy of albendazole and ivermectin in sheep. Eighty-six animals were selected from commercial farms in the temperate area of the State of Mexico at the age of seven months. These animals were randomly distributed into three groups: Group A, treated with albendazole, Group I, treated with ivermectin and Group C, left untreated. Faecal samples were collected before the anthelmintic was administered and 15 days post-treatment. Both Group A and Group I displayed a significant decrease of faecal egg counts when pre- and post-treatment values were compared (p = 0.003 and p = 0.049, respectively), and a significantly lower faecal egg count when compared with Group C after the treatment (p < 0.05). However, the faecal egg count reduction test showed that gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) developed anthelmintic resistance to both albendazole and ivermectin. The results of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allowed the identification of Cooperia spp., and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. The allele-specific PCR results confirmed that T. colubriformis was resistant to albendazole. In conclusion, this study showed the presence of resistant GIN to albendazole and ivermectin in sheep reared in Mexican temperate zones. Therefore, nematode infections should be systematically monitored in order to implement integrated management strategies to prevent the spread of anthelmintic resistance.

Multi-species Grazing for Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes – a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
Joan M Burke ◽  
James E Miller
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Copper Tolerance ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Time Required

Abstract Multi-species grazing, alternate grazing of cattle with sheep or goats, offers benefits to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control as GIN species differ between hosts. In the Southeastern United States, common GIN species of cattle include Cooperia spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus spp., whereas species of sheep and goats are Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia curticei, and Oesophagostomum spp. Anthelmintic resistance is widely prevalent in small ruminants, and is an increasing problem in cattle, but remains less prevalent. Thus, it is recommended to farmers to use a multi-faceted approach of GIN control, including multi-species grazing. Because management differs between cattle and small ruminants in regard to copper tolerance in minerals, predator control and fencing, alternate grazing of species has most commonly been used. Other considerations include age or susceptibility to GIN, as young calves may be vulnerable to GIN, but mature cows often have negligible GIN infection. Similarly, weanling lambs and kids are susceptible, and depending on breed, adults range from highly resistant to susceptible. Research indicates that GIN burden of more resistant animals is less influenced by multi-species grazing, and highly susceptible animals will likely need additional measures of control. The more resistant species used in the multi-species grazing may lend more control to the more susceptible. Some research showed reductions in O. ostertagi, but not C. oncophora in cattle during extended grazing of cattle and sheep, and reductions of H. contortus and T. colubriformis in sheep. However, other research reported similar worm burdens. Weight gains were improved in lambs grazed alternately with cattle in some studies, and most studies showed little benefit to cattle. Little has been published on alternate grazing with cattle and goats. The complex interactions, larger plot sizes needed, and time required to complete experiments limits published studies of this important management scheme.

scholarly journals PSII-37 Determining the possible anthelmintic properties of allicin and pumpkin seed oil for mitigation of anthelmintic resistance found in gastrointestinal nematodes infecting ruminants

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 217-218
Author(s):  
Collin Hayes ◽  
Elizabeth Benavides ◽  
Malorie Diamond ◽  
Trixie L Wetmore ◽  
Ken Mix
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ovicidal Activity ◽  
Pumpkin Seed ◽  
Pumpkin Seed Oil

Abstract Anthelmintics are a widely utilized treatment option for gastrointestinal nematodes infecting ruminants. Recently, these parasites have exhibited increasing resistance towards these drugs. Haemonchus controtus, a gastrointestinal nematode commonly found in small ruminants, has developed resistance towards multiple classes of anthelmintics, leading to huge economic losses worldwide. There are few novel drugs currently being developed, but certain plant-derived products have demonstrated anthelmintic properties when administered in various forms to ruminants. By utilizing these plant products, producers have the opportunity to decrease the rate of development of anthelmintic resistance, and prevent eggs from hatching when excreted by infected livestock. Therefore, it is hypothesized that specific plant-derived products will act as ovicidal agents in H. contortus eggs. The objective of this study was to determine the ovicidal activity of allicin (from Allium sativum) and pumpkin seed oil (PSO). H. contortus eggs were extracted from a pooled fecal sample of Boer and Spanish goats naturally infected with H. contortus. The eggs were then exposed to allicin or PSO at different concentrations. Experiments were replicated four times per concentration. To determine ovicidal activity, samples were observed for unhatched eggs and hatched worms for 24 hours. The 1:100 allicin dilution treatment tended (P = 0.053) to inhibit hatching more than the control. Furthermore, any worms that hatched in allicin treatments exhibited limited signs of motility. Pumpkin seed oil does not appear to possess the same ovicidal potency as allicin, but may still have potential as a larvicidal agent. Based on the current results, allicin is a potential ovicidal agent that may be used independently or incorporated with current treatment methods for H. contortus control.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep raised under mountain farming conditions in Northern Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Lambertz ◽  
Ioanna Poulopoulou ◽  
Kunlayaphat Wuthijaree ◽  
Matthias Gauly
Keyword(s):  
Macrocyclic Lactone ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Oral Formulations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Faecal Egg Count

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in sheep raised under mountain farming conditions in South Tyrol (Northern Italy) was assessed on eight farms (n=99 animals). A faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test was done after routine anthelmintic treatments. Furthermore, on 27 farms (n=306 animals), a FECR test was conducted after oral formulations of a macrocyclic lactone (ML), benzimidazole (BZ) (partly in combination with salicylanilide (SA)) or a combination of imidazothiazole and SA were applied under controlled conditions on the same farm. Following routine treatments, three of five ML-treated flocks showed an adequate efficacy, while the other two reached a FECR of only around 75 per cent. A wide range of gastrointestinal nematode genera were identified in one flock following the treatment. From the three BZ-treated flocks, only one showed an adequate FECR, both other farms reached 68 per cent and 84 per cent, respectively. Under controlled conditions, FECR ranged between 77 per cent and 81 per cent indicating AR for all the applied anthelmintics. Trichostrongylus species, Teladorsagia species and Haemonchus species were identified after ML treatment, Teladorsagia species after BZ treatment and Trichostrongylus species and Haemonchus species after combined BZ and SA application. Taking into consideration that underdosing might have affected results of the routine treatments, a high prevalence of AR was found in sheep under mountain farming conditions.

Assessment of anthelmintic efficacy against cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in western France and southern Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Chartier ◽  
N. Ravinet ◽  
A. Bosco ◽  
E. Dufourd ◽  
M. Gadanho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Cattle Farms

Abstract Our objective was to measure the efficacy of ivermectin (IVM) and benzimidazoles (BZ, i.e. fenbendazole and albendazole) in 15 cattle farms in western France and southern Italy. A total of 11 groups were treated with IVM and 11 with BZ. Efficacy was assessed by calculating the percentage of faecal egg count reduction (%FECR) using the pre- and post-treatment arithmetic means. Anthelmintic resistance was considered to be present when the %FECR was <95% and the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval <90%. For IVM, the percentages of FECR ranged from 73% to 100%. Lack of efficacy to IVM was detected in two farms out of four in France, but was not detected in any of the seven farms in Italy. For BZ, the percentages of FECR ranged from 95% to 100%. No case of BZ resistance was detected in the five farms in France and the six farms in Italy.

scholarly journals First report of multiple drug-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Arbat District, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq detected by in vivo and in vitro methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiewa Othman Dyary ◽  
Hamasalih Qadir Banaz
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Introduction The control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in small ruminants is principally dependent on anthelmintic therapy, which encounters the rising problem of anthelmintic resistance (AR) development. Veterinarians reported anthelmintic failure in several sheep farms in Arbat District, Sulaymaniyah, northern Iraq, which called for a systematic study about the efficacy of three commonly used drugs: albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole. Material and Methods A faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was conducted to elucidate the anthelmintics’ efficacies, with coprocultures to determine the GINs parasitising sheep in the study area. Larval development assays (LDAs) were conducted to determine the drugs’ median inhibitory concentrations (IC50). Results The FECRT revealed that AR was widespread to all three drugs, and ivermectin was the least effective, reducing the faecal egg counts (FECs) by 50.5% to 57.1%. The coprocultures revealed that the GIN genera of sheep in Arbat District were Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, and Trichuris, and the resistance was mainly due to Trichostrongylus species. The mean IC50 of albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole were 0.073 ng/mL, 7.97 ng/mL, and 1.43 ng/mL, respectively. Conclusion This study is the first Iraqi report of AR confirmed by both in vivo FECRT and in vitro LDA methods.

Effect of Jatropha curcas Latex on L3 Haemonchus contortus Larval Motility

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noorzaid Muhamad ◽  
Syahirah Sazeli ◽  
Resni Mona ◽  
Jannathul Firdous
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Plants Extract

The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of plants extract as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Jatrophacurcas latex extract against Haemonchuscontortus larval motility. To evaluate the larvicidal activity, H.contortus L3 were incubated with the extracts with varying concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL at 27°C for 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P less than 0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent larvicidal effects. These results suggest that J.curcas can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic efficacy of selected medicinal plants against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-115
Author(s):  
JK Muthee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Traditional Health ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Traditional Practitioners ◽  
And Control ◽  
Myrsine Africana

The use of plants, or their extracts, for the treatment of human and animal ailments, including helminthosis is steeped in antiquity. Anthelmintic resistance in pathogenic helminths has been spreading in prevalence and severity to a point where there is multi-drug resistance against the three major classes of anthelmintics. This globe-wide phenomenon calls for urgent search for different approaches to the control of helminthosis including novel anthelmintic products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of plants, which are commonly used in the treatment and control of helminthosis, under the natural grazing conditions in Loitoktok Sub-County of Kenya. The plant species (Albizia anthelmintica, Myrsine africana, and Embelia schimperi were selected based on their availability and ethnopharmacological uses, as anthelmintics, by the traditional health practitioners in the area. Fifty sheep of mixed breeds, belonging to local herders, and naturally infected with mixed gastrointestinal nematodes were recruited for the study. The herbal remedies were prepared and administered by methods prescribed by the traditional practitioners. Their efficacy was determined using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The percentage faecal egg count reduction against the mixed gastrointestinal nematodes was 59, -11, -31 and 87 for Myrsine africana, A. anthelmintica, E. schimperi and albendazole respectively. It was concluded that some of the remedies have some efficacy and further studies are needed to evaluate their potential as anthelmintics. There was also suspicion of development of anthemintic resistance to albendazole and herders needed to be advised accordingly on the proper use of conventional anthelmintic products

scholarly journals Pengaruh Sirih (Areca catechu) Sebagai Intelmentika Terhadap Nematode Gastrointesninal Pada Kambing

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Yudha Fahrimal
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Group I ◽  
Areca Catechu ◽  
Nematode Worm

ABSTRACT. The efficacy and effective dose of bettlenut (Areca catechu) powder against gastrointestinal nematode worms was studied. Twenty five local goats at the age of 1 – 1.5 years of age weighing 8 to 12 kg were used in this study. All goat were naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and they all had fecal egg count 3000/gram. The goats were randomly divided into 5 group: group I as a non treated control and group I, II, III, IV, and V were given bettlenut powder 5 gram, 10, 15 and 20 gram, respectively. The nematode worm were identified and grouped into family of Trichostrongylidae (Trichostrongylus sp. and Haemonchus sp.) and strongylidae (Bunostomum sp., Oesophagostomum sp. and Strongylus sp.).  in general, bettlenut powder in all doses is very effective against gastrointestinal nematode worms from both families compare to control group (P   0.01) and no significant different among administered doses (P  0.05). Bettlenut powder in all doses given is vey effective (P 0.01) against Trichostrongylus sp. and Haemonchus sp. from family of Trichostrongylidae. Bettlenut powder in all doses given is also very effective (P 0.01) against Bunostomum sp., Oesophagustomum sp. and effective (P 0.05) against Strongylus sp. from family of Strongylidae. The dose of 5 gram of bettlenut powder per goat is recommended for treating goat invested with gastrointestinal nematode worms because it is saver and can be given more than once.

scholarly journals Status of anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in organized sheep and goat farms

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiful Islam ◽  
Anita Rani Dey ◽  
Shirin Akter ◽  
Hiranmoy Biswas ◽  
Md Hasanuzzaman Talukder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Resistant Parasite ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Sheep Farm ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status

Anthelmintic resistance has become a global problem that threatens livestock production worldwide. The present study was investigated the status of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes of small ruminants in two organized sheep and goat farms in two different areas of Bangladesh by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) for albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin. In each farms, naturally infected animals were divided into four groups of 10 animals. Fecal samples from each group were collected on day 0 and day 14 of post treatment to measure the eggs per gram of feces (EPG). The fecal samples of each group before and after treatment were also considered for culture to identify resistant parasite. In case of organized sheep farm, the result of FECRT of albendazole was 90.17, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 97.82 and 55.68, respectively. The result of FECRT of levamisole and ivermectin was 98.25 and 96.77, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 99.79, 85.12 and 99.11, 88.31, respectively. In case of organized goat farm, the result of FECRT of albendazole was 100, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 0 and 0, respectively. The result of FECRT of levamisole and ivermectin was 97.99 and 100, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 99.59, 90.28 and 0, 0 respectively. The results revealed that gastrointestinal nematodes were found to be resistant to albendazole in organized sheep farm and suspected to be resistant to levamisole and ivermectin. In organized goat farms, the GI nematodes found to be susceptible to all anthelmintics used for this study. Coproculture revealed that Haemonchus spp. were resistant parasite in sheep farm. This seems to be the first documentation of anthelmintic resistance against GI nematodes in organized sheep and goat farms in Bangladesh. Appropriate measures need to be taken to overcome the situation. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2018, 4(4): 378-382

scholarly journals Worm-control practices and prevalence of anthelmintic resistance using in vivo FECRTs on smallholder sheep farms in Lithuania

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kupčinskas ◽  
I. Stadalienė ◽  
A. Šalomskas ◽  
P. Trusevičius ◽  
M. Varady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Worm Control

SummaryThis study determined the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in parasitic nematodes on smallholder sheep farms in Lithuania from April to November 2014. Faecal samples were collected from two groups of 10-15 sheep treated with fenbendazole (FBZ) or ivermectin (IVM) on 18 sheep farms. Two samples were collected from each group: on day zero (T1) and 10-14 days after treatment. Faecal egg counts (eggs per gramme, EPG) were determined using a modified McMaster technique. Animals with < 140 EPG on day zero were removed from the analysis. The prevalence of AR was estimated using the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test. AR to FBZ was detected on three of 15 farms where FBZ was used (20 %) and was suspected on one farm (6.7 %). AR to IVM was detected on two of 16 farms where IVM was used (12.5 %). The main species of resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) identified after treatment were Teladorsagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. A questionnaire surveying 71 sheep farmers estimated that 71.8 % of sheep farmers used anthelmintics against GINs. IVM was the most frequently (68.6 %) applied anthelmintic, and 62.7 % of the respondents reported treating their animals twice a year. This study confirmed the presence of AR to GIN infections on sheep farms in Lithuania. Future studies should assess the prevalence of AR to GIN infection using in vitro methods.

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